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7th (Robin Hood) Battalion, Sherwood Foresters
Active1859-1992
CountryUnited Kingdom
BranchTerritorial Army
RoleInfantry
Air Defence
Part of139th (Sherwood Foresters) Brigade
Garrison/HQDerby Road,Nottingham
EngagementsWWI:
Hohenzollern Redoubt
Gommecourt
Hill 70
Third Ypres
Bourlon Wood
German spring offensive
Bailleul
WWII:
The Blitz
North West Europe
DecorationsCroix de Guerre (Belgium)

TheRobin Hood Battalionwas a unit of theVolunteer Forceof theBritish ArmyandTerritorial Force,later theTerritorial Army.The battalion served asinfantryduring the 1916Easter UprisinginDublinand then served on theWestern FrontduringWorld War I.In the 1930s it re-roled as ananti-aircraftunit and served inWorld War II,includingNorth-western Europefrom June 1944 to May 1945.

Formation

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Plaque on the terrace ofNottingham Castlecommemorating the raising of the Robin Hood Rifles in 1859

The unit was formed on 30 May 1859 when six volunteers paraded atNottingham Castleunder Sergeant-Major Jonathan White. (White became theAdjutantand was still an officer in the corps 40 years later with the honorary rank ofcolonel.[1]) It was one of many such Rifle Volunteer Corps (RVCs) to be formed at a time of increased fear of war withFrance,which created a flurry of interest in establishing suchvolunteer corpsby the more affluent classes of British society.[2][3]The unit was simply known as theRobin Hood Riflesin honour ofNottingham's legendaryRobin Hood.[4]

Uniform of the Robin Hood Rifles depicted on a 1939 cigarette card

By October 1859, five separate company-sized Rifle Volunteer Corps (RVCs) had been raised in Nottingham, the first officers' commissions were issued on 15 November, and by December they had been combined into a battalion as theRobin Hood RVC,becoming the1st Nottinghamshire (Robin Hood) RVCof nine companies by March 1860. One company was raised byA.J. Mundellafrom employees of his hosiery mill. The unit adopted a uniform ofRifle greenwith blackfacings.[5][6]

In 1881, following theCardwell-Childers Reforms,the Sherwood Foresters (Derbyshire Regiment), later theSherwood Foresters (Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Regiment),was formed as the county regiment, and the 1st Nottinghamshire (Robin Hood) RVC (now 10 companies strong) became its 3rd Volunteer Battalion without changing its title. An 11th company was added in 1895, a 12th in 1896, and during theSecond Boer War1900–01 the establishment was increased in 1900–01 to 18 companies (including two cyclist companies), divided into two battalions, together with a cadet corps atNottingham High School.[1][6][7]

The battalion was part of theNorth Midland Brigadefrom 1888 until 1901 when that formation split to form a separateSherwood Foresters Brigade.[1]

Boer War

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In 1900, men of the battalion volunteered for service in the Boer War that which had been raging since 1899 and contingent sailed for South Africa in February. During the campaign it took part in three pitched battles and 25 smaller engagements. Sergeant Hickinbottom wasMentioned in dispatchesand awarded theDistinguished Conduct Medal(DCM),[6]and the battalion was awarded its firstBattle honourSouth Africa 1900–1902.[1][8]

Territorial Force

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The Robin Hoods' drill hall in Derby Road, Nottingham.

When theVolunteerswere subsumed into the newTerritorial Force(TF) under theHaldane Reformsof 1908,[9][10]the 1st Nottinghamshire Volunteer Rifle Corps became the7th (Robin Hood) Battalion, Sherwood Foresters.[1][6][7][11]It built a newDrill Hallin Derby Road in 1910.[12][13]

World War I

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When theFirst World Warbegan in August 1914, the Robin Hood Rifles continued to be part of the Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Brigade (later the139th (1/1st Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire) Brigade), North Midland Division (later the46th (North Midland) Division).[14]

On 19 September, a duplicate battalion of the Robin Hoods was formed, the original becoming the 1/7th. This duplicate joined the 2nd Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Brigade, 2nd North Midland Division, which later became the178th (2nd Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire) Brigadeand59th (2nd North Midland) Divisionrespectively. Another duplicate battalion, the 3/7th, was formed in March 1915; this battalion remained in Britain for the duration of the war, became 7th (Reserve) Battalion in April 1916, later absorbing the 8th (Reserve) Battalion in September 1916.[14]

KingGeorge V,escorted by Lieutenant Colonel Reginald B. Rickman and Captain W. Foster MC, talking to Private Denny and the remainder of the 7th (Robin Hood) Battalion, Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Regiment (Sherwood Foresters), 59th Division, at Hermin, after the Battle of Bullecourt, 30th March 1918.

The 1/7th Battalion landed in France in February 1915 with the rest of the 46th Division. The battalion saw heavy fighting at the Battle ofHohenzollern Redoubt– a subsidiary action of theBattle of Loos– which was their first major action of the war. The battalion received its firstVictoria Cross(VC) when TemporaryCaptainGeoffrey Vickerswas awarded the VC – the highest award for bravery in the face of the enemy – for his actions at Hohenzollern on 14 October. The battalion was involved in thefirst dayof theBattle of the Sommeon 1 July 1916 and the brigade they were part of sustained very severe casualties in theAttack on the Gommecourt Salient.[15]

In the home front, the 2/7th Robin Hoods had, meanwhile, been sent toIrelandwith the rest of the 59th Division to help suppress the 1916Easter UprisinginDublin.The division returned toEnglandin January 1917 and then moved to France in February. The 2/7th Battalion took part in many actions, including theBattle of PasschendaeleandCambrai.The battalion was absorbed by the 1/7th on 31 January 1918 and the Robin Hoods reverted to their original name, the 7th (Robin Hood) Battalion. On 7 May, the 7th Robin Hoods were reduced tocadrestrength. The First World War ended on 11 November 1918. On 14 June 1919, the Battalion was disbanded.[7]

During the First World War,CaptainAlbert Ball– fourth ranking ace of theRoyal Flying Corps– had been awarded the Victoria Cross for his actions in 1916–1917 while seconded from the Robin Hoods.[16]

Between the wars

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In 1920 the Territorial Force was reformed as the "Territorial Army"and, on 7 February, the7th (Robin Hood) Battalion (TA)was re-raised, once more forming part of the 46th (North Midland) Division.[17]With the advent of air power, and the reduced need for so much infantry, the Robin Hoods were one of many units to be converted to theanti-aircraftrole. The battalion re-roled as a unit of theRoyal Engineerson 10 December 1936 and became the42nd (The Robin Hoods, Sherwood Foresters) Anti-Aircraft Battalion, Royal Engineers.[7]It joined the32nd (Midland) Anti-Aircraft Group,2nd Anti-Aircraft Division(formerly 46th (North Midland) Division) and was based in theWest Ridingregion. In this role the Robin Hoods were organised as follows:[18][19][20]

World War II

[edit]

Mobilisation

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90 cm 'Projector Anti-Aircraft', displayed at Fort Nelson, Portsmouth

The TA's AA units were mobilised on 23 September 1938 during theMunich Crisis,with units manning their emergency positions within 24 hours, even though many did not yet have their full complement of men or equipment. The emergency lasted three weeks, and they were stood down on 13 October.[21]In February 1939 the existing AA defences came under the control of a newAnti-Aircraft Command.In June a partial mobilisation of TA units was begun in a process known as 'couverture', whereby each AA unit did a month's tour of duty in rotation to man selected AA and searchlight positions. On 24 August, ahead of the declaration of war, AA Command was fully mobilised at its war stations.[19][22]

On mobilisation, the battalion deployed 366, 368 and 369 AA Cos as part of39 AA Bdeand battalion HQ moved from Nottingham to Red House atSouth Collingham,nearNewark-on-Trent.[23]

Battle of Britain and Blitz

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When the RE AA battalions were transferred to the RA in August 1940, the battalion became42nd (The Robin Hoods, Sherwood Foresters) Searchlight Regiment, RA,retaining its Robin Hoods cap badge in silver for officers and white metal for other ranks, together with aRifle greenlanyard instead of the white lanyard normally worn by the RA.[7][24][25][26]By now theBattle of Britainwas on; the regiment was still in 2 AA Division but had transferred to50 Light AA Bdecovering Nottingham and Derby. It continued to serve with this formation during theBlitz,including theNottingham Blitzof 8/9 May 1941, a misdirected attempt to bomb theRolls-Royceaero engine works at Derby, which was one of the last raids of the campaign.[26][27][28][29][30][31][32]

Mid-War

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In 1941 the searchlight layout over the Midlands was reorganised, so that any hostile raid approaching the Gun Defended Areas (GDA) around the towns must cross more than one searchlight belt, and then within the GDAs the concentration of lights was increased.[33]

The regiment remained with 50 LAA Bde for the next two years. The brigade became part of5 AA Groupin October 1942 when the AA divisions were scrapped in favour of an organisation that closely corresponded to the groups ofRAF Fighter Command.In March 1943, 42nd S/L Rgt moved back to 39 AA Bde, then in April on to57 AA Bde(with 366 and 369 S/L Btys attached to 50 LAA Bde), and finally in May to31 (North Midland) AA Bde– all within 5 AA Group.[34][35][36][37][38]

North West Europe

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In early 1944 the regiment was in the North of England under 31 AA Bde, which was one of the formations earmarked for the Allied invasion of Normandy,Operation Overlord.369 Bty was disbanded on 23 February, and the remainder of the regiment underwent special training to supportNight fightersover the Normandy beachhead.[39][40][41]

AfterD-Day(6 June) the regiments of 31 AA Bde waited in England for their turn to embark for Normandy to join21st Army Group.However, the planned night fighter belt over the beachhead was cancelled and the Robin Hoods remained in England. On 1 August the regiment left its staging camp and deployed in the AA role roundRAF ColerneinWiltshire,then on 6 August it moved toRAF Middle Wallopand relieved69th (3rd City of London) S/L Rgt,establishing Regimental HQ (RHQ) atFonthill Abbey,nearTisbury, Wiltshire.On 24 August the regiment was relieved by54th (Durham Light Infantry) S/L Rgtand concentrated around Tisbury, where it was at 6 hours' notice to move to its marshalling area.[42]

On 1 September, RHQ under the command of Lt-Col C.W. Cronin moved toStorrington,West Sussex,and then on 12 September to an embarkation marshalling area atWhipps CrossCamp, near London. From there it embarked atRoyal Albert Dockaboard SSEmpire Swordsmanand disembarked by landing craft atArromanches-les-Bainsin Normandy on 18 September. It then moved by stages toBrussels,where it arrived on 24 September.[42]

Also on 1 September, 366 S/L Bty moved fromAlderbury,Wiltshire, to a concentration area atWest Chiltington,West Sussex,then on 17 September to the embarkation marshalling area atLee-on-the-Solent,Hampshire.It was shipped to Arromanches in three groups, 18–22 September, and concentrated atSainte-Croix-sur-Merbefore moving toDieppewhere it came under the command of80 AA Bdeon 25 September.[43]Similarly, 367 S/L Bty arrived at Brussels, and 368 S/L Bty atOstend.[42]

While 367 SL Bty joined the AA defence of Brussels, the rest of 42nd S/L Rgt was deployed in a joint AA and coastal defence role along theScheldtestuary. 366 S/L Battery under the operational control of 56 US AA Artillery Bde set up 90 cm lights to illuminate any surface craft trying to approach Antwerp and allow LAA guns to engage them.[43][44]

Defence of Antwerp

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V-1 in flight over Antwerp
Captured V-1 displayed at Antwerp at the end of World War II.

The air situation was quiet until 21 October, when the Germans began a bombardment of Antwerp and Brussels withV-1 flying bombs.With experience drawn from defending against the V-1 attacks on Southern England (Operation Diver), GHQ AA Troops with 21st Army Group had a contingency plan for this, known as 'X' defences. This involved three lines of warning stations in the path of the V-1 attacks, then heavy AA guns at least 10 miles from the target cities. Searchlights were deployed to aid the guns at night, and to mark the boundaries of the X defence areas to warn off friendly aircraft. British units took responsibility for Brussels, but the two batteries of 42nd S/L Rgt deployed at Antwerp were under the command of the US 50th AA Artillery Brigade.[42][43][45][46][47]

With experience, the defenders improved their effectiveness: in Christmas week, the Antwerp X defences plotted 209 missiles approaching the city, of which 171 came from directions in which it was safe to employ AA guns; of these 102 were engaged and 61 destroyed. The number of V-1s approaching Antwerp reached a peak of 623 a week in February, but declined thereafter. Overall the defenders' success rate was 43.2 per cent of V-1s destroyed by AA fire, reaching 97.5 per cent in March, after which the launch sites in Germany were overrun.[48][49] Meanwhile, theLuftwaffecarried out major air raids on the nights of 30/31 December and 31 December/1 January 1945 in connection withOperation Bodenplatte,the attacks on Allied air bases in support of the GermanArdennes Offensive.42 S/L Regiment's lights were heavily involved during the two nights and assisted in the destruction of 5–7 raiders. Although on high alert during the daylight raids, none came close enough to be engaged by the AAlight machine gunsof the S/L sites.[49]

At the end of January, 368 S/L Bty rejoined the regiment from Ostend, driving through bad winter roads. The regiment returned to British command under 80 AA Bde in February.[49]In the last stages of the war, 42nd S/L Rgt moved into Germany to defend theRhinebridges against conventional air attack, with 366th Bty still deployed on the South Scheldt estuary.[50]AfterVE Daythe regiment moved toHamburgto begin occupation duties; in July, 367 S/L Bty was called out to suppress rioting between German and Italian dock workers.[49]

The regiment was placed in suspended animation in 1946.[25]

Post-War

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In 1947, the Robin Hoods were reformed in the reconstituted TA as the577th (The Robin Hoods, Sherwood Foresters) Searchlight Regiment, RA.It formed part of 58 AA Brigade (the pre-war 32nd (North Midland) AA Brigade). Over the next few years the title varied between 'searchlight' and 'light anti-aircraft' until 1953 when it became 'light anti-aircraft/searchlight'. AA Command was disbanded on 10 March 1955 and there were wholesale merges and amalgamations amongst its regiments. The Robin Hoods amalgamated with the350th (South Nottinghamshire Hussars Yeomanry) Heavy Regiment, Royal Artilleryand528th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment (West Nottinghamshire)to form the350th (The Robin Hood Foresters) Heavy Regiment, RA.The following year Heavy was changed to Light.[7][24][25][51][52][53]

In 1961, the regiment converted to engineers and re-titled as the350 (The Robin Hood Foresters) Field Squadron.[7]In 1967, with reforms of the Armed Forces, it left the RE, returning to the Sherwood Foresters as part ofThe Robin Hood (Territorial) Battalion,a TAVR III (Territorial and Army Volunteer Reserve) unit. In 1969, the Robin Hoods were reduced to cadre strength when they became theRobin Hood (T) Battalion, The Sherwood Foresters, RE.[7]The Robin Hoods were sponsored by73 Engineer Regiment, RE.In 1971, with further defence reforms, the Robin Hoods becameD (Robin Hood Foresters) Company,3rd (V) Battalion of the newly formedWorcestershire and Sherwood Foresters Regiment.[7]

In 1992, the Robin Hood lineage was discontinued upon D Company becoming the HQ Company; the company was disbanded in 1999.[7]

Insignia

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When the battalion transferred to the RA in August 1940 it was allowed to retain its Robin Hoods cap badge in silver for officers and white metal for other ranks, together with aRifle greenLanyardinstead of the white lanyard normally worn by the RA.[25]

42nd (Robin Hoods) S/L Regiment was cited in a decree of the Belgian government on 8 May 1947 for its heroic part in the defence of Antwerp, and members of its successor regiment were permitted to wear a strip of ribbon of the Belgian Croix de Guerre on each shoulder.[25][54]

Honorary Colonel

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Honorary Colonelsof the battalion included:[1][7][55]

Memorials

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The actions of the 46th (North) Midland Division at the Hohenzollern Redoubt on 13 October 1915 are marked by two memorials. There are other memorials to the battalion atSt Mary's Church, Nottingham,and atNottingham Castle.The main Sherwood Foresters' war memorial is a tower atCrich,high in the Derbyshire Hills.[56]

  • Memorial at Vermelles, starting point for the division's attack on 13 October 1915
    Memorial at Vermelles, starting point for the division's attack on 13 October 1915
  • Memorial at Cité de Madagascar, site of the Hohenzollern Redoubt.
    Memorial at Cité de Madagascar, site of the Hohenzollern Redoubt.
  • Memorial to the Robin Hood Rifles in St Mary's Church, Nottingham.
    Memorial to the Robin Hood Rifles in St Mary's Church, Nottingham.
  • Plaque on the terrace of Nottingham Castle commemorating the centenary of the raising of the Robin Hood Rifles and the award of the Belgian Croix de Guerre.
    Plaque on the terrace ofNottingham Castlecommemorating the centenary of the raising of the Robin Hood Rifles and the award of the BelgianCroix de Guerre.
  • Statue of Albert Ball, VC, in the grounds of Nottingham Castle
    Statue ofAlbert Ball,VC,in the grounds ofNottingham Castle
  • Crich Tower.
    Crich Tower.

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^abcdefArmy List,various dates.
  2. ^Beckett.
  3. ^Spiers, pp. 163–8.
  4. ^Barczewski, Stephanie (2000).Myth and National Identity in Nineteenth-Century Britain: The Legends of King Arthur and Robin Hood.Oxford University Press.ISBN978-0198207283.
  5. ^Beckett, p. 70 & Appendix VII.
  6. ^abcdWestlake, p. 194-5.
  7. ^abcdefghijk"The Robin Hood Battalion, The Sherwood Foresters [UK]".27 December 2005. Archived fromthe originalon 27 December 2005.Retrieved23 January2019.
  8. ^Leslie.
  9. ^Dunlop, Chapter 14.
  10. ^Spiers, Chapter 10.
  11. ^London Gazette20 March 1908.
  12. ^"The Drill Hall Project> Database> Nottinghamshire> Nottingham".drillhalls.org.Retrieved23 January2019.
  13. ^"Geograph:: WW1 Great War Centenary – Drill Halls".geograph.org.uk.Retrieved23 January2019.
  14. ^ab"Sherwood Foresters (Nottinghamshire & Derbyshire Regiment)".The Long, Long Trail.Retrieved26 August2017.
  15. ^"No. 29371".The London Gazette(Supplement). 16 November 1915. p. 11448.
  16. ^"No. 30122".The London Gazette(Supplement). 8 June 1917. p. 5702.
  17. ^Titles and Designations.
  18. ^"2 AA Division 1936"(PDF).British Military History. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 23 September 2015.Retrieved26 August2017.
  19. ^ab"British Anti-Aircraft Command, TA on 3 September 1939:: The Patriot Files:: Dedicated to the preservation of military history".patriotfiles.Retrieved23 January2019.
  20. ^Monthly Army List,May 1939.
  21. ^Routledge, pp. 62–3.
  22. ^Routledge, pp. 65–6, 371; Table LX, p. 378.
  23. ^39 AA Bde War Diary 1939–41,The National Archives (TNA), Kew,file WO 166/2272.
  24. ^abFarndale, Annex M, p. 339.
  25. ^abcdeLitchfield, pp. 199–200.
  26. ^ab42 S/L Rgt at RA 39–45.
  27. ^2 AA Division at RA 39–45.
  28. ^Farndale, Annex D, p. 258.
  29. ^Routledge Table LXV, p. 396.
  30. ^Order of Battle of Non-Field Force Units in the United Kingdom, Part 27: AA Command, 12 May 1941, TNA file WO 212/79.
  31. ^"HyperWar: The Defense of the United Kingdom [Chapter 17]".ibiblio.org.Retrieved23 January2019.
  32. ^"HyperWar: The Defense of the United Kingdom [Appendix XXX]".ibiblio.org.Retrieved23 January2019.
  33. ^Routledge, p. 399.
  34. ^Order of Battle of Non-Field Force Units in the United Kingdom, Part 27: AA Command, 2 December 1941, TNA file WO 212/80.
  35. ^Order of Battle of Non-Field Force Units in the United Kingdom, Part 27: AA Command, 14 May 1942, TNA file WO 212/81.
  36. ^Order of Battle of Non-Field Force Units in the United Kingdom, Part 27: AA Command, 1 October 1942, with amendments, TNA file WO 212/82.
  37. ^Order of Battle of Non-Field Force Units in the United Kingdom, Part 27: AA Command, 13 March 1943, with amendments, TNA file WO 212/83.
  38. ^Order of Battle of AA Command, 1 August 1943, TNA file WO 212/84.
  39. ^31 AA Bde War Diary, February 1944, TNA file WO 171/1080.
  40. ^Order of Battle of AA Command, 27 April 1944, TNA file WO 212/85.
  41. ^Routledge, p. 304.
  42. ^abcd42 S/L Rgt War Diary, August–December 1944, TNA file WO 171/1209.
  43. ^abc366 S/L Bty War Diary, September–December 1944, TNA file WO 171/1209.
  44. ^Routledge, pp. 315, 326, 334–6; Table XLIX, p. 319; Table L, p. 327.
  45. ^Routledge, pp. 336–9.
  46. ^Andrew."American Anti Aircraft Artillery at Antwerp in WWII".Retrieved23 January2019.
  47. ^"Skylighters, The Web Site of the 225th AAA Searchlight Battalion: The AAA War Against the Buzz Bombs".skylighters.org.Retrieved23 January2019.
  48. ^Routledge, pp. 339–41.
  49. ^abcd42 S/L Rgt War Diary, January–May 1945, TNA file WO 171/5090.
  50. ^Routledge, Table LVII, p. 366.
  51. ^"British Army units from 1945 on – 564 – 591 Regiments 1947-67".british-army-units1945on.co.uk.Retrieved23 January2019.
  52. ^"British Army units from 1945 on – AA Brigades 30 – 66".british-army-units1945on.co.uk.Retrieved23 January2019.
  53. ^Litchfield, Appendix 5.
  54. ^van Tonder, Gerry (2017).Nottingham's Military Legacy.Military Legacy.ISBN978-1-52670-758-1.
  55. ^Burke's.
  56. ^"The Sherwoods Foresters".Retrieved4 March2018.

References

[edit]
  • Ian F.W. Beckett,Riflemen Form: A study of the Rifle Volunteer Movement 1859–1908,Aldershot: Ogilby Trusts, 1982,ISBN0 85936 271 X.
  • Burke's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage,100th Edn, London, 1953.
  • Basil Collier,History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: The Defence of the United Kingdom,London: HM Stationery Office, 1957.
  • Col John K. Dunlop,The Development of the British Army 1899–1914,London: Methuen, 1938.
  • Gen SirMartin Farndale,History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: The Years of Defeat: Europe and North Africa, 1939–1941,Woolwich: Royal Artillery Institution, 1988/London: Brasseys, 1996,ISBN1-85753-080-2.
  • N.B. Leslie,Battle Honours of the British and Indian Armies 1695–1914,London: Leo Cooper, 1970,ISBN0-85052-004-5.
  • Norman E.H. Litchfield,The Territorial Artillery 1908–1988 (Their Lineage, Uniforms and Badges),Nottingham: Sherwood Press, 1992,ISBN0-9508205-2-0.
  • Brig N.W. Routledge,History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: Anti-Aircraft Artillery 1914–55,London: Royal Artillery Institution/Brassey's, 1994,ISBN1-85753-099-3.
  • Edward M. Spiers,The Army and Society 1815–1914,London: Longmans, 1980,ISBN0-582-48565-7.
  • Titles and Designations of Formations and Units of the Territorial Army,London: War Office, 7 November 1927; RA sections also reprinted in Litchfield Appendix IV.
  • Ray Westlake,Tracing the Rifle Volunteers,Barnsley: Pen and Sword, 2010,ISBN978 1 84884 211 3.
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See also

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