Rod (unit)
| rod | |
|---|---|
| Unit system | imperial/USunits |
| Unit of | length |
| Conversions | |
| 1 rodin... | ... is equal to... |
| Imperial/US units | 16+1⁄2ft |
| metric(SI) units | 5.0292 m |
Therod,perch,orpole(sometimes alsolug) is asurveyor'stool[1]andunit of lengthof various historical definitions. InBritish imperialandUS customary units,it is defined as16+1⁄2feet,equal to exactly1⁄320of amile,or5+1⁄2yards(a quarter of asurveyor's chain), and is exactly 5.0292 meters. The rod is useful as a unit of length because integer multiples of it can form oneacreof square measure (area). The 'perfect acre'[2]is a rectangular area of 43,560 square feet, bounded by sides 660 feet (afurlong) long and 66 feet (achain) wide (220 yards by 22 yards) or, equivalently, 40 rods by 4 rods. An acre is therefore 160 square rods or 10 square chains.
The nameperchderives from theAncient Roman unit,thepertica. The measure also has a relationship with the militarypikeof about the same size. Both measures[1]date from the sixteenth century,[3]when the pike was still utilized in national armies. The tool has been supplanted, first bysteel tapesand later by electronic tools such as surveyor lasers and optical target devices for surveying lands. In dialectal English, the termlughas also been used, although theOxford English Dictionarystates that this unit, while usually of16+1⁄2feet, may also be of 15, 18, 20, or 21 feet.[4][5][6]
In the United States until 1 January 2023, the rod was often defined as 16.5 US survey feet, or approximately 5.029 210 058 m.[7]
History
[edit]
In England, the perch was officially discouraged in favour of the rod as early as the 15th century;[8][better source needed]however, local customs maintained its use. In the 13th century, perches were variously recorded in lengths of 18 feet (5.49 m), 20 feet (6.1 m), 22 feet (6.71 m) and 24 feet (7.32 m); and even as late as 1820, aHouse of Commonsreport notes lengths of16+1⁄2feet (5.03 m), 18 feet (5.49 m), 21 feet (6.4 m), 24 feet (7.32 m), and even 25 feet (7.62 m).[9]InIreland,a perch was standardized at 21 feet (6.4 m), making an Irish chain,furlongand mile proportionately longer by 27.27% than the "standard" English measure.[10]
Until English KingHenry VIIIseized the lands of theRoman Catholic Churchin 1536,[1]land measures as we now know them were essentially unknown.[1]Instead a narrative system of landmarks and lists was used. Henry wanted to raise even more funds for his wars than he'd seized directly from church property (he'd also assumed the debts of the monasteries[1]), and asJames Burkewrites and quotes in the bookConnectionsthat the English monkRichard Benese"produced a book on how to survey land using the simple tools of the time, a rod with cord carrying knots at certain intervals, waxed and resined against wet weather." Benese poetically described the measure of an acre in terms of a perch:[3]
an acre bothe of woodlande, also of fyldlande [heath] is always forty perches in length, and four perches in breadth, though an acre of woodlande be more in quantitie [value, i.e. was more valued commercially] than an acre of fyldelande
The practice of using surveyor's chains, and perch-length rods made into a detachable stiff chain, came about a century later when iron was a more plentiful and common material. Achainis a largerunitoflengthmeasuring 66feet(20.1168m), or 22yards,or 100links,[11]or 4 rods (20.1168meters). There are 10 chains or 40 rods in a furlong (eighth-mile), and so 80 chains or 320 rods in onestatute mile(1760 yards, 1609.344 m, 1.609344km); the definition of which waslegally set in 1593and popularized by Royal surveyor (called the 'sworn viewer'[12])John Ogilbyonly after theGreat Fire of London(1666).
Anacreis defined as the area of 10 square chains (that is, an area of one chain by one furlong), and derives from the shapes of new-tech plows[2]and the desire to quickly survey seized church lands into a quantity of squares for quick sales[3]by Henry VIII's agents; buyers simply wanted to know what they were buying whereas Henry was raising cash for wars against Scotland and France.[3]Consequently, the surveyor's chain and surveyor rods or poles (the perch) have been used for several centuries in Britain and in many other countries influenced by British practices such as North America and Australia. By the time of the industrial revolution and the quickening of land sales, canal and railway surveys, et al. Surveyor rods such as used byGeorge Washingtonwere generally made of dimensionally stable metal—semi-flexible drawn wrought iron linkable bar stock (not steel), such that the four folded elements of a chain were easily transportable through brush and branches when carried by a single man of a surveyor's crew. With a direct ratio to the length of a surveyor's chain and the sides of both an acre and a square (mile), they were common tools used by surveyors, if only to lay out a known plottable baseline in rough terrain thereafter serving as the reference line for instrumental (theodolite)triangulations.
The rod as asurveymeasure was standardized byEdmund Gunterin England in 1607 as a quarter of a chain (of 66 feet (20.12 m)), or16+1⁄2feet (5.03 m) long.
In ancient cultures
[edit]Theperch(pertica) as alineal measure in Rome(alsodecempeda) was 10 Roman feet (2.96 metres), and inFrancevaried from 10 feet (perche romanie) to 22 feet (perche d'arpent—apparently1⁄10of "the range of an arrow" —about 220 feet). To confuse matters further, by ancient Roman definition, an arpent equalled 120 Roman feet. The related unit of square measure was thescrupulumordecempeda quadrata,equivalent to about 8.76 m2(94.3 sq ft).[13]
In continental Europe
[edit]
Units comparable to the perch, pole or rod were used in many European countries, with names that includeFrench:percheandcanne,German:Ruthe,Italian:cannaandpertica,Polish:prętandSpanish:canna.They were subdivided in many different ways, and were of many different lengths.
| Place | Local name | Local equivalent | Metric equivalent (meters) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aachen | Feldmeßruthe | 16 Fuß | 4.512[14] |
| Amsterdam | Roede | 13 Voet | 3.681[15] |
| Aubenas,Ardèche | canne | 8pans | 1.985[14] |
| Baden, Grand Duchy of | Ruthe | 10 Fuß | 3.0[14] |
| Basel, Canton of | Ruthe | 16 Fuß | 4.864[14] |
| Bern, Canton of | Ruthe | 10 Fuß | 2.932[14] |
| Barcelona | canna | 8palmos | 1.581[14] |
| Braunschweig | Ruthe | 16 Fuß | 4.565[14] |
| Bremen | Ruthe | 8 Ellen or 16 Fuß | 4.626[14] |
| Brussels | Ruthe | 20 Fuß | 4.654[14] |
| Cagliari,Sardinia | canna | 10palmi | 2.322[14] |
| Calenberg Land | Ruthe | 16 Fuß | 4.677[14] |
| Cassel,Hessen | Ruthe | 14 Fuß | 4.026[14] |
| Denmark | Ruthe | 10 Fuß | 3.138[14] |
| Canton of Geneva | Ruthe | 8 Fuß | 2.598[14] |
| Hamburg | Geestruthe | 16 Fuß | 4.583[14] |
| Hamburg | Marschruthe | 14 Fuß | 4.010[14] |
| Hannover | Ruthe | 16 Fuß | 4.671[14] |
| France | Perche | 3toises | 5.847[14] |
| France | Perche (for woodland) | 3+2⁄3toises | 7.145[14] |
| Genoa | canna | 10palmi | 2.5[14] |
| Jever,Oldenburg | Ruthe | 20 Fuß | 4.377[14] |
| Mallorca | canna | 8palmos | 1.714[14] |
| Malta | canna | 8palmi | 2.08[14] |
| Mecklenburg | Ruthe | 16 Fuß | 4.655[14] |
| Menorca,but notMahón | canna | 1.599[14] | |
| Menorca, city of Mahon | canna | 8palmos | 1.714[14] |
| Messina,Sicily | canna | 8palmi | 2.113[14] |
| Montauban,Tarn-et-Garonne | canne | 8pans | 1.783[14] |
| Morocco | canna | 8palmos | 1.714[14] |
| Naples | canna (for cloth) | 8palmi | |
| Naples, Kingdom of:Apulia,Calabria,Eboli,Foggia,Lucera | percha | 7palmi | 1.838[14] |
| Naples, Kingdom of:Capua | percha | 7+1⁄5palmi | 1.892[14] |
| Naples, Kingdom of: Fiano, Naples | percha | 7+1⁄2palmi | 2.014[14] |
| Naples, Kingdom of:Caggiano,Cava,Nocera,Rocce,Salerno | percha | 7+2⁄3palmi | 1.971[14] |
| Nuremberg,Bavaria | Ruthe | 16 Fuß | 4.861[14] |
| Oldenburg | Ruthe | 20 Fuß | 5.927[14] |
| Palermo,Sicily | canna | 8palmi | 1.942[14] |
| Parma | Pertica | 6bracci | 3.25[14] |
| Poland | Pręt | 7+1⁄2łokcior 10pręcików | 4.320[14] |
| Prussia,Rheinland | Ruthe | 12 Fuß | 3.766[14] |
| Rijnland | Roede | 12 Voet | 3.767[15] |
| Rome | canna (for cloth) | 2[14] | |
| Rome | canna (for building) | 2.234[14] | |
| Saragoza | canna | 2.043[14] | |
| Saxony | Ruthe | 16 Leipziger Fuß | 4.512[14] |
| Sweden | Ruthe | 16 Fuß | 4.748[14] |
| Tortosa | canna | 1.7[14] | |
| Tuscany, Grand-Duchy of(Florence,Pisa) | canna | 5 bracci | 2.918[14] |
| Uzès,Gard | canne | 8pans | 1.98[14] |
| Waadt, Canton of | Ruthe ortoise courante | 10 Fuß | 3[14] |
| Württemberg | Reichsruthe | 10 Fuß | 2.865[14] |
| Württemberg | old Ruthe | 16 Fuß | 4.583[14] |
| Venice, Republic of | Pertica | 6piedi | 2.084[14] |
| Zürich, Canton of | Ruthe | 10 Fuß | 3.009[14] |
In Britain and Ireland
[edit]
In England, the rod or perch was first defined in law by theComposition of Yards and Perches,one of thestatutes of uncertain datefrom the late 13th to early 14th centuries:tres pedes faciunt ulnam, quinque ulne & dimidia faciunt perticam(three feet make a yard, five and a half yards make a perch).[16]
The length of the chain was standardized in 1620 byEdmund Gunterat exactly four rods.[17][18]Fields were measured in acres, which were one chain (four rods) by one furlong (in the United Kingdom, ten chains).[19]
Bars of metal one rod long were used as standards of length when surveying land. The rod was still in use as a common unit of measurement in the mid-19th century, whenHenry David Thoreauused it frequently when describing distances in his work,Walden.[20]
In traditionalScottish units,aScottish rood(ruidinLowland Scots,ròdinScottish Gaelic), alsofallmeasures 222 inches (6ells).[21]
Modern use
[edit]The rod was phased out as a legal unit of measurement in the United Kingdom as part of a ten-year metrication process that began on 24 May 1965.[22]
In the United States, the rod, along with the chain, furlong, and statute mile (as well as the survey inch and survey foot) were based on the pre-1959 values forUnited States customary unitsof linear measurement until 1 January 2023. TheMendenhall Orderof 1893 defined the yard as exactly3600⁄3937meters, with all other units of linear measurement, including the rod, based on the yard. In 1959, an international agreement (theinternational yard and poundagreement), defined the yard as the fundamental unit of length in the Imperial/USCU system, defined as exactly 0.9144 metres. However, the above-noted units, when used in surveying, may retain their pre-1959 values, depending on the legislation in each state. TheU.S. National Geodetic SurveyandNational Institute of Standards and Technologyhave replaced the definition for the above-mentioned units by the international 1959 definition of the foot, being exactly 0.3048 meters.[23][24]
Despite no longer being in widespread use, the rod is still employed in certain specialized fields. In recreationalcanoeing,maps measureportages(overland paths where canoes must be carried) in rods; typical canoes are approximately one rod long.[25]The term is also in widespread use in the acquisition ofpipelineeasements,as the offers for an easement are often expressed on a "price per rod".[26]
In theUnited Kingdom,the sizes ofallotmentgardenscontinue to be measured in square poles in some areas, sometimes being referred to simply aspolesrather thansquare poles.[27]
InVermont,the defaultright-of-waywidth of state and town highways and trails is three rods 49 ft 6 in (15.09 m).[28]Rods can also be found on the older legal descriptions of tracts of land in theUnited States,following the "metes and bounds"method of land survey;[29]as shown in this actual legal description of rural real estate:
LEGAL DESCRIPTION: Commencing 45 rods East and 44 rods North of Southwest corner of Southwest 1/4 of Southwest 1/4; thence North 36 rods; thence East 35 rods; thence South 36 rods; thence West 35 rods to the place of beginning, Manistique Township, Schoolcraft County, Michigan.[30]
Area and volume
[edit]The termspole,perch,rodandroodhave been used as units of area, andperchis also used as a unit of volume. As a unit ofarea,asquare perch(the perch being standardized to equal16+1⁄2feet, or5+1⁄2yards) is equal to asquare rod,30+1⁄4square yards (25.29square metres) or1⁄160acre. There are 40 square perches to arood(for example a rectangular area of 40 rods times one rod), and 160 square perches to anacre(for example a rectangular area of 40 rods times 4 rods). This unit is usually referred to as aperchorpoleeven thoughsquare perchandsquare polewere the more precise terms.Rodwas also sometimes used as a unit of area to refer to a rood.
However, in the traditional French-based system in some countries, 1 squarepercheis 42.21 square metres.
As of August 2013, perches and roods are used as government survey units inJamaica.[citation needed]They appear on most property title documents. The perch is also in extensive use inSri Lanka,being favored even over the rood and acre in real estate listings there.[31]Perches were informally used as a measure inQueenslandreal estateuntil the early 21st century, mostly for historical gazetted properties in older suburbs.[32]
Volume
[edit]A traditional unit of volume for stone and other masonry. A perch of masonry is the volume of a stone wall one perch (16+1⁄2feet or 5.03 metres) long, 18 inches (45.7 cm) high, and 12 inches (30.5 cm) thick. This is equivalent to exactly24+3⁄4cubic feet (0.92 cubic yards; 0.70 cubic metres; 700 litres).
There are two different measurements for a perch depending on the type of masonry that is being built:
- A dressed stone work is measured by the24+3⁄4-cubic foot perch (16+1⁄2feet or 5.03 metres) long, 18 inches (45.7 cm) high, and 12 inches (30.5 cm) thick. This is equivalent to exactly24+3⁄4cubic feet (0.916667 cubic yards; 0.700842 cubic metres).
- a brick work or rubble wall made of broken stone of irregular size, shape and texture, made of undressed stone, is measured by the (16+1⁄2feet or 5.03 metres) long, 12 inches (30.5 cm) high, and 12 inches (30.5 cm) thick. This is equivalent to exactly16+1⁄2cubic feet (0.611111 cubic yards; 0.467228 cubic metres).[33]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^abcdeBurke, James (1978). "Chapter 9".Connections: Alternative History of Technology.Macmillan. p. 304.ISBN978-0-333-29066-8.
- ^abConnections, pbk. p.63
- ^abcdConnections,pbk. p.263
- ^Bonten, JHM (19 January 2007)."Anglo-Saxon and Biblical to Metrics Conversions".Surveyor + Chain + British-Nautical.Retrieved1 November2010.
- ^Rowlett, Russ (15 December 2008)."lug [1]".How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement.University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.Retrieved1 November2010.
- ^"lug, n.1".Oxford English Dictionary(Online ed.).Oxford University Press.(Subscription orparticipating institution membershiprequired.)
- ^"U.S. Survey Foot: Revised Unit Conversion Factors".National Institute of Standards and Technology.23 September 2019.Retrieved3 January2023.
- ^Encyclopædia Britannica,English measure
- ^House of Commons Report (Second) of Commissioners to Consider the Subject of Weights and Measures.Parliamentary Papers. Vol. HC314. 13 July 1820. pp. 473–512.
- ^"Units: P".unc.edu.
- ^Kirkpatrick, Elizabeth Mclaren (1990).The Cassell English Dictionary.London. p. 214.ISBN0-304-34003-0.
{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^"Connections", pbk. p.265
- ^Smith, Sir William&Anthon, Charles(1851).A new classical dictionary of Greek and Roman biography, mythology, and geography partly based upon the Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology.New York: Harper & Bros. pp. 1024–1030.
- ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacadaeafagahaiajakalamanaoapaqarasatauavawaxayazNiemann, Friedrich (1830).Vollständiges Handbuch der Münzen, Masse, und Gewichte aller Länder der Erde fur Kaufleute, Banquiers... in Alpha betischer Ordnung[Complete handbook of coins, measures and weights of all countries in the world for merchants, bankers... in Alpha betical order] (in German).QuedlinburgundLeipzig:Gottfr. Basse. pp.231–232, 286.
- ^abde Gelder, Jacob (1824).Allereerste Gronden der Cijferkunst[Introduction to Arithmetic] (in Dutch). ’s-Gravenhage (The Hague) and Amsterdam: de Gebroeders van Cleef. pp. 163–176.Retrieved13 June2017.
- ^The statutes at large(in Latin). London: Charles Eyre &Andrew Strahan.1794. p. 200.
- ^Taylor, Thomas Ulvan (1908). "Chapter 1".Surveyor's hand book.McGraw-Hill. p. 1.Retrieved28 November2011.
- ^Russell, Jeffrey S.; American Society of Civil Engineers (1 August 2003).Perspectives in civil engineering: commemorating the 150th anniversary of the American Society of Civil Engineers.ASCE Publications. p. 167.ISBN978-0-7844-0686-1.Retrieved28 November2011.
- ^Rowlett, Russ (3 December 2008)."acre (ac or A)".How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement.University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Archived fromthe originalon 20 December 2008.Retrieved1 November2010.
- ^Thoreau, Henry David(1899).Walden: or, Life in the woods.H. Altemus. pp. 67, 113, 203, 204, 208, 290, 300, 309, 319, 339, 341, 356.Retrieved27 November2011.
- ^""fall, faw"".Dictionary of the Scottish Language –Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue.
- ^Consumer and Competition Policy Directorate (1968).Report (1968) by the Standing Joint Committee on Metrication(PDF)(Report).Department of Trade and Industry.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 25 June 2008.Retrieved1 November2010.
{{cite report}}:|author=has generic name (help) - ^"NGS and NIST to Retire U.S. Survey Foot after 2022".National Geodetic Survey.31 October 2019.Retrieved4 March2020.
- ^"U.S. Survey Foot: Revised Unit Conversion Factors".NIST.16 October 2019.Retrieved4 March2020.
- ^"Canoe Glossary and Clickable Canoe".OutdoorPlaces.Michael Thiessen.Retrieved1 November2010.
- ^"Pipeline Terms and Addendum".The Clark Law Firm.Archived fromthe originalon 8 March 2015.Retrieved24 October2012.
- ^"Allotments".Watford Borough Council.Archived fromthe originalon 14 August 2009.Retrieved5 October2009.
- ^"19 V.S.A. § 702: Width of highways and trails".The Vermont Statutes Online.Vermont General Assembly.
- ^Shelton, Neil."How to Read Land Descriptions".homestead.org.p. 5.Retrieved7 May2008.
- ^"Lake View Parcel $198 Down $198 Month Incredible 8 Acre Parcel!".EagleStar.American Eagle Star.Retrieved1 November2010.
- ^"Land For Sale".Sri Lanka Property Market.Archived fromthe originalon 24 January 2018.
- ^"Dutton Park real estate agent Archives".Bees Nees.
- ^SeeMcClurg, William M. & Shoemaker, Morrell M. (1970).The Building Estimator's Reference Handbook(17th ed.). Chicago: Frank R. Walker Company. p. 1644.