Jump to content

Roh Moo-hyun

Page semi-protected
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In thisKorean name,the family name isRoh.

Roh Moo-hyun
GOM
노무현
Official portrait, 2003
9thPresident of South Korea
In office
25 February 2003 – 24 February 2008[a]
Prime Minister
Preceded byKim Dae-jung
Succeeded byLee Myung-bak
6thMinister of Oceans and Fisheries
In office
7 August 2000 – 25 March 2001
PresidentKim Dae-jung
Prime MinisterLee Han-dong
Preceded byLee Hang-kyu
Succeeded byChung Woo-taik
Member of theNational Assembly
In office
22 July 1998 – 29 May 2000
Preceded byLee Myung-bak
Succeeded byChung In-bong
ConstituencyJongno
In office
30 May 1988 – 29 May 1992
Preceded byPark Chan-jong
Kim Jung-kil
Succeeded byHur Sam-soo
ConstituencyDong
Personal details
Born(1946-09-01)1 September 1946
Pongha,Southern Korea
Died23 May 2009(2009-05-23)(aged 62)
Bongha Village,South Korea
Political partyReunification Democratic(1987–1990)
Democratic(1990–1991)
Democratic(1991–1995)
National Congress for New Politics(1995–2000)
Democratic(2000–2003)
Uri(2003–2007)
Independent(2007–2009)
Spouse
​
(m.1972)​
Signature
Military service
Branch/serviceRepublic of Korea Army
Years of service1968–1971
RankCorporal
Korean name
Hangul
노무현
Hanja
Revised RomanizationNo Mu(-)hyeon
McCune–ReischauerNo Muhyŏn

Roh Moo-hyunGOM(Korean:노무현;Korean pronunciation:[nomuçʌn];1 September 1946 – 23 May 2009) was a South Korean politician and lawyer who served as the ninthpresident of South Koreabetween 2003 and 2008.

Roh's pre-presidential political career was focused on human rights advocacy for student activists in South Korea. His electoral career later expanded to a focus on overcomingregionalismin South Korean politics, culminating in his election to the presidency. He achieved a large following among younger internet users, which aided his success in the presidential election.[1][2]Roh's election was notable for the arrival in power of a new generation of Korean politicians, the so-called386 Generation(people in their thirties, when the term was coined, who had attended university in the 1980s and who were born in the 1960s).[3][4]This generation had been veterans of student protests against authoritarian rule and advocated a conciliatory approach towards North Korea, even at the expense of good relations with the United States.[5]Roh himself was the first South Korean president to be born after the end ofJapanese rule in Korea.

South Korea received the highest marks on theReporters Without BordersPress Freedom Indexunder his administration. The value of theSouth Korean wonagainst theUS dollarwas the strongest during his administration since 1997.[6]Due to the strong currency, for the first time in history, South Korea became theworld's 10th largest economyand exceeded the$20,000 milestone in nominal GDP per capitaduring his administration. However, despite high expectations at the beginning of his presidency,[7]Roh encountered strong opposition from both the opposition conservativeGrand National Partyand media, and he was frequently accused of incompetence.[8]As a result, many of Roh's policies, such as aplan to move the capital of South Koreaand a plan to form a coalition with the opposition, made little progress. Because of his poor performance in economy and diplomacy, Roh was not a popular president, having the worst approval rating on average ever recorded in South Korean political history.[9][10][11]His economic policy was often criticized for persisting with certain obsolete economic views and failing certain livelihood issues.[10][12]

After leaving office, Roh returned to his hometown ofBongha Maeul.He ran a duck farm and lived an ordinary life, sharing it through his blog. He also ran a website called "Democracy 2.0" to promote healthy online discussions.[13]Fourteen months later, Roh was suspected of bribery by prosecutors, and the subsequent investigations attracted public attention.[14]Roh committed suicide on 23 May 2009 when he jumped from a mountain cliff behind his home, after saying that "there are too many people suffering because of me" on asuicide noteon his computer.[15]About 4 million people visited Roh's hometown Bongha Village in the week following his death. His suicide was confirmed by police.[16]Public opinion on Roh has improved considerably since his death, which has taken into account his human rights background and national economic progress during his presidency. In a 2019Gallup Koreapoll, Roh was cited as the most popular president in South Korean history amongst the general public.[17]

Personal background

Roh was born into a poor farming family on 1 September 1946, inPonghanearGimhaeandPusan,in what is nowsoutheasternSouth Korea.His ancestor was inDongyang,Zhe gian g.His parents had three boys and two girls, and Roh was the youngest of his family. In 1953, he entered Dae Chang Elementary School. He received high grades, but was quite often absent from school to assist his parents.[18]While in sixth grade, with the encouragement of his school teacher, he became the president of the school. As he entered Jin-yeong middle school, a writing contest was held to commemorateSyngman Rhee's birthday. Roh tried to start a student movement against it, but was caught and suspended from the school.[19]

Roh Moo-Hyun decided to become a lawyer due to the influence of his elder brother who had studied law but had died in a car accident. Roh studied on his own to pass thebarexam in 1975 (South Korea does not currently require bar examinees to have graduated from college, university, or law school). In 1977, he became a regional judge inDaejeon,but quit in 1978, and became a lawyer.

In 1981, he defended students who had been tortured for suspicion of possession ofcontrabandliterature. Following this he decided to become a human rights lawyer. In early 2003, he was quoted as saying, "After that defense, my life was totally changed. At first, even I couldn't believe that they had been tortured that harshly. However, when I saw their horrified eyes and their missing toenails, my comfortable life as a lawyer came to an end. I became a man that wanted to make a difference in the world." With fellow human rights lawyers, he pointed out that this case was forged, then claimed that theNational Security Act (South Korea)itself should be judged.

In 1985 he started to participate in civic movements by assuming permanent power of attorney on behalf of the Busan council of citizen democracy.[19]He opposed theautocratic regimein place at the time in South Korea, and participated in the pro-democracyJune Democracy Movementin 1987 againstChun Doo-hwan.[20]The same year he was jailed while investigating the cause of death of theDaewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineeringfactory worker Lee Seok-Kyu, who had been killed by a stray police tear gas bullet while on strike. Roh was accused of 'unapproved interference in the case' and 'hindering the funeral'. Although he was released in twenty days because of public opinion against the arrest, his lawyer's license was revoked after the incident in political retribution.[19]His lawyer's license was reinstated[when?]and he, along withChun Jung Baeand Im Jong In, founded Haemaru Law firm.[21]

Roh was baptized as aCatholic(baptismal name: Justin) in 1986 but thenlapsedwhile continuing to identify as a Catholic,[22]though later years he wasnon-religiouswhile practicing a form ofMahayana Buddhism.[23][24]

Early political career

Roh entered politics in 1988 when he was invited byKim Young-samto join theReunification Democratic Party(통일민주당). That same year, he was elected as a member of theNational Assembly,representingDong-gu, Busan.[citation needed]He came to wider public attention with his cross-examination of the government over political corruption allegations in a parliamentary hearing.[25]

In 1990,Kim Young-sammerged his party with theDemocratic Justice Partyto form theDemocratic Liberal Party,a forerunner of theGrand National Party.Roh did not participate in the party and he criticized it as "betrayal against the democracy movement".[26]

In 1991, before the election of the national assembly, theWeekly Chosunposted an article that alleging that Roh was a politician with hidden wealth. Roh sued the company for defamation and won, but lost the election for his seat.[27]

Having lost his seat in the 1992 Assembly elections, he later ran for the mayorship of Busan in 1995, where he lost again. Shortly after the election,Kim Dae-jungfounded theNational Congress for New Politics,but Roh did not join.[citation needed]In 1996, he ran for the Assembly seat forJongno-guinSeoul,losing to another future president,Lee Myung-bak.[citation needed]

Roh founded the new party with Lee Bu-Yeong, Lee Chul, Kim Won-Gi, and Kim Jeong-Gil, but before the presidential election, after theNew Korea Partymerged with theUnited Democratic Party,he decided to reconcile with Kim Dae-jung to 'bring the military government and their political heir into justice'.[citation needed]

Subsequently, Roh reconciled with Kim when he endorsed his candidacy in the 1997Presidential election.At the meeting, Kim Dae-jung welcomed Roh and his party saying "Today is a very pleasant day. That pleasure is not only because we now work together, but also because I could relieve a burden in my mind that I have been carrying (since we separated)." Roh returned to office in 1998, when Lee Myung-bak resigned his seat because of a violation of election law, winning a seat in the ensuingby-election.[citation needed]

In 2000, Roh ran for the National Assembly representingBuk-guandGangseo-guin Busan as part of a campaign to overcomeregionalismin Korean politics, but was defeated. His defeat in the election, however, proved fortuitous when his supporters formedNosamo,the first political fan club in Korea.[28]His supporters were inspired by his commitment to overcoming regionalism.[29]

In 2000, Roh was appointed Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries under Kim Dae-jung, and this position would constitute his major government experience prior to the presidency.[30][failed verification]

Roh got public attention when he participated in candidate election of his party. The candidate election itself also got high public attention because it allowed the vote not only from the party members, but also the local citizens. At first, his approval rate was 10%, allowing much gap with leading candidate Lee In-Jae, but Roh constantly earned much supporters by his notable speeches, especially inUlsan,[31]and the result of poll that Roh's approval rate was 41.7%, 1.1% higher than theLee Hoi-chang,candidate of the opponent party, convinced the voters of his party.[32]

Roh won the presidency on 19 December 2002, by defeatingLee Hoi-changwith a narrow 2% margin of victory. At 2003, right before his inauguration, he described his plan as "I will root the method of discussion inside the government.",[clarification needed]and added, "discussion should be familiarized until we are called 'Republic of discussion'."[33]

Presidency (2003–2008)

This article is part ofa serieson
Liberalism in South Korea
Schools
Principles
History
People
Parties(Democrat)
Parties(Non-Democrat)
Think tanks
Media
Other organizations
Related topics

First year

Roh dubbed his administration the "Participatory Government,"[34]and entered office intent on introducing an ambitious new agenda. Policy goals for the Roh administration included the continuance of theSunshine Policyof engagement towardsNorth Korea,[35]the establishment of Korea as a business hub in Northeast Asia, the expansion of social welfare, the pursuit of "balanced national development" to help underdeveloped areas, the eradication of corruption, reform of education and tax systems, reform oflabor-management relations, reform of mass media, and a recasting of the relationship with the United States and Japan.[36]

As his policy for eradicating corruption inside the government had included many administrative reforms, he had to face high opposition. During the reformation of the prosecution, to resolve the opposition, he suggested a TV forum. The prosecutors insisted that Roh appointed the major positions of the prosecutor's office without consulting the personnel committee, and Roh answered that "The current members of the personnel committee themselves represent the old prosecution which has to be changed, if we do not change now, it would sustain the old prosecution at least few months."[37]Three months into his presidency, he commented about the opposition problem, stating "I'm worrying the opposition that maybe I cannot continue the presidency while I get that much of it."[citation needed]That comment was quoted partly by conservative media, ('I cannot continue the presidency') and Roh was beset by skepticism about his ability and experience.[38]Roh set the tone of his administration with a number of adventurous policies, and measures to uncover and reveal the names of thedescendants of Japanese collaborators.The investigations, criticized by opposition parties as a covert means of attacking them, and coming too late to provide substantive redress, mostly resulted in damage to his own party members.[39][40][41]

Also in his first year in office, Roh announced S Korea's Free Trade Agreement Policy Roadmap.[42]Roh successfully pushed for free trade agreements in spite of domestic opposition from his traditional leftist constituency (who denounced it as "neoliberal")[43]and various groups (particularly farmers) opposed to market opening.[44][45]

Uri Party and impeachment

Roh and his supporters left the Millennium Democratic Party in 2003 to form a new party, theUri Party(열린우리당;lit."Our Open Party" ). Directly ahead of the National Assembly elections, Roh voiced support for the Uri Party, which constituted a technical violation of Constitutional provisions mandating presidential impartiality. After Roh refused to apologize, led by the opposition parties holding the majority, the Assembly voted toimpeachhim for illegal electioneering on 12 March 2004.[citation needed]The vote was 193–2 (Uri Party members abstained from the vote). Roh's supporters physically blocked the motion for three days in open combat, and had to be hauled out by security guards.[46][failed verification]Roh's executive power was suspended pending a final decision by the Constitutional Court, and Prime MinisterGoh Kunran the country as the Acting President.

The National Assembly's attempt to impeach Roh was largely opposed by the public. From 12 March 2004, to 27 March, protest against the impeachment motion was led by 'citizen's movement for eradicating corruption'. According to the police, 50,000 people gathered to protest on 13 March alone.[47]

Although Roh's popularity had hovered around 30%, the impeachment was taken as a power struggle against the political reform and the choice of the citizen, and Roh's popularity went up soon after the assembly's vote to impeach Roh. The results of theApril 2004 parliamentary electionshowed public support for him, with the Uri Party winning a majority of seats.[citation needed]

On 14 May 2004, the Constitutional Court overturned the impeachment decision, restoring Roh as president.[48]After the incident, Roh joined the Uri party as a member, officially making the Uri party as the ruling party. It was the first time that a liberal party achieved a majority in the National Assembly.[citation needed]

After the reinstatement

Roh and his wifeKwon Yang-sookin India withManmohan SinghandA.P.J Abdul Kalamin 2004

As a part of his balanced national development campaign to reverse the concentration of wealth in Seoul, Roh also pursued a plan to relocate the capital 100 miles away toSouth Chungcheong Province,ostensibly to relieve congestion. Roh had made this promise during his campaign, and pursued its fulfillment, despite convincing few voters outside the Chungcheong region of the benefits of the move.[49][failed verification]After much controversy, the Constitutional Court obviated Roh's plans by ruling that the relocation of the capital was unconstitutional because it 'opposes the custom that has to be considered as the constitution', thus inflicting a huge blow to Roh's political standing. Roh's plan was then amended to the creation of an "administrative capital," though this plan has also not yet seen completion. The issue of the proposed "administrative capital" remains controversial as of 2010 in plans forSejong City,the exact nature of which continues to be a politically divisive issue even within the rulingGrand National Party.[citation needed]

With the controversies concerning the capital, perceptions of neglect and mismanagement of the economy had grown.[50]Although exports performed at record levels and the economy grew, growth still lagged behind both the previous administration and the rest of the world, while the domestic economy stagnated.[51]At the same time regulations proliferated, investment capital exited the country,[52]unemployment (especially among the young) increased, wealthy students flocked overseas as the education system stagnated, and housing prices in Seoul soared far beyond the reach of the average citizen. Roh responded by dismissing criticism as "shameless mudslinging,"[53]and touted the achievements of his government in increasing national competitiveness, strengthening the economy.[54]This somewhat cavalier attitude led to his Uri Party suffering consecutive defeats in the Assembly, before eventually collapsing. Roh's unpopularity had become a liability for his party, and a new party was needed to disassociate from him.[55]The Uri Party would thus be revamped and renamed as theDemocratic Party,and is currently the main opposition party in the National Assembly.

Roh's ambitious initial promises to establish Korea as an international business hub in Asia[56]faded soon after his election.[57][58][59][60]Instead, Korea under Roh suffered negative publicity in the foreign business community due to prosecutorial investigations on the purchase and sale of Korea Exchange Bank by the Lone Star Fund, spurring foreign investors to join their domestic counterparts in leaving the country.[61]When housing prices soared, to prevent speculative bubble likeJapanese asset price bubblecrisis, Roh introduced additional 1~3% of property tax on real estate exceeding 600 million won (about 600,000US$).[62]This efficiently slowed down the bubble, but this policy met high opposition from the richest who had to pay higher tax.[63]At the same time, Roh also increased welfare spending by 18% a year, and drastically increased spending by increasing the size of the civil service by more than 95,700 new hires, or approximately 60 people a day. Criticism of lax discipline among the civil service and police force was high during his government.

The remainder of Roh's term was characterized by a number of campaigns pursued to varying degrees of success and completion. One of the more successful campaigns (at least during his term) was Roh's pursuit of anFTA with the United States,concluded in April 2007 after many months of negotiations byKim Hyun-jong,the deputy minister for trade.

Grand coalition plan

As a result of the controversy concerning the capital, and public dissatisfaction of economic development, Uri party lost much of its popularity. When the Uri party was defeated in by-elections held on 30 April 2005, losing every one of the 23 electoral districts, Uri Party lost its majority in the National Assembly. Facing the outcome of his unpopularity, Roh took a rather strange measure to manage the government when he proposed agrand coalitionwith the opposition Grand National Party. Roh's rationale was that since it was impossible to continue his presidency with an approval rate of around 20 percent, a grand coalition comprising the Uri party and the Grand National Party was desirable, and that the difference between both parties in terms of political agendas was actually minute. Roh promised he would yield much of his power and might even resign from office if a grand coalition was successfully launched.

Roh's proposal for the grand coalition stirred yet another national controversy. Many called his plan "reckless and completely ignorant" of the sentiments of people still ailing from repeated political controversies and economic hardships. Many of the Uri party's supporters who identify as liberals were enraged at Roh holding that his party was not really different from the conservative opposition. The Grand National Party, enjoying relatively strong approval rate but still bent on revenge for the party's defeat in major elections, repeatedly declined to initiate a negotiation for the coalition. While the Uri Party grudgingly supported the President's proposal, a lawmaker defected from the party in protest of Roh's plan, and the loss of popularity was felt when the party suffered yet another complete defeat in the by-election on 26 October 2005, this time including one of the party's stronghold electoral districts. Roh's plan was scrapped, having failed to garner support from either political faction.

Foreign relations

United States

President Roh and Bush in October 2003
Roh Moo-hyun andKwon Yang-sookat the 2006APECgala dinner with PresidentVladimir Putinof Russia (centre) andGeorge W. Bushand his wifeLaura Bush(right)

Roh was perceived as ananti-Americanbefore the presidential race, which was not a handicap during the presidential campaign. Public antipathy to the United States was prevalent in 2002, particularly evoked by theYangju highway incident,where two South Korean middle school girls were crushed to death by a U.S. Armyarmored bridge-laying vehicle.The American soldiers involved were tried by a U.S. Army court martial, but the Roh administration continued to demand a South Korean trial, although the incident occurred 'on duty' (as part of a convoy) and thus was an American responsibility under the Status of Forces Agreement between the United States and South Korea.

However, except for the policy toward the North Korea, Roh was supportive toward the United States. Roh endeavored to improve relations with North Korea, becoming the first president to cross the border by foot and meetingKim Jong Il.He dispatched theZaytun Divisionto support the US in theIraq Warby carrying out peacekeeping and other reconstruction-related tasks. Roh explained the deployment as only a peacekeeping mission and claimed that such commitment was required to bring favor from the United States in resolving theNorth Korean nuclear crisis.He also pursued theKORUS FTA.In 2004, the Roh administration reached an agreement with the US to move out all US forces in the capital toCamp Humphreys,a rural area far away from the capital or major cities, as he deemed theUSFK's presence in the capital unnecessary and harming its reputation and development.[64]

In February 2006, Roh announced that South Korea would initiate negotiations with the United States for afree trade agreement.[65]

In April 2007, Roh presided over an emergency meeting of his aides to discuss the diplomatic fallout from themassacre at Virginia Polytechnic Institutein the United States by a South Korean student,Cho Seung-hui,concerning its negative impact on South Korea-U.S. relations.[66]They were discussing comprehensive measures to cope with the unprecedented incident, including issuance of presidential messages of apology and plans to prevent possible harassment of South Koreans living in the United States.[67]Roh issued two messages of condolence already on 17 April 2007.[68]

FormerSecretary of DefenseRobert Gatesdescribed Roh as "anti-American and probably a little crazy" in his book titledDuty,and professed astonishment at Roh telling him at the meeting in November 2007 that "the two biggest security threats in Asia were the United States and Japan".[69][70]

Japan

See also:Japan–Korea disputes

South Korea's relationship with Japan was in a healthy condition when Roh entered office. However, his first visit to the neighboring country in 2003 was scheduled on a date that coincided withKorean Memorial Day.[citation needed]

During the visit, Roh proclaimed he would not seek any more apologies from Japan over itscolonial occupation,in the hope of maintaining a friendly relationship between the two countries. Although Roh's proclamation was made in good faith, some expressed concern that Japan may have interpreted this as the termination of its responsibility for thecolonial past,and use it as an excuse to deny any claims for compensation that may arise in the future.[citation needed]

Despite Roh's hope, relations with Japan deteriorated henceforth, in several areas of conflict such as compensation issues forcomfort women,denial of the colonial past inJapanese history textbooks,and disputes over theLiancourt Rocks.Another sensitive issue, formerPrime Minister of JapanJunichiro Koizumi's repeated visits toYasukuni Shrinewere harshly criticized in South Korea, and Roh declared no further meetings with Koizumi would take place unless he stopped visiting the shrine.[citation needed]

According to Rep.Chung Mong-joon,former leader of the ruling Saenuri Party, "The Roh Moo-hyun administration proposed that the U.S. define Japan as a hypothetical enemy," at the Korea-U.S. Security Consultative Meeting in Seoul in October 2005. "President Roh proposed it because the general public had bad feelings against Japan and Korea had a territorial dispute over the Dokdo islets with Japan, Washington was very embarrassed since it had hoped Korea and Japan would go hand-in-hand as free and democratic countries. A hypothetical enemy in English implies a main enemy."[71][72]

In an address to the nation on 25 April 2006 regarding disputes over the Liancourt Rocks, Roh reaffirmed that he didn't seek another apology from Japan, but demanded that Japan take action in compliance with its past apologies.[73]The then-Prime Minister of Japan Junichiro Koizumi characterized the speech as intended for domestic audiences.[74]

Retirement and post-presidency (2008–2009)

After leaving office, Roh retired toBongha Maeul,a small village in his hometown. This marked a break with previous custom, where former presidents retired to heavily guarded houses in Seoul.[75]Bongha – a village of 121 people – became a major tourist attraction due to Roh's presence.[75]

Bribery allegations

On 4 December 2008, Roh Moo-hyun's elder brother, Roh Gun-Pyeong, was indicted on charges of illegally taking 3 million won ($3,000) from former Daewoo Engineering & Construction and imprisoned.

On 7 April 2009, Chung Sang-Moon, the former secretary of Roh Moo-hyun, was arrested on charges. In early 2009, allegations of corruption had begun to surface regarding the former President's family and aides, eventually leading to the indictment of Roh's elder brother Roh Gun-Pyeong on suspicion of influence peddling.[76][77]The investigation soon expanded to encompass Roh Moo-Hyun's aides,[78]as well as other members of his family.[79]As the investigation closed in on Roh's former secretary, Chung Sang-Moon, Roh announced on his website that "The accusation should be directed at our household,[80]not Chung. Our household made the request, received money and used it. "[81]At the same time, Roh claimed that he himself had not known of the money transfer before his retirement. By May 2009, prosecutors had summoned Roh's wife,[82]son,[83]and eventually the former president himself[84]on suspicion of receiving 1 million dollars in bribes from Park Yeon-Cha, a businessman close to the ex-President. Roh was subject to initial written questioning by prosecutors,[85]before direct questioning, prior to which he apologized again to the public and stated that "he was overwhelmed by shame."[86]

Kang Kum-won was another Roh's long time supporter whose business was under thorough investigation by The Supreme Prosecutors' Office (SPO). Even if Kang was Roh's closest long time supporter, he did not expand his business during Roh's presidency to avoid unnecessary suspicion of special benefits. However, his parole was denied during the investigation despite his terminal illness of brain cancer until Roh's death.[87]

Roh's investigation for corruption came after he had campaigned on pledges to "clean up the presidency,"[88]and root out corruption, while condemning his opponents as hopelessly corrupt.[89]

In one speech to commemorate the 20th anniversary of Korea's "June Struggle" for democracy, Roh vehemently attacked critics who described him as incompetent, stating, "They even deal out the absurd rhetoric that they would rather have a corrupt administration than an inept one while openly revealing their true colors as forces of corruption and the security-driven dictatorships of the past. What's more, they label the democratic forces as being inept, plotting to rise to power on the back of the nostalgia for the development-oriented dictatorships of the past."[90]

Roh's characteristically self-righteous stance resulted in harsh condemnation of the ex-President for hypocrisy.[91]In response to the pervasive criticism upon Roh's bribery charges, he stated on his website, "I have lost my moral cause just with the facts I have so far admitted. The only thing left is the legal procedure".[92]Roh further added, "What I have to do now is bow to the nation and apologize. From now on, the name Roh cannot be a symbol of the values you pursue. I'm no longer qualified to speak about democracy and justice.... You should abandon me."[93]Despite these appeals, Roh continued to deny all knowledge of the receipt of money by his family from Park Yeon-Cha, in contradiction to Park's testimony.[94]Roh refused cross-examination with Park.[95]

In contrast to scandals involving previous presidents, who reportedly used illicit funds close to $500 million to finance political campaigns and their family activities,[96]Roh's family had to use borrowed funds close to $1.5 million from a friend for personal use, such as the payment of living expenses for study in the United States.[97]

Death

Roh Moo-Hyun was found seriously injured on the morning of 23 May 2009 after apparently jumping from a 45-meter (150 ft) cliff known as Bueong'i Bawi (lit. Owl's Rock) behind his rural home in his home village ofBongha.He sustained serious head injuries and was sent by car to Seyoung hospital nearby at 7:20 am and moved to Busan University Hospital at around 8:15 am and pronounced dead at around 9:30 am (00:30 GMT).[15]Police investigators ruled out conspiracy theories surrounding the death of Roh. According to police, Roh switched on his computer and typed a hastily worded suicide note.

The police report stated that the suicide note apologized for making "too many people suffer" and requested that his body be cremated.[15]

I am in debt to so many people. I have caused too great a burden to be placed upon them. I can't begin to fathom the countless agonies down the road. The rest of my life would only be a burden for others. I am unable to do anything because of poor health. I can't read, I can't write. Do not be too sad. Isn't life and death all a part of nature? Do not be sorry. Do not feel resentment toward anyone. It is fate. Cremate me. And leave only a small tombstone near home. I've thought on this for a long time.[98]

The 8th president,Kim Dae-jung,stated that "President Roh Moo-hyun loved Koreans more than any other presidents [...] During the unfair investigation, he suffered from all sorts of humiliation, chagrin, deception, and defamation, which left him no option but to commit suicide before his countryman to show his innocence."[99]The 10th president,Lee Myung-bak,stated that "the news was truly unbelievable and deeply saddening." Justice Minister Kim Kyung-han said the corruption case against him would be formally closed. However, he did not say whether the former president's family would continue to be investigated.[98]

A State Funeral was held from May 23, 2009, to May 29, 2009, and it was attended by PresidentLee Myung-bak,First LadyKim Yoon-ok,former First LadyLee Hee-ho,former presidentsKim Dae-jung,Kim Young-samand members ofNational Assembly of the Republic of Korea.However, former PresidentsChun Doo-hwanandRoh Tae-woowere absent. The funeral started from his hometown, Bong-Ha village, with his body transported to Seoul via a hearse, with a convoy with his family moving together.[100][101][102]Then, he was cremated inSuwon,Gyeonggi Provinceand his ashes were buried in his hometown in accordance with his will, which was recorded on the suicide note.

Roh's suicide followed the suicides of a number of high-profile figures under corruption investigations in Korea in recent years, including the former secretary of Prime Minister Kim Young-chul,[103]former Busan mayor Ahn Sang-Young (who died by suicide while in prison),[104]Park Tae-young, former governor ofJeolla province,[105]andChung Mong-hun,a formerHyundaiexecutive. Roh himself had been sued by the widow of former Daewoo E&C head Nam Sang-Guk for allegedly making defamatory comments that drove her husband to throw himself off of a bridge.[106][107][108]Roh's suicide was followed later in the year by the suicide of another politician, the Mayor ofYangsan,who was being subject to a corruption investigation.[109][110]

Sidewalk memorial for Roh set up across the street from Seoul City Hall on 8 July 2009.

Roh's public funeral involved Buddhist and Catholic rites.[22]Hundreds of thousands of supporters turned out to pay their respects in memorial shrines erected around the country, as did President Lee Myung-bak and numerous other prominent politicians.[111][112]Sporadic violent demonstrations in Seoul immediately after the funeral resulted in the detention of 72 people.[113]

Roh's suicide resulted in a sudden positive shift in domestic perception towards the late President, leading Kim Dong-gil, one of the conservative figures to comment, "How could he become an instant saint upon his suicide?"[114]Perceptions of an excessive investigation on Roh's alleged improprieties boosted support for the opposition Party (itself formed when Roh's then unpopularity made it a liability to be associated with him), giving them enough leverage to demand that President Lee Myung-bak apologize for the "politically motivated" investigation they claimed caused Roh's death, and discipline those responsible.[115]Support for the opposition party increased to 28.3%, outpolling the ruling GNP at 23.5%.[116]The Democratic Party also decided to block the scheduled opening of the National Assembly until the Lee Myung-bak government accepted responsibility for Roh's suicide.[117]The chief prosecutor in Roh's bribery case also resigned.[118]A year after Roh died, his autobiography was published by his personal and political fellows. Based on Roh's previous books, unpublished draft, notes, letters and interviews, it follows Roh's life from birth to death.[119]

He died almost three months before former PresidentKim Dae-jungdied on 18 August 2009 of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Former Prime Minister Han Myung-suk and others claimed that the investigation of Roh's corruption case leading to his death was President Lee's political revenge and murder.[120][121][122][123][124][125]

Legacy

In January 2010, dissatisfaction with the poor electoral showing of the minority Democratic Party, and a posthumous reappraisal of Roh Moo-hyun's presidency spurred the creation of a new party, the "Participation Party".This party was created to" revive the spirit of former President Roh Moo-hyun. "[126][127][128][129]

One of Roh's biggest accomplishments was revising regulations for political fundraising, which even one of his harshest critics praises.[130]Before the revision, previous presidential candidates received more than $300 million hush money from leaving president to run the presidential campaign. During Roh's initial campaign for the presidency, civilians donated their piggy banks raising close to $1.2 million, but not enough to match about $12 million his opponent raised.[131]

The Institute for Future Korea (한국미래발전연구원) is established for researching and promoting Roh Moo-hyun's social ideas.[132]

Aleaked American diplomatic cableto South Korea revealed that Roh Moo-hyun expressed concerns how the US government mistreated North Korea.[133]

Lee In-gyu (이인규), the former head of theSPOreleased his book on the involvements of thepolitical corruptionssurrounding the investigation against Roh that led to his suicide.[134]In his book, Lee acknowledged that theSouth Korean National Intelligence Servicehad intentionally released overly sensational stories about President Roh's bribery charges.

In 2010, a year after his death, the politicians who were Roh's aides won the local elections and became the provincial government heads. In January 2012,Han Myung-Sookwho had been one of the prime ministers in Roh's tenure was elected party leader of the biggest opposition party,Democratic United Party.She officially made clear "succession of Roh's policy".[135]Although his policy was regarded as failure when he was in the position, it has been reevaluated as liberal and nationalistic, compared toLee Myung-Bak's authoritarian and pro-US policy.[136]Even a conservative professor,Lee Sang-don,who had severely criticized Roh's policy, said that "Roh became a myth (of our age)."[137]

On the 10th anniversary of his passing, former US President George W. Bush paid respects at the annual memorial ceremony for Roh Moo-hyun.[138]

He was ranked first in the 2019 Gallup South Korea survey asking for the greatest president.[17]

Awards and honours

National honours

Foreign honours

The 2013 filmThe AttorneystarringSong Kang-hois a dramatic adaptation of Roh's early human rights law career. It became the eighthhighest-grossing film in South Korean historyat the time of its release, and was the second-highest grossing South Korean film of 2013 behindMiracle in Cell No. 7.[139][140]

Authored books

  • Roh Moo-hyun (1 September 1994).여보, 나 좀 도와줘[Honey, Please help me] (in Korean) (1st ed.). Seoul: Sae-teo.ISBN978-89-87175-19-5.
  • ———————— (30 November 2001).노무현이 만난 링컨[Lincoln that Roh Moo-hyun met] (in Korean). Seoul: Hakgojae Books.ISBN978-89-85846-89-9.
  • ———————— (15 October 2002).노무현의 리더십 이야기[Roh Moo-hyun's Leadership Story] (in Korean) (1st ed.). Seoul: Happy Reading.ISBN978-89-89571-07-0.
  • ———————— (22 September 2009).성공과 좌절[Success and Frustration] (in Korean) (1st ed.). Seoul: Hakgojae Books.ISBN978-89-5625-096-0.
  • ———————— (27 November 2009).진보의 미래[The future of progress] (in Korean) (1st ed.). Paju: Dongnyok.ISBN978-89-7297-608-0.
  • ———————— (26 April 2010).Rhyu Si-min;Roh Moo-hyun Foundation (eds.).운명이다[The fate of the Roh Moo-hyun] (in Korean) (1st ed.). Paju: Dolbegae.ISBN978-89-7199-386-6.
  • ———————— (3 May 2019). Roh Moo-hyun Foundation (ed.).그리하여 노무현이라는 사람은[So the person called Roh Moo-hyun]. Roh Moo-hyun's Complete Works (in Korean). Vol. 6. Paju: Dolbegae.ISBN978-89-7199-947-9.

See also

Notes

  1. ^Goh Kunserved as acting president during Roh's suspension from 12 March 2004 to 14 May 2004.

References

  1. ^Watts, Jonathan (24 February 2003)."World's first internet President logs on".The Guardian.London.Retrieved26 January2008.
  2. ^"The Web Site That Elected a President".Bloomberg BusinessWeek.24 February 2003. Archived fromthe originalon 7 March 2003.Retrieved12 January2012.
  3. ^"Out with the old".Newsweek.4 August 2003.Retrieved23 May2009.
  4. ^"Korea's Young Lions".Bloomberg BusinessWeek.24 February 2003. Archived fromthe originalon 7 March 2003.Retrieved12 January2012.
  5. ^"South Korea: Too Much Activism?".Newsweek.27 November 2006.Retrieved23 May2009.
  6. ^"The Fed – Foreign Exchange Rates – Country Data – H.10".
  7. ^Jung, Ha-yun (25 February 2003)."Democracy takes office in South Korea".The New York Times.Retrieved23 May2009.
  8. ^디지털뉴스팀 (23 May 2011)."김동길" 노무현이 잘한 일이 뭔가 "...독설 쏟아내 – 경향신문".Kyunghyang Shinmun.Retrieved12 January2012.
  9. ^Mizuno, Kosuke (2009).Populism in Asia.Singapore: Nus Press. p. 167.ISBN978-9971694838.
  10. ^ab"South Korea's President Sags in Opinion Polls".The New York Times.27 November 2006.
  11. ^"Daily Opinion No. 237 (November 2016)".Gallup Korea.24 November 2016.Retrieved26 November2016.
  12. ^Mizuno, Kosuke (2009).Populism in Asia.Singapore: Nus Press. pp. 177–179.ISBN978-9971694838.
  13. ^"노무현".
  14. ^노 전 대통령, 재직중 알았다면 ‘포괄적 뇌물죄’ 가능성.The Hankyoreh(in Korean). 7 April 2009.Retrieved18 May2019.
  15. ^abcKim, Kwang-Tae (23 May 2009)."SKorean ex-president Roh dies in apparent suicide".Associated Press. Archived fromthe originalon 29 May 2009.Retrieved23 May2009.
  16. ^"Ex-President Roh Jumps to His Death".The Korea Times.23 May 2009. Archived fromthe originalon 24 May 2009.Retrieved23 May2009.
  17. ^ab한국인이 좋아하는 40가지 [사람편] – 스포츠선수/가수/탤런트/영화배우/예능방송인·코미디언/소설가/역대대통령/기업인/존경하는인물 (2004–2019).gallup.co.kr(in Korean). 25 May 2019.Retrieved12 January2022.
  18. ^[민주당 대선후보] 노무현 누구인가 – 1등 인터넷뉴스 조선닷컴.Chosun Ilbo.28 April 2002. Archived fromthe originalon 2 November 2007.Retrieved12 January2012.
  19. ^abc노무현 – Daum 백과사전(in Korean). Enc.daum.net.Retrieved12 January2012.
  20. ^"Politics obituaries: Roh Moo-Hyun".Daily Telegraph.25 May 2009.Archivedfrom the original on 12 January 2022.Retrieved2 September2011.
  21. ^"해마루 법무법인".haemarulaw.
  22. ^abMee-yoo, Kwon (27 May 2009)."Roh's Funeral to Be Imbued With Buddhism".The Korea Times.Retrieved26 May2009.
  23. ^노무현후보 김추기경의 방문(in Korean). Naver NewsDong-a Ilbo.20 June 2002.Retrieved13 September2008.
  24. ^(in Korean)Hani NewsThe Hankyoreh(3 September 2008). Retrieved 13 September 2008
  25. ^"Obituary: Roh Moo-hyun".BBC News.23 May 2009.Retrieved2 September2011.
  26. ^Lư 대통령, 여소야대 몰리니까 지역구도 해체?(in Korean).Naver News.29 July 2005.Retrieved12 January2012.
  27. ^뿌리깊은 '언론 반감' 체험서 비롯(in Korean).Naver News.31 March 2003.Retrieved12 January2012.
  28. ^승부사 노 대통령 역대 승률 50%(in Korean).The Hankyoreh.12 October 2003.Retrieved26 January2008.
  29. ^"The people who voted for Roh" 출사표 던진 노무현의 사람들 "".Busan Ilbo.27 September 2005.Retrieved26 January2008.
  30. ^Christian Caryl (13 May 2007)."The Road of No Return".Newsweek.Retrieved12 January2012.
  31. ^< Lư 당선자 대선장정 1년7개월> | Daum 미디어다음.Yonhap News Agency(in Korean). Media.daum.net. 19 December 2002.Retrieved12 January2012.
  32. ^선호도 노무현 41.7 이회창 40.6% | Daum 미디어다음.Yonhap News Agency(in Korean). Media.daum.net. 13 March 2002.Retrieved12 January2012.
  33. ^Lư "국정운영 토론 중시"(in Korean).Naver News.14 January 2003.Retrieved12 January2012.
  34. ^"Address by President Roh Moo-hyun at the International Conference on Growth Engines of Korea".16cwd.pa.go.kr. 24 July 2003. Archived fromthe originalon 29 January 2016.Retrieved12 January2012.
  35. ^"Asia–Pacific: Clouds over Seoul's 'sunshine policy'".Financial Times.17 October 2006. Archived fromthe originalon 23 January 2013.Retrieved26 January2008.
  36. ^"Top 12 Policy Goals".16cwd.pa.go.kr. Archived fromthe originalon 14 July 2012.Retrieved12 January2012.
  37. ^"MBC뉴스 – news.mbc.co.kr".Imnews.imbc. 29 May 2009. Archived fromthe originalon 18 March 2012.Retrieved12 January2012.
  38. ^"South Korea's Roh rejects cabinet resignation".China Daily.11 October 2003.Retrieved23 May2009.
  39. ^Brooke, James (8 September 2004)."Trying to Stone Collaborators, Seoul Party Hits Glass House".The New York Times.Retrieved23 May2009.
  40. ^"Disgraced Seoul party Boss quits".BBC News. 19 August 2004.Retrieved23 May2009.
  41. ^McGeown, Kate (19 August 2004)."Raking over S Korea's colonial past".BBC News.Retrieved23 May2009.
  42. ^Nissen, A. (2022)."Not That Assertive: The EU's Take on Enforcement of Labour Obligations in Its Free Trade Agreement with South Korea".European Journal of International Law.XX(2): 607–630.doi:10.1093/ejil/chac037.hdl:1887/3491990.
  43. ^"Voters will evaluate Roh's performance".The Korea Times.5 November 2007.Retrieved12 January2012.
  44. ^"Korean labor group to hold anti-free trade agreement rallies in U.S. in early June".The Hankyoreh.22 May 2006.Retrieved23 May2009.
  45. ^"Farmer kills one, injures two over FTA".The Hankyoreh.5 April 2007.Retrieved23 May2009.
  46. ^The Impeachment Motion Has PassedArchived9 January 2009 at theWayback Machine
  47. ^"탄핵무효, 민주수호" 수만명 함성(종합)(in Korean).Naver News.13 March 2004.Retrieved12 January2012.
  48. ^한국일보: 봉하마을 "노무현 만세" 잔칫집.News.hankooki. 14 May 2004. Archived fromthe originalon 4 November 2011.Retrieved12 January2012.
  49. ^"The pros and cons of capital flight".The Economist.13 August 2004. Archived fromthe originalon 19 October 2012.Retrieved27 April2018.
  50. ^Onishi, Norimitsu (27 November 2006)."South Korea's President Sags in Opinion Polls".The New York Times.Retrieved23 May2009.
  51. ^"Koreans' Wallets Are Slamming Shut".Bloomberg BusinessWeek.12 July 2004. Archived fromthe originalon 29 August 2004.Retrieved12 January2012.
  52. ^"The rich hit the road".Newsweek.19 September 2004.Retrieved12 January2012.
  53. ^"Roh condemns opposition presidential hopefuls, says economy in stable condition"(in Korean).The Hankyoreh.Retrieved12 January2012.
  54. ^"President Appreciates Nosamo for its Strong Support".16cwd.pa.go.kr. 16 June 2007. Archived fromthe originalon 29 January 2016.Retrieved12 January2012.
  55. ^Onishi, Norimitsu (17 December 2007)."Election in South Korea Is Missing Its Suspense".The New York Times.Retrieved23 May2009.
  56. ^Kirk, Don (14 February 2003)."South Korea Has Big Plans For the Area Around Seoul".The New York Times.Retrieved23 May2009.
  57. ^"Hub Plan Becomes Hollow Slogan".The Korea Times.18 July 2007.Archivedfrom the original on 19 September 2007.Retrieved23 May2009.
  58. ^"Seoul Ranked Outside Top 50 Financial Hubs".The Korea Times.29 February 2008.Archivedfrom the original on 15 April 2009.Retrieved23 May2009.
  59. ^"Korea Faces Uphill Battle to Become Financial Hub".The Korea Times.13 June 2007.Retrieved23 May2009.
  60. ^"Business Pros Rip Seoul's 'Asian Hub' Plan".The Chosun Ilbo.12 June 2003. Archived fromthe originalon 24 September 2004.Retrieved23 May2009.
  61. ^"Just What are the Incentives to Investing in Korea?".The Chosun Ilbo.30 October 2007. Archived fromthe originalon 6 April 2008.Retrieved23 May2009.
  62. ^Fackler, Martin (18 December 2007)."Home Prices in South Korea Stalling at a High Point".The New York Times.Retrieved23 May2009.
  63. ^"320,000 Apartments Planned for Initial Sales Next Year".News.mk.co.kr. Archived fromthe originalon 23 July 2011.Retrieved12 January2012.
  64. ^"평택미군기지이전".
  65. ^한미 FTA 협상 공식 선언Naver,YTN 3 February 2006
  66. ^"Roh reacts with shock, concern for Koreans in US after massacre".18 April 2007. Archived fromthe originalon 10 October 2012.
  67. ^"South Korea Concerned Over U.S. Killings".The 'Peace & Freedom' Web Site. 18 April 2007. Archived fromthe originalon 5 September 2018.Retrieved22 May2010.
  68. ^"Statements of Condolences by President Roh Moo-hyun of Korea (Virginia Tech Massacre)".US Asian Wire, Incorporated. 17 April 2007.
  69. ^"Ex-U.S. defense chief calls Roh 'crazy'".The Korea Herald.15 January 2014.
  70. ^"Gates: America Prevented A 'Very Dangerous Crisis' In Korea In 2010".Business Insider. 14 January 2014.
  71. ^"Roh gov't proposed defining Japan as 'hypothetical enemy".The Dong-a Ilbo.3 July 2012.
  72. ^정부, SCM에서 '일본 가상적국' 표기 요구 논란 확산[Government's demand at SCM "Define Japan as a hypothetical enemy" prompts controversy] (in Korean). heraldbiz. 18 October 2006.
  73. ^한일 관계에 대한 특별담화문.President of South Koreapress. 25 April 2006. Archived fromthe originalon 26 May 2006.
  74. ^権, cảnh phúc (18 March 2005).Hàn Nhật đầu 脳 の xung đột phát đoan は tiểu tuyền thủ tướng の “Quốc nội hướng け” phát ngôn(in Japanese).Chosun Ilbo.Archived fromthe originalon 24 December 2007.
  75. ^abChoe Sang-hun (10 April 2008)."Out of Office and into a Fishbowl in South Korea".The New York Times.Retrieved23 May2009.
  76. ^"Roh's Brother to Be Questioned Over Bribery".The Chosun Ilbo.1 December 2008.Retrieved23 May2009.
  77. ^"Prosecutors Seek 5-Year Sentence for Roh's Brother".The Chosun Ilbo.28 April 2009.Retrieved23 May2009.
  78. ^"Roh's Former Aide Detained Over Corruption Probe".The Korea Times.7 April 2009.Retrieved23 May2009.
  79. ^Prosecution widens corruption probe involving Roh's family
  80. ^"Roh Moo-Hyun".The Economist.28 May 2009.Retrieved12 January2012.
  81. ^"Roh Admits Wife Took Money from Wealthy Supporter".The Chosun Ilbo.8 April 2009.Retrieved23 May2009.
  82. ^"Roh Moo-hyun apologizes for his wife's implication in the Park Yeon-cha bribery scandal"(in Korean).The Hankyoreh.Retrieved12 January2012.
  83. ^"Roh's son faces questions in bribery probe".United Press International. 11 April 2009.Retrieved23 May2009.
  84. ^"Former President Roh investigated of bribery only 14 months after his term's conclusion"(in Korean).The Hankyoreh.Retrieved12 January2012.
  85. ^"Roh remains silent on bribe question".United Press International. 27 April 2009.Retrieved23 May2009.
  86. ^Park, Sungha (8 April 2009)."South Korean Scandal Takes New Twist".The Wall Street Journal.Retrieved12 January2012.
  87. ^"고 강금원 창신섬유 회장의 '마지막 인터뷰'".12 August 2012.
  88. ^Herskovitz, Jon (30 April 2009)."The Bitter End for South Korea's Leaders".Blogs.reuters. Archived fromthe originalon 3 May 2009.Retrieved12 January2012.
  89. ^South Korea's "Mr. Clean" accused of graftArchived28 July 2011 at theWayback Machine
  90. ^"President calls for higher quality of press and politics".Korea Newswire.Retrieved12 January2012.
  91. ^"Summons of Ex-President".The Korea Times.29 April 2009.Retrieved23 May2009.
  92. ^"Prosecutors send Roh questionnaire".The Korea Herald.23 April 2009.Retrieved23 May2009.
  93. ^Glionna, John M. (28 April 2009)."South Korea ex-leader to face prosecutors".Los Angeles Times.Retrieved23 May2009.
  94. ^"Ex-Pres. Roh MH Denies Bribery Charges".English.donga. 1 May 2009.Retrieved12 January2012.
  95. ^"Roh chides prosecutors for lack of courtesy, refutes bribe charges-IN…".9 July 2012. Archived from the original on 9 July 2012.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  96. ^"Is Korea Land of Missing Leaders?".The Korea Times.29 April 2009.Retrieved23 May2009.
  97. ^"Ex-President's Wife, Son Questioned".The Korea Times.12 April 2009.Retrieved23 May2009.
  98. ^ab"S Korea stunned by Roh's suicide".BBC News.23 May 2009.Retrieved23 May2009.
  99. ^SUN RED (18 December 2015)."김대중 그리고 노무현".Archivedfrom the original on 21 December 2021 – via YouTube.
  100. ^"제 16대 cố 노무현 trước 대통령 국민장 전체영상 (State Funeral of Roh Moo-Hyun archive footage full replay May 23–29, 2009".YouTube, imbc.MBC, Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation.Archivedfrom the original on 21 December 2021.Retrieved19 November2020.
  101. ^"Tens of thousands attend the funeral of former president Roh".AsiaNews.it.Retrieved19 November2020.
  102. ^"봉하마을 6일간의 기록 (6 days of Bongha village's records)".Yonhap News Agency(Yonhap News Korea).Yonhap News Agency.28 May 2009.Retrieved19 November2020.
  103. ^"Former PM Secretary Kim Dead in Apparent suicide".The Korea Times.10 October 2008.Retrieved12 January2012.
  104. ^Busan Mayor's suicide Called 'Political Terror'Archived10 July 2009 at theWayback Machine
  105. ^South Jeolla Province Governor Commits suicideArchived9 January 2009 at theWayback Machine
  106. ^"Roh Sued for Defaming Late Daewoo E&C CEO".The Korea Times.19 December 2008.Retrieved12 January2012.
  107. ^Executive's Body Found 11 Days After Han River suicideArchived12 November 2004 at theWayback Machine
  108. ^"Widow Calls for Roh's Apology Over Death".The Korea Times.16 December 2008.Retrieved12 January2012.
  109. ^"Mayor Commits suicide Ahead of Investigation".The Korea Times.27 November 2009.Retrieved12 January2012.
  110. ^suicide rings a warning of election debts’ high costsArchived21 October 2010 at theWayback Machine
  111. ^"Sorrow, anger as SKoreans mourn ex-president Roh".AP. 29 May 2009.Retrieved29 May2009.[dead link]
  112. ^"Koreans turn out in force for Roh".BBC News. 29 May 2009.Retrieved29 May2009.
  113. ^"Police nab 72 after protests erupt following Roh rites-INSIDE Korea J…".9 July 2012. Archived from the original on 9 July 2012.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  114. ^"Conservative Professor Slams Lee Gov't".The Korea Times.6 June 2009.Retrieved12 January2012.
  115. ^[email protected] (1 June 2009)."S Korea's opposition party demands president's apology for ex-president's death".People's Daily.Retrieved12 January2012.
  116. ^"Session overdue"(in Korean). Koreaherald.co.kr. 30 March 2010.Retrieved12 January2012.
  117. ^"Prospects of Assembly Session Remain Cloudy".The Korea Times.9 June 2009.Retrieved12 January2012.
  118. ^"President Accepts Top Prosecutor's Resignation".The Korea Times.4 June 2009.Retrieved12 January2012.
  119. ^"네이버 책:: 네이버는 책을 사랑합니다".Book.naver.Retrieved12 January2012.
  120. ^kj070809 (29 April 2010)."노무현......죽음으로 몰고간 정치보복 표적수사".Archivedfrom the original on 21 December 2021 – via YouTube.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  121. ^"이명박의 정치보복이 노무현을 죽였다그의 자살은 '나로 끝내라'는 마지막 항거".OhmyNews.25 May 2009.Retrieved1 March2018.
  122. ^OhmynewsTV (20 August 2015)."한명숙" 노무현으로 시작된 정치보복, 한명숙에서 끝나길 "".Archivedfrom the original on 21 December 2021 – via YouTube.
  123. ^"실형 확정 한명숙," 노무현으로 시작된 정치보복 한명숙에서 끝나길 빈다 "".20 August 2015.
  124. ^"[사설] 처음부터 정치보복 냄새 진동했던 노무현 사건".24 May 2009.
  125. ^"김근태" 노무현 수사 본질은 정치보복 "".28 April 2009.
  126. ^"Roh Followers Create New Party".The Korea Times.17 January 2010.Retrieved12 January2012.
  127. ^"Creating New Party".The Korea Times.19 January 2010.Retrieved12 January2012.
  128. ^"New liberal party takes steps for political debut"(in Korean). Koreaherald.co.kr. 29 March 2010.Retrieved12 January2012.
  129. ^페이지를 찾을 수 없습니다..Korean Broadcasting System.Archived fromthe originalon 7 March 2012.Retrieved18 February2010.
  130. ^홍준표 "노무현 전 대통령 업적은 정치자금법 개정".11 August 2011.
  131. ^아이엠피터 (23 May 2016).시민들이 모아준 12억,노무현은 눈물을 흘렸다아이엠피터 – 아이엠피터.theimpeter.Retrieved1 March2018.
  132. ^노무현의 가치, 진보의 미래 “한국미래발전연구원” 이 열어갑니다.Democracy2.kr.Retrieved12 January2012.
  133. ^Hong (홍), Je-seong (제성) (17 September 2011).노무현 "Mỹ, 북한 공정하게 안 대해" <위키>.Yonhap News Agency(in Korean).Retrieved5 October2011.
  134. ^Park (박), Su-jin (수진) (17 December 2011).노무현 수사 이인규 "저승 가 노통에게 빚 갚으라 따질 것".The Hankyoreh(in Korean).Retrieved17 December2011.
  135. ^울어버린 한명숙 "노무현은 죽음으로, 난…".Kyunghyang Shinmun.15 January 2012.
  136. ^"일요신문".ilyo.co.kr.Archived fromthe originalon 4 August 2012.Retrieved3 February2022.
  137. ^'보수논객' 이상돈 "노무현, 한 시대의 상징, 신화 됐다" – 오마이뉴스.OhmyNews.18 January 2013.Retrieved27 September2015.
  138. ^"George W. Bush honors former President Roh Moo-hyun in South Korea - UPI".
  139. ^Conran, Pierce."THE ATTORNEY Climbs to 8th on All Time Chart".Korean Film Biz Zone.koreanfilm.or.kr.Retrieved8 December2021.
  140. ^"The Best Selling Films of 2013".Koreanfilm.org.Retrieved6 October2014.
Wikimedia Commons has media related toRoh Moo-hyun.
Wikiquote has quotations related toRoh Moo-hyun.
National Assembly of the Republic of Korea
Preceded by
Park Chan-jong
Kim Jung-kil
 Member of theNational Assembly
fromDong District, Busan
1988–1992 		Succeeded by
Hur Sam-soo
Preceded by Member of theNational Assembly
fromJongno District, Seoul
1998–2000 		Succeeded by
Chung In-bong
Park Jin
Political offices
Preceded by
Lee Hang-kyu
 Minister of Oceans and Fisheries
2000–2001 		Succeeded by
Chung Woo-taik
Preceded by President of South Korea
2003–2008
(Suspended) 12 March – 14 May 2004 		Succeeded by
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by Chairperson ofAPEC
2005 		Succeeded by
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roh_Moo-hyun&oldid=1234510670"