Esperantido

Not to be confused withEsperanto,IdoorIDO.

AnEsperantido(pluralEsperantidoj) is aconstructed languagederived fromEsperanto.Esperantidooriginally referred to the language which is now known asIdo.The wordEsperantidocontains the affix (-ido), which means a "child (born to a parent), young (of an animal) or offspring ". Hence,Esperantidoliterally means an 'offspring or descendant of Esperanto'.

A number of Esperantidoj have been created to address a number of perceived flaws or weaknesses in Esperanto (or in other Esperantidoj) by attempting to improve thelexicon,grammar,pronunciation,ororthography.Others were created as language games or to add variety toEsperanto literature.

Language reforms

These attempted improvements were intended to replace Esperanto. Limited suggestions for improvement within the framework of Esperanto, such as orthographic reforms andriism,are not considered Esperantidos.

Mundolinco

Main article:Mundolinco

Mundolinco(1888) was the first Esperantido, created in 1888. Changes from Esperanto include combining the adjective and adverb under the suffix-e,loss of the accusative and adjectival agreement, changes to the verb conjugations, eliminating the diacritics, and bringing the vocabulary closer to Latin, for example with superlative-osim-to replace the Esperanto particleplej"most".

1894 Esperanto reform project

Main article:1894 Esperanto reform project

Zamenhof himself proposed several changes in the language in 1894, which were rejected by the Esperanto community and subsequently abandoned by Zamenhof himself.

Ido

Main article:Ido

Ido(1907), the foremost of the Esperantidos, sought to bring Esperanto into closer alignment with Western European expectations of an ideal language, based on familiarity withFrench,English,andItalian.Reforms included changing the spelling by removingdiacriticsused in Alpha bet such asĉand re-introducing the k/q orthographic distinction; removing a couple of the more obscure phonemic contrasts (one of which,[x],has beeneffectively removedfrom standard Esperanto); ending the infinitives in-rand the plurals in-ilike Italian; eliminating adjectival agreement, and removing the need for the accusative case by setting up a fixed default word order; reducing the amount of inherent gender in the vocabulary, providing a masculine suffix and anepicenethird-person singular pronoun; replacing the pronouns and correlatives with forms more similar to theRomance languages;adding new roots where Esperanto uses theantonymicprefixmal-;replacing much of Esperanto's other regular derivation with separate roots, which are thought to be easier for Westerners to remember; and replacing much of the Germanic and Slavic vocabulary with Romance forms, such asnavofor English-derivedŝipo.See theIdoPater nosterbelow.

Saussure

René de Saussure(brother of linguistFerdinand de Saussure) published numerous Esperantido proposals, starting with a response to Ido later calledAntido 1( "Anti-Ido 1" ) in 1907, which increasingly diverged from Esperanto before finishing with a more conservativeEsperanto IIin 1937. Esperanto II replacedjwithy,kvwithqu,kzwithx,and diacritic letters withj(ĵandĝ),w(ŭ), and digraphssh(ŝ),ch(ĉ); replaced the passive in-iĝ-with-ev-,the indefinite ending-aŭwith adverbial-e,the accusative-onon nouns with-u,and the plural on nouns with-n(somembrunformembrojn"members" ); dropped adjectival agreement; broke up the table of concords, changed other small grammatical words such aseyforkaj"and", and treated pronouns more like nouns, so that the plural ofli"he" islinrather thanili"they", and the accusative ofĝi"it" isju.

Romániço

Romániço (1991) is an Esperantido that uses onlyRomance languagevocabulary. Its name derives from theLatinwordromanice,an adjective meaning "in a Romance language". UnlikeInterlingua,it uses the immediate source forms of words in modern Romance languages, so its spellings resemble Latin in most cases.It replaces all of Esperanto's non-Romance vocabulary and some of its grammar with Romance constructions, allows a somewhat more irregular orthography, and eliminates some criticized points such as case, adjectival agreement, verbal inflection for tense and mood, and inherent gender, but retains theo, a, esuffixes for parts of speech and anagglutinativemorphology. Additionally, Romániço uses thedigraphsçh(ĉ),kh(ĥ),sh(ŝ), andth(no Esperanto equivalent; represents avoiceless dental fricative⟨θ⟩ or anaspiratedvoiceless alveolar plosive⟨tʰ⟩).

Esperanto sen Fleksio

See also:Latino sine flexione

Esperanto sen Fleksio(Esperanto without inflexion),proposed under this name by Richard Harrison in 1996but based on long-term complaints from Asian Esperantists, is an experimental and unfinished proposal for a morphologically reduced variety of Esperanto.The main changes are:

• Loss of theplural(the suffix-j),except in the new plural definite articlelaj(short forla jo) and possibly in a plural accusative prepositionnaj;singular number is marked byunuorla,plural by the new wordsjoandlaj(la jo) (and maybenaj)
• Replacement of theaccusative case(the suffix-n)with either subject–verb–object word order or with a new prepositionnafor other word orders
• Loss ofverb tense:past, present, and future are all subsumed under theinfinitiveending-i,though the imperative, conditional, and a single active and passive participle (-antaand-ita) remain
• Shift from copula-plus-adjective to verb, for exampleboniinstead ofesti bona.This usage also exists in standard Esperanto.

In an earlier version, the letterŭwas replaced withw,but the more recent version uses the same Alpha bet as regular Esperanto.

Poliespo

Main article:Billy Ray Waldon § Poliespo

While most Esperantidos aim to simplify Esperanto,Poliespo( "polysyntheticEsperanto ",c. 1993) makes it considerably more complex. Besides the polysynthetic morphology, it incorporates much of the phonology and vocabulary of theCherokee language.It has fourteen vowels, six of themnasalized,and threetones.

Esperantidoj for amusement

There are also extensions of Esperanto created primarily for amusement.

Universal

Main article:Universal (Esperantido)

One of the more unorthodox Esperantidoj, grammatically, isUniversal(1923–1928).It adds aschwato break up consonant clusters, marks the accusative case with a nasal vowel, hasinclusive and exclusive pronouns,uses partialreduplicationfor the plural (tablo"table",tatablo"tables" ), and inversion forantonyms(mega"big",gema"little";donu"give",nodu"receive";tela"far",leta"near" ). Inversion can be seen in:

Al gefinu o fargu kaj la egnifu o grafu.

He finished reading [lit.'to read'] and she started to write.

The antonyms areal"he" andla"she" (compareli"s/he" ), thege-(completive) andeg-(inchoative)aspects,fin-"to finish" andnif-"to begin", andgraf-"to write" andfarg-"to read".

TheUniversalreduplicated plural and inverted antonyms are reminiscent of the musical languageSolresol.

Esperant'

Esperant'(c. 1998)is a style of speech that twists but does not quite violate the grammar of Esperanto.

The changes are morphological:

• The nominal suffix-ois removed, as in poetry.Knabobecomesknab'.
• The plural ending-ojis replaced with the collective suffix-ar-.Knabojbecomesknabar'.
• Adjectives lose their-asuffixes and combine with their head nouns.Bela knabinobecomesbelknabin'.
• In direct objects, the accusative suffix-nis replaced with the prepositionje.Knabonbecomesje knab'.
• Verbs become nouns, and their erstwhile tense and mood suffixes move elsewhere:
  • This may be an adverb orprepositional phrase:donu hodiaŭbecomeshodiaŭu don',andestas en la ĉielobecomesest' ĉielas.
  • If the verb contains avalencysuffix, this may detach from the verb:fariĝubecomesiĝu far'.
  • If none of these options is available,jenmay be used as a placeholder:amasbecomesjenas am'.The choice of where the tense suffix ends up is largely a stylistic choice.
• Subjects of the erstwhile verb take the prepositiondeif nouns, or become possessives if pronouns:knabo amasbecomesam' de knab',andkiu estasbecomeskies est'.
• The articlelabecomesl'whenever the preceding word ends in a vowel.

Example:

Boys love the pretty girl.

Esperanto: Knabojamasla belanknabinon.

Esperant':Jenasam' deknabar' jel'belknabin'.

Literally, "Behold love of group of boys to the prettygirl."

See theEsperant'Pater nosterbelow.

Esperanto specializations

There are various projects to adapt Esperanto to specialized uses.Esperanto de DLT(1983) is one; it was an adaptation of Esperanto as apivot languageformachine translation.

Esperantidoj used in literature

Esperanto has little in the way of theslang,dialecticalvariation, orarchaismsfound in natural languages. Several authors have felt a need for such variation, either for effect in original literature, or to translate such variation from national literature.

Dialects

Occasionally, reform projects have been used by Esperanto authors to play the role of dialects, for example standard Esperanto and Ido to translate a play written in two dialects of Italian.

La Sociolekta Triopo

Halvelik (1973) createdPopido( "Popular Idiom" ) to play the role of a substandardregisterof Esperanto that, among other things, does away with much of Esperanto's inflectional system. For example, standard Esperanto

Redonu al tiu viro lian pafilon.

"Give that man back his gun."

is in Popido,

Redonu al tu vir la pistol.

( "la" is the Popido equivalent of "lia"; the article in Popido is "lo" )

In 1969, he published part I of the Sociolekto Triopo,Arkaika Esperantoto serve as equivalent toMiddle English,Middle High Germanand the like.

Aslangcompletes the trio, calledGavaro.

Archaism and Arcaicam Esperantom

Proto-Esperantowould theoretically fulfill the need for archaism, but too little survives for it to be used extensively, thoughGeraldo Mattosmade some sonnets. Several items of the lexicon have become archaic. In 1931Kalman Kalocsaypublished a translationof theFuneral Sermon and Prayer,the first Hungarian text (12th century), in which he created fictitious archaic forms as though Esperanto were a Romance language deriving fromVulgar Latin.

Manuel Halvelikwent further in 1969 with a book onArcaicam Esperantom. Initially he studies the problem of introduced archaism and mentions earlier trials such asAndré Cherpillod's 1998 translation of a 1743 French treatise on defecation using non-standard spellings withq,w,x,ſ,Ottó Haszpra's translationLa Enfermita Reĝedzinowith accents andgeminatedconsonants, Lastly, he lays out the grammar of a fictitious ancestor of modern Esperanto. It echoes Proto-Esperanto in a more complex set of inflections, includingdativeandgenitive casesending in-dand-esand separate verbal inflections for person and number, as well as "retention" ofdigraphssuch asphandtz,writingcfor[k],and the use of the lettersq,w,x,y.

Comparison of Esperanto, Internasia, Ido,Esperant',andArcaicam Esperantom

The EsperantoPater nosterfollows, compared to the Internasia, Ido,Esperant'andArcaicam Esperantomversions.

Esperanto

Patro nia, kiu estas en la ĉielo, sanktigata estu via nomo. Venu via regno, fariĝu via volo, kiel en la ĉielo, tiel ankaŭ sur la tero. Nian panon ĉiutagan donu al ni hodiaŭ. Kaj pardonu al ni niajn ŝuldojn, kiel ankaŭ ni pardonas al niaj ŝuldantoj. Kaj ne konduku nin en tenton, sed liberigu nin de la malbono.

Internasia

May Patrico, cuiso isi en Sielo, sanktea isu ema nomo. Ema regno venu, Ema volo isu farea, Sur tero epro laso isi en sielo. Donu moy cilo tago may taga pano Kay pardonu moy may suldoy, epro moy pardone may sulduloy. Kay ne konduku moy en tento, ekay liberigu moy de ebono.

English

Our Father, Who art in heaven, hallowed be Thy name; Thy kingdom come; Thy will be done on earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread; And forgive us our debts, as we also have forgiven our debtors; and lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil.

Ido

Patro nia, qua esas en la cielo, tua nomo santigesez; tua regno advenez; tua volo facesez quale en la cielo tale anke sur la tero. Donez a ni cadie l'omnidiala pano, e pardonez a ni nia ofensi, quale anke ni pardonas a nia ofensanti, e ne duktez ni aden la tento, ma liberigez ni del malajo.

Esperant'

Nipatr', kies est' ĉielas, iĝu via nom' sankt'. Viu la regnalven'. Iĝu via la volfar', kielas en la ĉiel', tiel ankaŭu surtere. Hodiaŭu ĉiutagpandon' nin. Kaju la pardon' al niofend', kiel ankaŭas nipardon' al ofendintar' nia. Kaju nea nia konduk' entent', sedu nia la liberig' de l' malbon'.

Arcaicam Esperantom

Patrom nosam, cuyu estas in Chielom, Estu sanctigitam Tuam Nomom. Wenu Tuam Regnom, Plenumizzu Tuam Wolom, Cuyel in Chielom, ityel anquez sobrez Terom. Nosid donu hodiez Panon nosan cheyutagan, Ed nosid pardonu nosayn Pecoyn, Cuyel anquez nos ityuyd cuyuy contrez nos pecait pardonaims. Ed nosin ned conducu in Tentod, Sed nosin liberigu ex Malbonom.

See also

• Gender reform in Esperanto