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Russian Imperial Movement

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"Imperial Legion" redirects here. For the legions of the Roman Empire, seeRoman legion.
Not to be confused withWagner GrouporRusich Group.
Russian Imperial Movement
Русское Имперское Движениe
LeaderStanislav Vorobyov
Foundation2002
CountryRussia
MotivesReconvening ofZemsky Soborto re-establish theRussian Empire
HeadquartersSt. Petersburg
IdeologyAccelerationism[1][2]
Clerical fascism
Russian nationalism
Russian irredentism
Christian nationalism
White supremacy
Monarchism
Anti-communism
Antisemitism
Neo-Nazism[3]
Expansionist nationalism[4]
Anti-Ukrainian sentiment[4][5]
Political positionFar-right
AlliesIn Russia:
AWD Russland
•AAST
Russian National Front[6]
•Black Hundreds
•Great Russia Party
•People's Militia named after Minin and Pozharsky
•Union of Orthodox Banner-Bearers
Wagner group
Outside Russia:
Alliance for Peace and Freedom
•National Democratic Party of Germany
•New Force
Other allies:
Atomwaffen Division
The Base[7][8]
Everything For the Country Party
Power Belongs to the People
Nordic Resistance Movement
Serbian Action
Syrian Social Nationalist Party[9]
Golden Dawn
Former allies:
Party of the Danes
Party of the Swedes
Traditionalist Worker Party
United Romania Party
Battles and warsCentral African Republic Civil War (2012–present)[10]
Libyan Civil War (2014–2020)
Syrian Civil War
Russo-Ukrainian War
Designated as a terrorist groupbyCanada
3 February 2021[11]
United States
6 April 2020[12]
Websitehttps://rusimperia.is/[archive]
Part of a series on
Neo-Nazism in Russia
Organisations
Individuals
Murders
Related topics

TheRussian Imperial Movement(RIM;Russian:Русское имперское движениe,romanized:Russkoye imperskoye dvizheniye,RID)[13]is aRussian ultranationalist,neo-Nazi,white supremacist[14][15]militant organization[16]which operates out ofRussia.[17][18][19][20]The group seeks to create anew Russian Empire.Its paramilitary wing is theRussian Imperial Legion.During theDonbas War,it recruited and trained thousands offar-rightvolunteers who joined theRussian separatist forces in Ukraine.[21]It has also given training to other far-right groups inEuropeandNorth America.

Its leader isStanislav Vorobyov.[16][22]It has been designated as aterrorist groupby theUnited States[23][24]andCanada.[11]Some of its publications have been blacklisted in Russia, although theRussian governmentrefuses to designate the group as a terrorist organization.[25]

Overview

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The Russian Imperial Movement (RIM) was founded inSt. Petersburgin 2002 by Stanislav Vorobyev.[26]

Ideology

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RIM's website has been found to be part of a broader cluster of websites for political groups in Russia that promote "politicalorthodoxy"andmonarchy,drawing inspiration from the violent,antisemiticBlack Hundredsof early 20th century Russia.[27]Other groups in this cluster include "For Faith and Fatherland" and the modern revival of the "Union of the Russian People."[27]The movement does not recognize the existence ofUkraine.[5]

Local affiliations

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In Russia RIM is politically affiliated with an alliance of orthodox nationalist groups called Russian National Front, consisting of Black Hundreds,Great Russia Party,People's Militia named after Minin and PozharskyandUnion of Orthodox Banner-Bearers.[6]RIM's military arm is affiliated with a coalition of neo-Nazi military groups taking part in theRussian invasion of Ukrainemade up of Atomwaffen Russland,Rusichand AAST, with some overlap.[A 1][28][29][30][31][32]

Relationship with the Russian state

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TheInternational Centre for Counter-Terrorismdescribed the RIM's relationship with the Russian government as “an adversarial symbiosis”; as long as they do not commit terrorism domestically, they are free to operate and offer training to militants and to send troops to conflicts abroad where Russia has a stake in.[33]

Westernintelligence officials say they believe that the RIM has ties with and cooperates with Russian intelligence.The New York Times,citing unnamed U.S. officials, states that RIM is only partially aligned with the Russian government; the movement's leadership has been critical of the government's conduct of the Ukraine invasion, and has accused Putin of corruption. Yet, the RIM and Russian intelligence share common goals abroad, leading to a symbiotic relationship in which Russian intelligence has been able to influence the RIM's actions.[34]

Foreign sanctions

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On 6 April 2020, theU.S. Department of Stateadded the Russian Imperial Movement and three of its leaders (Stanislav Anatolyevich Vorobyev, Denis Valliullovich Gariyev,[35]and Nikolay Nikolayevich Trushchalov[36]) to theSpecially Designated Global Terroristlist,[23]thereby making it the firstwhite supremacistgroup to be designated aterrorist organizationby the State Department.[15]

The group was officially designated as a terrorist group in Canada on 3 February 2021.[37][11]

Imperial Legion paramilitary

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Patch of the Russian Imperial Legion

In 2008, RIM formed its paramilitary arm, named the Imperial Legion (Russian:Имперский легион), which has been led by Denis Valliullovich Gariyev since at least 2014,[38]and has called for "young Orthodox men" to dedicate themselves to defendingNovorossiya.[27]

Training

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The group maintains two training facilities in Saint Petersburg, one of which is known as camp Partizan, located south ofHeinäsenmaa[ru]island. Partizan runs training in urban warfare, shooting, tactical medicine, high-altitude activity, military psychology, and survival.[39][15][40]

Activities

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After thewar in Donbasbroke out ineastern Ukrainein April 2014, the RIM began training and sending volunteer soldiers to the pro-Russian groups in the conflict in July.[16]

Some members of the Imperial Legion have worked asmercenariesin the Middle East and North Africa. On January 30, 2020, it was reported that Vladimir Skopinov, who had also previously fought inDonbasandSyria,haddied in Libya- the second member of the Legion to die there.[41]

Flag of the Russian Imperial Legion

Foreign affiliations and activities

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According to the US State Department, RIM provides paramilitary-style training to extremists throughout Europe and operates two training facilities there.[17]

Finland

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RIM has provided paramilitary training to Finnish neo-Nazis.[42]Finnish neo-Nazis have been recruited byJohan BäckmanandJanus Putkonenwho are aligned withPower Belongs to the People,a local pro-Russian party.[43][44][45][46][47][48] In July 2023 the Finnish police arrested five men inLahtiwho possessed assault rifles and adhered to accelerationism and Siege and planned to ignite a race war by attacking the infrastructure, electric grid and railroads.[49]The men discussed forming a new Atomwaffen cell, and discussed assassinating Prime ministerSanna Marin.It was reported the men had at least planned training in Russia, and had met with Janus Putkonen. LaterIltalehticonfirmed the men had acquired training for the use of firearms and explosives.[50]Additionally the group committed burglaries against left-wing targets.[51]

Germany

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RIM has provided paramilitary training to German neo-Nazis.[42]

In May 2018, GermanJunge Nationaldemokratenheld a gathering inRiesa,Germany, where representatives of RIM took part in together withrelated organizationssuch as the neo-NaziSerbian ActionandBulgarian National Union.[52]

On 5 June 2020, the German magazineFocusreported that the German security services were aware of the training of German neo-Nazis in Russia. However, they could not prohibit the Germans from traveling to Saint Petersburg for legal reasons. The authorities assume that Russian PresidentVladimir Putinis aware of the camps and "at least tolerates them".[53][54]

In 2022, the German government verified that members of the German NPD youth organizationYoung Nationalistsand the German neo-Nazi group "Third Way"trained in Russia in this center.[55]

Spain

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In November 2019, a representative of RIM held a speech at an international conference in Madrid that was organized by the[56]neo-Nazi[57]far-right Spanish political party "National Democracy"which was attended by members ofAlliance for Peace and Freedom.[56]

On 29 April 2020, the SpanishMinistry of the Interiorreceived an intelligence report which stated that RIM was inciting its right-wing extremist contacts in Spain to commit acts of terror, such as attacking the infrastructure, transportation system and using chemical weapons against the public.[58]

The RIM - possibly acting as a proxy for Russian intelligence - is believed to have perpetrated theletter bomb terrorist campaignthat targeted Spanish governmental institutions, embassies, and military and defense industry installations across Spain in late 2022. Important RIM members are known to have been present in Spain, and the RIM has fostered ties with Spanish far-right groups.[34]

Sweden

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In 2008, RIM visited Sweden in order to attendKarl XII's Memorial Day inStockholmtogether with the neo-NaziParty of the Swedes.In autumn 2015 it was noted that RIM had provided support to theSwedish Resistance Movement(SMR), and that RIM's leader Vorobyev had visited SMR in Sweden.[16]

On 26 January 2020, a Russian man named Anatoly Udodov was arrested at theArlanda airportafter the police had discovered a cache of weapons belonging to him. The Swedish police had confiscated numerous firearms from him the previous summer due to his connections to SMR. Udodov was described as the representative of RIM in Sweden by Vorobyev and investigators believe he is the local recruiter for the RIM training camps. According to Swedish police Udodov is friends with a convicted terrorist, 23-year-old Viktor Melin. Melin was part of a group of Swedish neo-Nazis who went to Russia for military training, and upon returning was responsible for a string of bombings against minorities and political enemies.[59]

United States

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According to an investigation which was conducted by Infobae, a new cell ofAtomwaffen Divisionreceives training from the group. The citizens of the United States who are affiliated with the group are also believed to have taken part in it.[60][61][62][7][63][39]Later, theNational Counterterrorism CenterDirector Christopher Miller confirmed that American neo-Nazis have had contacts with the RIM; specifically, on previous occasions, they have traveled to Russia to train with the group, however Miller described these connections as "relatively loose and informal".[64][65]Leader of the Atomwaffen Division Kaleb Cole was one of the Americans who were trained by RIM. The ties between Atomwaffen and RIM reach back to 2015 whenBrandon Russellmet with the leadership of RIM. Groups of Atomwaffen Division members trained in RIM facilities at least around 2018 and 2020 according to theCenter on Terrorism, Extremism and Counterterrorism,and there is some "overlap" between the groups.[32][66]Additionally both groups adhere toJames Mason's accelerationism.[1]According to theCenter for International Security and Cooperation;

While RIM has aggressively built ties with European white supremacist groups, its outreach to U.S. organizations has historically occurred on a personal – rather than a formal or an institutional – basis. As of 2020, this pattern may be changing, given RIM’s alleged relationship with the neo-Nazi group Atomwaffen Division’s Russian affiliate.[6]

Other

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RIM has also provided paramilitary training to Polish neo-Nazis.[42]

See also

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References

[edit]
  1. ^Although RIM is fundamentalist Christian, the rest areneo-paganandONA satanist.
  1. ^abJohnson, Bethan; Feldman, Matthew (2021-07-21)."Siege Culture After Siege: Anatomy of a Neo-Nazi Terrorist Doctrine".International Centre for Counter-Terrorism:1.Archivedfrom the original on 2021-10-15.Retrieved2021-10-15.While [ Atomwaffen Division and Russian Imperial Movement ] are serial purveyors of online extremism and often celebrate terrorism in their fora, deeper similarities extend to a shared ideological embrace of "accelerationism" and, in particular, a recently-revived doctrine advanced by the neo-Nazi ideologue, James Mason, now termed "Siege Culture."...terroristic advocacy of "Siege Culture" has a radicalising effect on right-wing extremists.
  2. ^Brian Castner (20 October 2023)."The White Power Mercenaries Fighting For the Lost Cause Around the World".Time.Wagner shares with some American militias a particular apocalyptic philosophy: accelerationism, or a desire to foment immediate radical social upheaval. Perhaps the most well-known American accelerationists are the Boogaloo Bois...Accelerationism wants to bring on the war soon, while whites are perceived as still being in a better position to win. "The Boogaloo and the Russian Imperial Legion share a common worldview," Rondeaux said.
  3. ^"Russian Imperial Movement (RIM)".Counter Extremism Project.6 October 2022.Archivedfrom the original on 6 October 2022.Retrieved6 October2022.
  4. ^ab"Организация русских имперцев стала террористической. Как она воевала в Украине".Радіо Свобода(in Russian). 7 April 2020.
  5. ^ab(in German)"NEONAZIS FÜR NOWOROSSIJA".UAWire. 24 May 2023.
  6. ^abcMapping Militant Organizations. “Russian Imperial Movement.” Stanford University. Last modified August 2020.Archived2022-09-04 at theWayback Machine "In late 2014, RIM joined a coalition of Russian-far right groups named the Russian National Front. As of 2020, this umbrella includes other ultra-nationalist organizations such as the Great Russia Party, the People's Militia in the Name of Minin and Pozharsky (NOMP), the Movement For Nationalization and De-Privatization of Strategic Resources of the Country, the Initiative Group for the Referendum “For a Responsible Power” (IGPR “ZOV” ), the Russian People’s Council, and the Union of Orthodox Banner Bearers
  7. ^ab"Rinaldo Nazzaro, Leader of the Neo-Nazi Terrorist Group—The Base: Probable Linkages to RIM".C/O Futures.13 December 2022. p. 13.Archivedfrom the original on 15 December 2022.Retrieved15 December2022.
  8. ^"The Brown Internationale".Die Zeit.30 September 2022.Archivedfrom the original on 30 September 2022.Retrieved30 September2022.
  9. ^""Russian politicians building an international extreme right alliance." Euromaidan Press. Last modified September 2015 ".15 May 2014.Archivedfrom the original on 2021-01-26.Retrieved2021-02-07.
  10. ^"Radical Russian Imperial Movement Expanding Global Outreach".VOA.9 May 2020.Archivedfrom the original on 2022-03-25.Retrieved2022-03-25.
  11. ^abc"Government of Canada lists 13 new groups as terrorist entities and completes review of seven others".Government of Canada.3 February 2021.Archivedfrom the original on 3 February 2021.Retrieved3 February2021.
  12. ^"Designation of the Russian Imperial Movement".State.Archivedfrom the original on 2022-05-10.Retrieved2022-05-10.
  13. ^Marlene Laruelle,Russian Nationalism: Imaginaries, Doctrines, and Political Battlefields(Routledge, 2019), pp. 167, 202-203.
  14. ^Soufan, Ali; Sales, Nathan (5 April 2022)."One of the worst ways Putin is gaslighting the world on Ukraine".NBC News.NBC.Archivedfrom the original on 2023-03-12.Retrieved2022-06-08.Then there's the white supremacist group known as the Russian Imperial Movement, or RIM, which the State Department designated a terrorist organization in 2020 (an effort led by one of the authors here, Nathan Sales). With the Kremlin's tacit approval, the group operates paramilitary camps near St. Petersburg in which neo-Nazis and white supremacists from across Europe are trained in terrorist tactics.
  15. ^abcJohn Hudson,U.S. labels a white-supremacist group 'terrorist' for the first timeArchived2020-12-24 at theWayback Machine,Washington Post(April 6, 2020).
  16. ^abcdNato: Främlingshatet kan gödas av främmande maktArchived2021-12-10 at theWayback Machine,Dagens Nyheter2015-10-27
  17. ^ab"Sanctions Roundup"(PDF).2020.Archived(PDF)from the original on 2022-05-17.Retrieved2022-03-18.
  18. ^"Russian, American white nationalists raise their flags in Washington".2017.Archivedfrom the original on 2022-06-20.Retrieved2022-03-18.Russian Imperial Movement is just such a partner to help achieve a sort of internationalized nationalism, especially out of Russia.
  19. ^"Russian Imperial Movement (RIM)".Archivedfrom the original on 2022-01-22.Retrieved2022-03-18.operating out of Russia with supporters around the world.
  20. ^Barone, Vincent (June 26, 2020)."State Department says threat of terrorism from white supremacists 'on the rise'".New York Post.Archivedfrom the original on March 18, 2022.RetrievedMarch 18,2022.
  21. ^Kuzio, Taras (2015).Ukraine: Democratization, Corruption, and the New Russian Imperialism.ABC-CLIO. pp. 110–111.
  22. ^"Stanislav Anatolyevich Vorobyev".Counter Extremism Project.Archivedfrom the original on 2022-01-10.Retrieved2021-06-04.
  23. ^ab"Designation of the Russian Imperial Movement".United States Department of State. 6 April 2020.Archivedfrom the original on 21 December 2021.Retrieved2 March2022.
  24. ^Johnson, Bethan; Feldman, Matthew (2021-07-21)."Siege Culture After Siege: Anatomy of a Neo-Nazi Terrorist Doctrine".International Centre for Counter-Terrorism:1.Archivedfrom the original on 2021-10-15.Retrieved2021-10-15.
  25. ^Times, The Moscow (June 5, 2020)."Russian 'Terrorists' Training German Neo-Nazi Youth in Combat – Reports".The Moscow Times.Archivedfrom the original on March 18, 2022.RetrievedMarch 18,2022.
  26. ^University, © Stanford."MMP: Russian Imperial Movement".cisac.fsi.stanford.edu.Archivedfrom the original on 4 September 2022.Retrieved17 May2022.
  27. ^abcMarlene Laruelle (2018).Russian Nationalism: Imaginaries, Doctrines, and Political Battlefields.Taylor & Francis. p. 190.ISBN978-0-429-76198-0.The Imperial Legion, the paramilitary arm of the Russian Imperial Movement, calls, for instance, for "young Orthodox men" to commit themselves to defending Novorossiya.
  28. ^"Sextortion Coms: Inside a Vile Child Exploitation Cult Run by Nazi-Linked Teens".Unicorn Riot.13 March 2024.
  29. ^Dr Daveed Gartenstein-Ross, Samuel Hodgson, Dr Colin P. Clarke: The Russian Imperial Movement (RIM) and its Links to the Transnational White Supremacist Extremist Movement. ICCT Publications, 15 March 2024. ICCT.
  30. ^"Германская разведка сообщила о воюющих в Украине" российских неонацистах ". Они и сами этого не скрывают". BBC News Русская служба. Архивировано из оригинала 28 мая 2022. Дата обращения: 28 мая 2022.
  31. ^"Putin's Stealth Mobilization".New America (organization).16 March 2024.We also observed significant overlap between members of [RIM and Rusich] and well-known transnational White supremacist organization Atomwaffen Division...adherents of the Russian Imperial Movement, Rusich and related identitarian paramilitary groups such as...Atomwaffen Division
  32. ^ab"The Justification for Designating the Russian Imperial Movement as a Foreign Terrorist Organization".Center on Terrorism, Extremism and Counterterrorism,Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey.11 June 2024.The "Last Crusade" proved to be a successful promotion of RIM's training camps to American accelerationists. In 2018, the neo-Nazi Atomwaffen Division's (AWD) leader Kaleb James Cole, accompanied by another member Aiden Bruce-Umbaugh, traveled to Russia to receive training at RIM's facilities. RIM has also provided training to other US nationals affiliated with AWD in St. Petersburg sometime around 2020. At present, the above information suggests an overlap between AWD and RIM in support for antisemitic action and militant accelerationism.
  33. ^Gartenstein-Ross, Daveed; Hodgson, Samuel; Clarke, Dr Colin P. (February 5, 2021)."The Russian Imperial Movement (RIM) and its Links to the Transnational White Supremacist Extremist Movement".International Centre for Counter-Terrorism.Archivedfrom the original on February 18, 2021.RetrievedFebruary 5,2021.
  34. ^abWong, Edward; Barnes, Julian E.; Schmitt, Eric (2023-01-22)."Russian Agents Suspected of Directing Far-Right Group to Mail Bombs in Spain".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on 2023-01-22.Retrieved2023-01-22.
  35. ^"Denis Valiullovich Gariyev".Counter Extremism Project.Archivedfrom the original on 2021-06-04.Retrieved2021-06-04.
  36. ^"Nikolay Nikolayevich Trushchalov".Counter Extremism Project.Archivedfrom the original on 2021-06-04.Retrieved2021-06-04.
  37. ^Aiello, Rachel (2021-02-03)."Canada adds Proud Boys to terror list".CTVNews.Archivedfrom the original on 2021-02-06.Retrieved2021-02-03.
  38. ^University, © Stanford; Stanford; California 94305."MMP: Russian Imperial Movement".cisac.fsi.stanford.edu.Archivedfrom the original on 2022-09-04.Retrieved2022-06-16.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  39. ^ab"Club Partizan, el campo de entrenamiento militar en Rusia para los neonazis del mundo (Club Partizan, the military training ground in Russia for the neo-Nazis of the world)".Infobae.June 14, 2020.Archivedfrom the original on June 29, 2020.RetrievedJune 14,2020.
  40. ^"Combat training for European neo-Nazis in Russia".Lansing Institute.14 January 2022.Archivedfrom the original on 8 August 2022.Retrieved14 January2022.
  41. ^"Russian mercenary who fought in Donbas killed in Libya".UAWire. 7 April 2020.Archivedfrom the original on 7 April 2020.Retrieved7 April2020.
  42. ^abc"United States Designates Russian Imperial Movement and Leaders as Global Terrorists".US Department of State. 7 April 2020.Archivedfrom the original on 19 January 2021.Retrieved7 April2020.
  43. ^"Some 20 Finns fought against Ukraine in Donbas, facing no consequences in Finland – media".Euromaidan Press.13 May 2024."Johan Backman says that he continues to help Finns who have gone to Eastern Ukraine to fight. He does not feel responsible for the people he recruits." Johan Bäckman is an important central figure for Finnish fighters, who had organized their travel from Finland to the Donbas and engaged them in illegal activities there. Janus Kostia Putkonen arrived in Donbas from Moscow via Rostov, southern Russia, in March 2015.
  44. ^"Itä-Ukrainassa Venäjän puolesta taistelleet suomalaiset kehuskelevat kokemuksillaan – muualla Euroopassa vierastaistelijoita on tuomittu rikoksista".Finnish Broadcasting Company.January 12, 2022.Archivedfrom the original on April 28, 2022.RetrievedJanuary 14,2022.
  45. ^"Wednesday's papers: Neo-nazi training, employment discrimination, fighting swans".Finnish Broadcasting Company.January 12, 2022.Archivedfrom the original on March 24, 2022.RetrievedJanuary 14,2022.
  46. ^"Finnish Neo-Nazis attend paramilitary trainings in Russia".European Jewish Congress.January 12, 2022.Archivedfrom the original on August 14, 2022.RetrievedJanuary 14,2022.
  47. ^"Suomen uusnatsit hankkivat nyt oppia Venäjältä: järjestön koulutuskeskus järjestää haulikko- ja pistooliammuntaa," partisaanikursseja "ja kieltää kiroilun".Helsingin Sanomat.January 12, 2022.Archivedfrom the original on May 20, 2022.RetrievedJanuary 14,2022.
  48. ^"Elämä vihan jälkeen".Tiedonantaja.17 July 2023.
  49. ^"Terrorismista epäilty Lahden uusnatsi vainosi tummaihoista perhettä – ampui konepistoolilla perheen postilaatikkoa ja julkaisi teosta videon".Yle.21 July 2023.
  50. ^"Kolmelle miehelle tuomiot terrorismirikoksista".Iltalehti.October 31, 2023.
  51. ^"Viestittelyä Sanna Marinin ampumisesta ja junien suistamisesta – suurista aikeista huolimatta Lahden äärioikeistoryhmän iskut jäivät postilaatikoiden räjäyttelyyn".MTV News.September 13, 2023.
  52. ^"EUROPA – JUGEND – [RE]GENERATION.3. JN-EUROPAKONGRESS: EIN RÜCKBLICK".Junge Nationalisten.15 April 2020.Archivedfrom the original on 22 October 2020.Retrieved15 April2020.
  53. ^"Deutsche Neonazis werden in Russland militärisch geschult".Focus.5 June 2020.Archivedfrom the original on 5 June 2020.Retrieved5 June2020.
  54. ^Pladson, Kristie (2020-06-05)."German neo-Nazis trained at Russian camps: report".Deutsche Welle.Archivedfrom the original on 2020-06-05.Retrieved2020-06-05.
  55. ^"Deutsche Neonazis in Russland an Waffen ausgebildet".rnd.de(in German). 5 June 2022.Archivedfrom the original on 2022-06-16.Retrieved2022-06-16.
  56. ^ab"España, foco de la revuelta".Democracia Nacional.7 April 2020.Archivedfrom the original on 8 April 2020.Retrieved8 April2020.
  57. ^"Los neonazis de Democracia Nacional se suman a los transportistas para" luchar "con ellos".El Plural.27 April 2023.Archivedfrom the original on 27 April 2023.Retrieved27 April2023.
  58. ^"Un informe de Interior alerta de planes para esparcir el coronavirus y atacar torres de 5G".El Confidencial.29 April 2020.Archivedfrom the original on 2020-04-29.Retrieved2020-04-29.
  59. ^""За Рассею пострадать хочу". Почему в Швеции судят националиста из СССР ".BBC News.7 April 2020.Archivedfrom the original on 8 March 2021.Retrieved7 April2020.
  60. ^Nacos, Brigitte(27 April 2023).Terrorism and Counterterrorism.Taylor & Francis.ISBN9781138317635.according to intelligence reports, members of the AWD trained with the Imperial Russian Movement in a camp outside of St. Petersburg
  61. ^Spencer Beswick (6 January 2023)."The Jan. 6 coup blared an alarm about rising fascism. Will we hear it?".The Washington Post.Archivedfrom the original on 7 January 2023.Retrieved6 January2023.With Trump out of office, a worrying number of fascist groups today are repeating the revolutionary turn of the 1980s, from neo-Nazis like the Atomwaffen Division (also known as the National Socialist Resistance Front), which has sought military training with both the Ukrainian Azov Battalion and the Russian Imperial Movement
  62. ^"We Applied to Join a Neo-Nazi Group Fighting in Ukraine".Unicorn Riot.25 December 2022. Archived fromthe originalon 24 December 2022.There has been an AWD cell in Russia since 2020 and it has close relations with the paramilitary, radical right group known as the Russian Imperial Movement. Many of the members of AWD have received military training from the latter.
  63. ^"V 'denacifikacijo' Ukrajine tudi ruski neonacisti (Russian neo-Nazis are also involved in the 'denazification' of Ukraine)".24ur.14 October 2022.Archivedfrom the original on 14 October 2022.Retrieved14 October2022.Among those listed, the Atomwaffen Division, founded in the USA, which is closely connected to both Russian and Ukrainian ultra-right groups, is certainly still operating illegally. In doing so, it cooperates with the Azov battalion, which is banned on the territory of Russia, and the Russian imperialist movement, which the US State Department estimates enables the training of white supremacists and neo-Nazis in Europe.
  64. ^"FBI Worried About Clashes Between Violent Groups Before US Vote".The Globe Post.October 3, 2020.Archivedfrom the original on September 20, 2021.RetrievedOctober 3,2020.
  65. ^"Neo-Nazi organizations and radicals as a tool of influence in Scandinavia".9 February 2023.Archivedfrom the original on 8 February 2023.Retrieved9 February2023.Meanwhile, Canada and the U.S. recognized the RIM as a terrorist organization, which is suspected of being involved in mailing improvised explosive devices in late 2022. Besides, two RIM members were killed in Libya, which is validly suggests their affiliation with the GRU. In 2022, organization members took part in the Russian invasion of Ukraine. The RIM is also reported to have a relationship with the neo-Nazi group Atomwaffen Division's Russian affiliate. We see common features in the structure and functioning of Atomwaffen Division and the NRM, which suggests common sources of their organizational development.
  66. ^"Washington's Defunct Atomwaffen Division had Deep Ties to the Terrorist Org, Russia Imperialist Movement".Malcontent News.6 August 2022.Archivedfrom the original on 17 August 2022.Retrieved7 August2022.

Further reading

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