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Shankar Dayal Sharma

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Shankar Dayal Sharma
Official Portrait, 1992
9thPresident of India
In office
25 July 1992 – 25 July 1997
Prime Minister
Vice PresidentK. R. Narayanan
Preceded byR. Venkataraman
Succeeded byK. R. Narayanan
8thVice President of India
In office
3 September 1987 – 25 July 1992
PresidentR. Venkataraman
Prime Minister
Preceded byR. Venkataraman
Succeeded byK. R. Narayanan
Governor of Maharashtra
In office
3 April 1986 – 2 September 1987
Chief MinisterShankarrao Chavan
Preceded byKona Prabhakar Rao
Succeeded byKasu Brahmananda Reddy
In office
26 November 1985 – 2 April 1986
Chief MinisterSurjit Singh Barnala
Preceded byHokishe Sema
Succeeded bySiddhartha Shankar Ray
13thGovernor of Andhra Pradesh
In office
29 August 1984 – 26 November 1985
Chief Minister
Preceded byThakur Ram Lal
Succeeded byKumudben Manishankar Joshi
1stChief Minister of Bhopal
In office
31 March 1952 – 31 October 1956
Preceded byPosition established
Succeeded byPosition abolished
Cabinet Minister,Government of Madhya Pradesh
In office
1956–1967
DepartmentsEducation, Law, Public Works, Revenue, Industry and Commerce.
President of Indian National Congress
In office
1972–1974
Preceded byJagjivan Ram
Succeeded byDevakanta Barua
Personal details
Born(1918-08-19)19 August 1918
Bhopal,Bhopal State,British India(nowMadhya Pradesh,India)
Died26 December 1999(1999-12-26)(aged 81)
New Delhi,India
Political partyIndian National Congress
Spouse
​
(m.1950)​
Children2 sons, 2 daughters
Alma mater
ProfessionLawyer,Politician
Signature

Shankar Dayal Sharma(pronunciationⓘ;19 August 1918 – 26 December 1999) was an Indianlawyerand politician from the state ofMadhya Pradeshwho served as the ninthpresident of India,from 1992 to 1997.

Born inBhopal,Sharma studied atAgra,AllahabadandLucknowand received adoctorateinconstitutional lawfrom theUniversity of Cambridgeand was abar-at-lawfromLincoln's Innand a Brandeis Fellow atHarvard University.During 1948–49, Sharma was one of the leaders of the movement for the merger ofBhopal Statewith India, a cause for which he served eight months'imprisonment.

A member of theIndian National Congressparty, Sharma waschief minister(1952–56) ofBhopal Stateand served as a cabinet minister (1956–1971) in thegovernment of Madhya Pradeshholding several portfolios. Sharma was president of the Bhopal State Congress Committee (1950–52),Madhya Pradesh Congress Committee(1966–68) and of theAll India Congress Committee(1972–74). He served asUnion Minister for Communications(1974–77) under Prime MinisterIndira Gandhi.Twice elected to theLok Sabha,Sharma served asgovernor of Andhra Pradesh(1984–85),Punjab(1985–86) andMaharashtra(1986–87) before being elected unopposed as the eighthvice president of Indiain 1987.

Sharma was elected president of India in 1992 and served till 1997 during which period he dealt with fourprime ministers,three of whom he appointed in the last year of his presidency. He was assertive with theP. V. Narasimha Rao ministry,forcing his government to sack agovernor,instigating a strong response to thedemolition of the Babri Masjidand refusing to signordinancespresented to him on the eve ofelections.His appointment ofAtal Bihari Vajpayeeas prime minister on the grounds of him being the leader of the largest party in theParliamentattracted widespread criticism especially as Vajpayee was forced to resign in only thirteen days without facing avote of confidence.Sharma's appointment ofH. D. Deve GowdaandI. K. Gujralas prime ministers followed the assurance of support to their candidature by the Congress party but neither government lasted more than a year. Sharma chose not to seek a second term in office and was succeeded to the presidency byK. R. Narayanan.

Sharma died in 1999 and was accorded astate funeral.Hissamadhilies at Karma Bhumi inDelhi.

Early life and education

[edit]

Shankar Dayal Sharma was born on 19 August 1918 inBhopal,then the capital of theprincely stateofBhopal,in aHinduBrahminfamily. Sharma completed his schooling in Bhopal and then studied atSt. John's College, Agraand at theAllahabadandLucknowuniversities obtaining aMAinEnglish,HindiandSanskritand anL.L.M.[1][2]He topped both the courses, was awarded the Chakravarty Gold Medal for social service, and was a thrice swimming champion at Lucknow University andcross country runningchampion atAllahabad.[3][4]

He obtained adoctorateinconstitutional lawfromUniversity of Cambridgefor his thesis onInterpretation of Legislative Powers under Federal Constitutionsand received adiplomainpublic administrationfrom theUniversity of London.[5][2]

Sharma began practicing law atLucknowfrom 1940 where he taught law at the University and soon joined theIndian National Congress.[6]In 1946, he was admitted to theLincoln's Innand taught at Cambridge University during 1946–47. The following year, he was appointed a Brandeis Fellow atHarvard University.[7][8][9]

Political career in Madhya Pradesh

[edit]

During 1948–49, Sharma underwent eight months' imprisonment for his leadership of the popular movement for merging theprincely state of Bhopalwith India.[10][11]Although theNawab of Bhopalhad acceded his state to theDominion of India,he had held out against signing theInstrument of Accession.The popular movement had the support of thePraja Mandaland an interim government with Chatur Narain Malviya as its head was constituted by the Nawab in 1948. However, as the movement gained support, the Nawab dismissed this government. Public pressure and the intervention ofV. P. Menonled the Nawab to merge his state with theIndian Unionin 1949 with the princely state reconstituted asBhopal State.[a][15][16][17]

Sharma was president of the Bhopal State Congress during 1950 to 1952.[18]He was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Bhopal fromBerasiain theelections of 1952and becamechief ministerof Bhopal State in 1952.[19][20]In 1956, following thereorganization of states,Bhopal State was merged with the new state ofMadhya Pradesh.[21]Sharma played an important role in retaining Bhopal as the capital of this new state.[22]In the elections of1957,1962and1967,Sharma was elected to theMadhya Pradesh Legislative AssemblyfromUdaipuraas a candidate of the Congress party.[23][24][25]During this time he was acabinet ministerin theMadhya Pradesh governmentand variously held portfolios of education, law,public works,industry and commerce and revenue.[26]As minister for education, he emphasizedsecularpedagogyin schools and textbooks were revised to avoidreligious bias.[27][28]

During 1967–68, he was president of theMadhya Pradesh Congress Committeeand served as general secretary of the party from 1968 to 1972.[26]During the split in 1969, Sharma sided withIndira Gandhiand was removed from party posts by the PresidentS. Nijalingappabut reappointed by Gandhi in her faction of the party.[29][30]

Parliamentary career

[edit]

Sharma was elected to the Lok Sabha fromBhopalin thegeneral elections of 1971.[31]The following year, he was made thepresident of the Indian National Congressby Prime MinisterIndira Gandhi.[32][33]Prior to his appointment as president, Sharma had been a member of theCongress Working Committeesince 1967 and general secretary of the Congress party from 1968.[10]As president, Sharma launched a public campaign against theCIAaccusing it of being actively involved in fomentingviolence in India.[34][35][36]

In October 1974, Sharma was appointedMinister of Communicationsin theIndira Gandhi ministryand was succeeded as president of the Congress byD. K. Barooah.[37][38]He remained in that post until his defeat in thegeneral election of 1977byArif Baig.[39][40]Sharma wasreelectedfrom Bhopal in thegeneral election of 1980.[41]

Gubernatorial tenures (1984–1987)

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Governor of Andhra Pradesh (1984–1985)

[edit]

On15 August1984,N. T. Rama Rao,thechief minister of Andhra Pradeshwho led theTelugu Desam Party(TDP) to victory in thestate assembly election of 1983,was dismissed from that post by theGovernor of Andhra Pradesh,Thakur Ram Lal.He appointedN. Bhaskara Rao,who had been thefinance ministerunder Rama Rao, as the new chief minister and gave him a month's time to prove his majority in the Assembly despite the ousted chief minister's claim of being able to prove his own majority in two days' time and evidence that he had the support of the majority of legislators in the assembly. Following widespread protests, Ram Lal resigned on 24 August 1984 and was replaced by Sharma.[42][43][44]

Sharma convened a session of the Assembly on 11 September 1984 but as Bhaskara Rao failed to prove his majority within the period of one month stipulated by Ram Lal, Sharma suggested that he resign with effect from 16 September. Bhaskar Rao refused to do so seeking the reconvening of the Assembly a few days later. Sharma then dismissed him and reappointed Rama Rao as chief minister. Rama Rao won the vote of confidence when the Assembly reconvened on 20 September 1984. Soon after, the Rama Rao government called for fresh elections and Sharma dissolved the Assembly in November 1984.[45][46][47]

In theAssembly election of 1985,TDP was returned to power with a two-thirds majority with Rama Rao returning as the chief minister. A few months later, Sharma refused torepromulgatethreeordinancessent to him by theRama Rao's governmentstating that ordinances are required to be ratified by the legislature and that their repromulgation would be a constitutional impropriety. His refusal to repromulgate these ordinances, pertaining to the abolition of offices of part-time village officers, formation of districts and payment of salaries and removal of disqualifications of government employees, a fourth time soured his relation with the state government.[48]

On 31 July 1985, Sharma's daughter Gitanjali and his son-in-law, the Congress politicianLalit Maken,were killed by Sikh militants in retaliation for Maken's alleged role in theanti-Sikh riots of 1984.[b]Sharma was thereafter transferred toPunjabas governor and was succeeded inAndhra PradeshbyKumudben Joshi.[54][55][56]

Governor of Punjab (1985–1986)

[edit]

Sharma succeededHokishe Semaasgovernor of Punjabin November 1985.[57]His appointment came after theassembly electionsin that state and in the backdrop of theRajiv–Longowal Accordwhich sought to resolve theinsurgency in Punjab.[58]Sharma's tenure was characterized by continued violence and he was replaced in April 1986 bySiddhartha Shankar Ray.[59][60][61]

Governor of Maharashtra (1986–1987)

[edit]

Sharma was sworn in asgovernor of Maharashtrain April 1986 and served until September 1987 when he was electedvice president of India.[62][63][64]

Vice President of India (1987–1992)

[edit]

Sharma was nominated by the Congress party for thevice-presidential election of 1987.[65]Although 27 candidates had filed nominations, only the nomination filed by Sharma was found valid by thereturning officer.After the last date of withdrawal of candidates was over, Sharma was declared elected unanimously on 21 August 1987.[66][67]Sharma was sworn in as thevice presidenton 3 September 1987.[68][69]He was only the third person to be elected unopposed to the vice-presidency.[70]

Sharma, who was also theex-officiochairman of theRajya Sabha,offered to quit in February 1988 after his ruling admitting a discussion in the house of the purported extravagance of the then governor of Andhra Pradesh was vociferously objected to by members of the government. Several ministers of thecouncil of ministersled the protests against Sharma's ruling even as Prime MinisterRajiv Gandhi,who was present in the house, chose not to intervene or restrain the members of his party. Sharma's response chastened the protesting members but their request to have the proceedings expunged from Parliament records was turned down by Sharma.[71][72][73]

In 1991, following theassassination of Rajiv Gandhi,Sharma was first offered the presidentship of the Congress party and the post ofPrime MinisterbySonia Gandhi.He however refused citing ill health and advanced age. Thereafter,P. V. Narasimha Raowas chosen to lead the Congress party.[74][75][76]

President of India (1992–1997)

[edit]
Shankar Dayal Sharma beingsworn inas president byChief JusticeM. H. Kania[77]

In June 1992, Sharma was chosen by the Congress party as its candidate for thepresidential election of 1992to succeedR. Venkataraman.[78]His nomination was also supported by thecommunist parties.[79]The election was held on 13 July 1992 and votes counted three days later. Sharma won 675,804 votes against the 346,485 votes polled by his main opponentGeorge Gilbert Swell,who was the nominee of the oppositionBharatiya Janata Party.[80][81][82]Two other candidates –Ram JethmalaniandKaka Joginder Singh– won a small number of votes. Sharma was declared elected on 16 July 1992 and was sworn in as president on 25 July 1992.[80][83]In his inaugural address, Sharma stated that "Freedomhas little meaning withoutequalityand equality has little meaning withoutsocial justice"and committed himself to combatingterrorism,poverty,diseaseandcommunalismin India.[84]The validity of the electionwas challengedunsuccessfully before theSupreme Court of India.[85][86]

Narasimha Rao government (1992–1996)

[edit]

Sharma's victory was seen as a victory for the Congress party and Prime MinisterP. V. Narasimha Raowho headed aminority government.[87][88]Although seen as a largely ceremonial post, the office of the president is key since the incumbent gets to nominate a head of government in the event ofno party gaining a majorityin Parliament after national elections or after a government had lost avote of confidence.[83][89]The Rao ministry faced three no-confidence motions during its tenure the third of which, held in July 1993, was marred by allegations ofbriberyand subsequentcriminal indictmentagainst Rao himself.[90][91][92]

Shankar Dayal Sharma addressing the recipients of Press India Award atRashtrapati Bhavan

On 6 December 1992, theBabri MasjidinAyodhyawasdemolishedby a fanatic Hindu mob which led to widespread rioting across India. Sharma expressed his deep anguish and pain at the demolition and condemned the action as being contrary to the traditional ethos of India of respecting all religions and as opposed to the precepts ofHinduism.[93][94]Sharma's strong condemnation of the incident forced the Rao government to dismiss thestate governmentand imposePresident's ruleinUttar Pradesh,the state in which Ayodhya is located, the same evening.[95][96][97]The following day, theGovernment of India,by way of apresidential ordinance,acquired 67 acres (27 ha) of land in and around the spot where the mosque had stood and provided that all litigation relating to the disputed area would stand dissolved following the acquisition.[98]In January 1993, a reference was made by Sharma to India'sSupreme Courtas to whether aHindu templeor religious structure had existed prior to the construction of the Babri Masjid at thedisputed areawhere the mosque stood. In 1994, by a majority decision, the Court refused to answer the reference as it held it to be contrary to the spirit ofsecularismand likely to favour a religious community.[99]

President Sharmaaddressing the nationon the eve ofIndependence Day,1994

In 1995, Sharma dedicated to theIndian peoplethe reconstructedSomnath templeinGujarat.At the dedication ceremony, Sharma stated that all religions taught the same lesson of unity and placed humanism above all else. The construction of the temple had lasted for fifty years. Questions about its financing, the role of the state in its reconstruction and the presence of constitutional functionaries during the installation of the idol had been marked by debates on secularism in the years followingIndia's independence.[100][101]The same year, even as the Narasimha Rao government dithered on acting againstSheila Kaul,thegovernor of Himachal Pradesh,after the Supreme Court expressed its concern that she was using hergubernatorial immunityto avoid criminal proceedings, Sharma forced the government to get her to resign immediately.[97][102]

Sharma largely enjoyed cordial ties with Narasimha Rao government. In 1996, however, two ordinances sent to him by the Rao government seeking to extend the benefits ofreservationsin state employment and education forChristianandMuslim Dalitsand to reduce the time allowed for campaigning in elections, were returned by Sharma on the grounds that elections were imminent and therefore such decisions should be left to the incoming government.[103][104][102]

Vajpayee government (16 May 1996 – 28 May 1996)

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In thegeneral elections of 1996,no party got a majority in Parliament but theBharatiya Janata Partyemerged the largest party winning 160 seats out of 543.[105]The ruling Congress party came second with 139 seats.[105]On 15 May 1996, Sharma invited Atal Bihari Vajpayee, as the leader of the single largest party, to be the prime minister on the condition that he prove his majority on the floor of the house before 31 May. Vajpayee and a cabinet of 11 ministers were sworn in the following day.[105]President Sharma addressed the new parliament on 24 May.[c][105]The motion for vote of confidence was taken up and discussed on 27 and 28 May.[110]However, before the motion could be put to vote, Vajpayee announced his resignation.[111]The government lasted only 13 days, the shortest in India's history.[112][113]

President Sharma's decision of selecting Vajpayee as prime minister drew criticism from several quarters. Unlike presidentsRamaswamy VenkataramanorNeelam Sanjiva Reddywho had asked prime ministerial candidates to produce lists of their supportingMPs,thus satisfying themselves that the prime ministers appointed would be able to win a vote of confidence, Sharma had made no such demands of Vajpayee and had appointed him solely by the principle of inviting the leader of the largest party in Parliament. Also, unlike President Venkataraman, Sharma issued nopress communiquésoutlining the rationale for his decision.[114][115]The Communist parties criticized Sharma's decision as he had been elected president with their backing but had chosen to invite their ideological opponent to be the prime minister.[116]

Sharma's decision to invite Vajpayee has been attributed to the fact that no party had staked their claim to form the government and theUnited Front,a coalition of thirteen parties, took time to decide on their leader and in getting the Congress party to extend its support to them.[117]Sharma's deadline of two weeks given to Vajpayee to prove his majority was much shorter than the time given to prime ministers in previous instances and was a move to discouragehorse trading.[114]

Deve Gowda government (1996–1997)

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Following Vajpayee's resignation, Sharma asked him to continue ascaretaker prime ministerand appointedH. D. Deve Gowdaas prime minister on 28 May 1996 after being assured of the support of the Congress party for his candidature.[118]Gowda and a 21 membercouncil of ministerssworn in on 1 June and won a vote of confidence within the deadline of twelve days set by Sharma.[105][119]Gowda, a formerchief minister of Karnataka,was India's third prime minister in as many weeks and headed a diverse coalition comprisingregional parties,leftists andlower casteHindu politicians. He was also India's first prime minister not conversant in itsofficial language,Hindi.[120]The government lasted ten months and was dependent on the Congress party which, under its new PresidentSitaram Kesri,withdrew support in April 1997 alleging failure on the part of the prime minister in preventing the growth ofHindu nationalist political partiesinNorth India.[120][121]Sharma then directed Gowda to seek a vote of confidence in Parliament.[122]Gowda lost the vote of confidence on 11 April 1997 and continued to head a caretaker government as President Sharma considered a further course of action.[123][124]

I. K. Gujral government

[edit]
I. K. Gujral was sworn in as Prime Minister on April 21, 1997.[125]

On 21 April 1997,Inder Kumar Gujral,who had been theforeign ministerunder Deve Gowda, was sworn in as prime minister and was given two days time win a vote of confidence in Parliament.[126][127]He was the third prime minister to be sworn in by Sharma and his government would last 322 days when the Congress party again withdrew support to the United Front ministry.[128][129][130]

State visits

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President Sharma being received at theMuscat Airportby theSultan of Oman,Qaboos bin Saidduring his state visit in 1996.[131]

As president, Sharma led state visits toBulgaria,Chile,theCzech Republic,Greece,Hungary,Italy,Namibia,Oman,[d]Poland,Romania,Slovakia,Trinidad and Tobago,Turkey,Ukraine,theUnited Kingdom,andZimbabwe.[e][138]At the end of his tenure, he chose not to seek a second term in office and was succeeded to the presidency by Vice PresidentK. R. Narayanan.[139][140][141]

Death

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Sharma died due to heart attack at the Escorts Heart Institute, Delhi on 26 December 1999. He was married to Vimala and had two sons and a daughter. The Government of India declared seven days ofnational mourningin his honour.[142][143]Astate funeralwas accorded to him and he wascrematedon 27 December 1999.[144][145]Hissamadhilies atKarma Bhumi,Delhi.[146][147]

Honours

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Sharma was made anhonorary bencherand Master ofLincoln's Innin 1993.[148][149]He was conferred an honorary degree ofdoctor of lawby theUniversity of Cambridge.[150][151]He was also conferred withhonorary doctoratesfrom theSofia University,University of Bucharest,theTaras Shevchenko National University of Kyivand several Indian universities.[152][153][154]

Bibliography

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Sharma was the author of several books in English and Hindi. These includeThe Congress Approach to International Affairs,Studies in Indo-Soviet cooperation,Rule of Law and Role of Police,Jawaharlal Nehru: The Maker of Modern Commonwealth,Eminent Indians,Chetna Ke StrotandHindi Bhasha Aur Sanskriti.He was also editor of theLucknow Law Journal,Socialist India,Jyotiand theIlm-o-Nur.[155][156]

Commemoration

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A commemorative postage stamp of India featuring President Sharma

Dr. Shankar Dayal Sharma,a 1999shortdocumentary featureby A. K. Goorha covers his life and presidency. It was produced by theGovernment of India'sFilms Division.[157]In 2000, acommemorative postage stampwas issued in his honour byIndia Post.[158]In Bhopal, the Dr. Shankar Dayal Sharma Ayurvedic College & Hospital and the Dr. Shankar Dayal Sharma College are named after him.[159][160]Dr. Shankar Dayal Sharma Institute of Democracy under the University of Lucknow was inaugurated in 2009.[161]

The Shankar Dayal Sharma Gold Medal, awarded annually at several universities in India, was instituted in 1994 from endowments made by Sharma.[162][163][164]

Notes

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  1. ^Upon theindependence of IndiaandPakistan,theprincely statesunder theBritish Rajhad the choice of joining eitherdominionor of remaining independent since theIndian Independence Actonly provided for the termination of British suzerainty. With the exceptions ofHyderabadandKashmir,none of the other princely states opted to be independent owing to geopolitical considerations. The accession of these states to either of the dominions was achieved through anInstrument of Accessionwhich they signed with thedominion governmentthus surrendering their control over defence, communications and foreign relations to the dominion government. By the Instrument of Merger, the princely states surrendered “full and exclusive authority, jurisdiction and powers in relation to the governance of their States” to the dominion government and settled matters pertaining to their privy purse. The last regnant Nawab of Bhopal,Hamidullah Khan,had signed the Instrument of Accession with the Government of India in August 1947 but not the Instrument of Merger, wanting to retain his state as a separate unit within India. Following the merger agitation, the Nawab signed the Instrument of Merger on 30 April 1949. Thereafter, Bhopal State was formed as apart ‘C' Stateof Indian Union and came under the administration of aChief Commissioneron June 1, 1949.[12][13][14]
  2. ^The three men involved in the murder - Ranjit Gill 'Kuki',Harjinder Singh JindaandSukhdev Singh Sukhawere eventually apprehended. Jinda and Sukha were convicted for their involvement in the murder ofGeneralA. S. Vaidya,who had ledOperation Blue Star,and were awarded thecapital punishment.[49]Article 72 of the Indian Constitution grants thePresident of Indiaor theGovernor of a statethe power topardon,remit orcommutesentences.[50]In a twist of fate, the mercy petitions filed by duo came up before President Sharma in 1992 and were rejected. Consequently, both werehung.[51][52]Ranjit Gill was arrested in 2003 and sentenced tolife imprisonment,which was later commuted with the consent of Maken's daughter Avantika.[49]During his presidency, Sharma rejected all mercy petitions put for his consideration.[53]
  3. ^Article 87 of India's constitution provides for the President to address both houses ofParliamentin ajoint sittingat the commencement of the firstsessionof each year and at the commencement of the first session after eachgeneral election.The speech is a statement of the government's policy and plans for the year ahead and the government of the day is responsible for its contents.[106]The speech is then put to a motion of thanks which allows theoppositionto critique it and also to suggest amendments.[107][108]In 1996, the Vajpayee government resigned before it could propose a motion of thanks to thepresident's addressand the Deve Gowda ministry disagreed with the contents of the address. In the event it was decided by consensus that no motion of thanks would be moved on the president's address of 1996 to avoid a political crisis.[109]
  4. ^On his visit toOman,Sultan Qaboospersonally received Sharma at theairportsetting asideprotocol.Qaboos silenced critics stating that he had only come to receive hisguru.Qaboos had received hissecondary educationinPunewhere he had been tutored privately by Sharma.[132][133][self-published source][134]
  5. ^In 1996,Zimbabwemade thediplomatic giftof a pair ofAfrican elephantswhich arrived inIndiain 1998. The male, named Shankar in honour of President Sharma, lived alone in theDelhi Zooafter its companion Bombai, named after the wife of the thenambassadorof Zimbabwe to India, died in 2005. After the elephant's plight was taken up byanimal rightsactivists, theDelhi High Courtordered the zoo to explore the possibility of getting Shankar a mate. As of October 2022, the Delhi Zoo had shortlistedSouth Africaas a source for procuring a female companion for Shankar.[135][136][137]

References

[edit]
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  7. ^"Previous Governors: Dr. Shanker Dayal Sharma (03.04.1986 – 02.09.1987)".Raj Bhavan, Maharashtra.Retrieved15 October2022.
  8. ^"The Los Angeles Times 05 Oct 1972, page 21".Newspapers.Retrieved15 October2022.
  9. ^Admissions Registers VOL 3 1894-1956.London: The Honourable Society of Lincoln's Inn. 1981. p. 343.Retrieved15 October2022.
  10. ^ab"Members Bioprofile: Shankar Dayal Sharma".loksabhaph.nic.in.Lok Sabha, Parliament of India.Retrieved14 October2022.
  11. ^"Bio-data of Dr. Shankar Dayal Sharma"(PDF).archive.pib.gov.in.Press Information Bureau.Retrieved14 October2022.
  12. ^"Iqbal Ahmed vs State Of Bhopal on 23 February, 1953".India Kanoon.Retrieved14 October2022.
  13. ^"H. H. Maharajadhiraja Madhav Rao Jiwaji Raoscindia Bahadur vs Union Of India on 15 December, 1970".India Kanoon.Retrieved14 October2022.
  14. ^Menon, V. P. (1956).The Story of the Integration of the Indian States(PDF).Bangalore: Orient BlackSwan. pp. 253–255.Retrieved14 October2022.
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  16. ^"Commissioner Period".governor.mp.gov.in.Raj Bhavan, Madhya Pradesh.Retrieved14 October2022.
  17. ^S. R. Bakshi and O. P. Ralhan (2007).Madhya Pradesh Through the Ages.Sarup & Sons. p. 360.ISBN978-81-7625-806-7.
  18. ^"Shankar Dayal Sharma".britannica.Britannica.Retrieved15 October2022.
  19. ^STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1951 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF BHOPAL.New Delhi: Election Commission of India. 1951. p. 30.Retrieved14 October2022.
  20. ^Wiener, Myron (8 December 2015).State Politics in India.Princeton University Press. p. 149.ISBN978-1-4008-7914-4.Retrieved15 October2022.
  21. ^"THE STATES REORGANISATION ACT, 1956"(PDF).Legislative Department, Ministry of Law & Justice, Government of India.Retrieved15 October2022.
  22. ^"Independence Day 2022: आसानी से नहीं म‍िला था भोपाल को राजधानी का दर्जा, शंकर दयाल शर्मा ने ब‍िछाई थी ब‍िसात".Zee News(in Hindi). 15 August 2022.Retrieved14 October2022.
  23. ^STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1957 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF MADHYA PRADESH.New Delhi: Election Commission of India. p. 95.Retrieved15 October2022.
  24. ^STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1962 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF MADHYA PRADESH.New Delhi: Election Commission of India. p. 229.Retrieved15 October2022.
  25. ^STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1967 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF MADHYA PRADESH.New Delhi: Election Commission of India. p. 233.Retrieved15 October2022.
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