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S-125 Neva/Pechora

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S-125 Neva
NATO reporting name:SA-3 Goa, SA-N-1 Goa
Peruvian Air Force Pechora.
Typeshort-rangeSAMsystem
Place of originSoviet Union
Service history
In service1961[1]–present
Used bySee list ofpresent and former operators
WarsVietnam War
War of Attrition
Yom Kippur War
Angolan Civil War
Uganda–Tanzania War
Iran–Iraq War
Gulf War
NATO bombing of Yugoslavia
Syrian Civil War
2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict
Tigray conflict
Russian Invasion of Ukraine[2]
Production history
DesignerAlmaz Central Design Bureau
Designed1950s
ManufacturerJSC Defense Systems(Pechora-M)
Produced1961–present
VariantsNeva, Pechora, Volna, Neva-M, Neva-M1, Volna-M, Volna-N, Volna-P, Pechora 2, Pechora 2M, Newa SC, Pechora-M

TheS-125Neva/Pechora(Russian:С-125 "Нева" / "Печора",NATO reporting nameSA-3Goa) is a Sovietsurface-to-air missilesystem that was designed byAleksei Isaevto complement theS-25andS-75.It has a shorter effective range and lower engagementaltitudethan either of its predecessors and also flies slower, but due to its two-stage design it is more effective against more maneuverable targets. It is also able to engage lower flying targets than the previous systems, and being more modern it is much more resistant toECMthan the S-75. The 5V24 (V-600) missiles reach aroundMach3 to 3.5 in flight, both stages powered bysolid fuelrocket motors.The S-125, like theS-75,uses radio command guidance. The naval version of this system has the NATO reporting nameSA-N-1 Goaand original designationM-1 Volna(Russian Волна –wave).

Operational history

[edit]

Soviet Union

[edit]
A pair of S-125 missiles in transit.
Abandoned Soviet S-125 missile near Saare,Saaremaa,Estonia.

The S-125 was first deployed between 1961 and 1964 aroundMoscow,augmenting theS-25andS-75sites already ringing the city, as well as in other parts of theUSSR.In 1964, an upgraded version of the system, theS-125M "Neva-M"and laterS-125M1 "Neva-M1"was developed. The original version was designated SA-3A by theUS DoDand the new Neva-M namedSA-3Band (naval)SA-N-1B.The Neva-M introduced a redesigned booster and an improved guidance system. The S-125 was not used against U.S. forces inVietnam,because the Soviets feared that China (after the souring of Sino-Soviet relations in 1960), through which most, if not all of the equipment meant for North Vietnam had to travel, would try to copy the missile.[citation needed]

Angola

[edit]

TheFAPA-DAAacquired a significant number of S-125s, and these were encountered during the first strike ever flown bySAAFMirage F.1sagainst targets in Angola – in June 1980. While the SAAF reported two aircraft were damaged by SAMs during this action, Angola claimed to have shot down four.[3]

On 7 June 1980, while attackingSWAPO's Tobias Haneko Training Camp duringOperation Sceptic (Smokeshell),SAAF Major Frans Pretorius and Captain IC du Plessis, both flying Mirage F.1s, were hit by S-125s. Pretorius's aircraft was hit in a fuel line and he had to perform adeadstick landingat AFB Ondangwa. Du Plessis's aircraft sustained heavier damage and had to divert to Ruacana forward airstrip, where he landed with only the main undercarriage extended. Both aircraft were repaired and returned to service.[4]

Middle East

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S-125 on EgyptianZIL-131transporter vehicle (9T911), captured by the IDF during theYom Kippur War.

The Soviets supplied several S-125s to the Arab states in the late 1960s and 1970s, most notably Egypt and Syria. The S-125 saw extensive action during theWar of Attritionand theYom Kippur War.During the latter, the S-125, along with theS-75 Dvinaand2K12 Kub,formed the backbone of the Egyptian air defence network. In Egypt, March–July 1970 Soviet battalions of S-125 17 Shooting (35 missiles) shot down nine Israeli and one Egyptian planes. General Muhammed Ali Hafez (Air defense forces commander in the Egyptian Army) was the first man in the world to reuse the launched missiles in creating new ones.[5][6][7]Israel recognized the 5F-4 Phantomsin 1970 (1 more was W/O[8]) and in 1973 another 6.[7]

Iraq

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Remains of F-16C 87-257 as found by US ground forces in Iraq during Desert Storm. The canopy was recovered by US forces in the 2003 invasion.

During the disastrousPackage Q Strikeagainst downtown Baghdad on 19 January 1991, a USAFF-16(serial 87-257) was shot down. The aircraft was struck by a S-125 just south of Baghdad. The pilot, Major Jeffrey Scott Tice, ejected safely but became a POW.[9]It was the 8th combat loss and the first daylight raid over Baghdad.[10]

Still photograph from a videotape of an Iraqi surface-to-air missile, believed to be a S-125, launched at a coalition aircraft in July 2001.[dubious–discuss]

Yugoslavia

[edit]

A Yugoslav Army250th Air Defense Missile Brigade3rd battery equipped with S-125 systemshot downaF-117 Nighthawkstealth attack aircraft on March 27, 1999 during theKosovo War(the only recorded downing of a stealth aircraft) near village Budjanovci, about 45 km from Belgrade. The pilot LT.COL. Darrell Patrick Zelko ejected and was later found by US search and rescue forces. An S-125 also shot down a NATOF-16fighter on May 2 (its pilot; Lt. ColDavid L. Goldfein,the commander of555th Fighter Squadron,managed to eject and was later rescued by acombat search-and-rescue(CSAR) mission).[11][12]

Syrian Civil War

[edit]

On 17 March 2015, a USMQ-1 Predatordrone was shot down by aSyrian Air Defense ForceS-125 missile while on an intelligence flight near the coastal town of Latakia.[13]

In December 2016, ISIS forces captured three S-125 launchers after they retook Palmyra from Syrian government troops.[14]

On April 14, 2018, American, British, and French forceslaunched a barrageof 103 air-to-surface and cruise missiles targeting eight Syrian military sites. The Russian military claimed that thirteen S-125 missiles launched in response destroyed five incoming missiles.[15]However, the American Department of Defense stated no Allied missiles were shot down.[16]

Russian invasion of Ukraine

[edit]

On 6 December 2022, a photo of Polish variant Newa-SC in Ukrainian service, likely made in summer, emerged in media.[17]Until then, there had been no info on supplying Newa-SC to Ukraine.

Description

[edit]

The S-125 is somewhat mobile, an improvement over theS-75system. The missiles are typically deployed on fixed turrets containing two or four but can be carried ready-to-fire onZILtrucks in pairs. Reloading the fixed launchers takes a few minutes.

Missile

[edit]
V-600
V-600 missiles on the S-125 quadruple launcher.
TypeSurface-to-air missile
Place of originSoviet Union
Production history
VariantsV-600, V-601
Specifications (V-601[19])
Mass953 kg
Length6,090 mm
Diameter375 mm
Wingspan2,200 mm
WarheadFrag-HE
Warhead weight60 kg
Detonation
mechanism
Proximity fuse[18]
PropellantSolid propellant rocket motor
Operational
range
35 kilometres (22 mi)
Flight altitude18,000 metres (59,000 ft)
Guidance
system
RFCLOS

The S-125 system uses two different missile versions and variants.

  • V-600(or5V24) has the smallest warhead with 60 kg of high explosive. It has a range of about 15 km.
  • V-601(or5V27): the upgradedS-125M(1970) system uses the 5V27 missile, with a length of 6.09 m, a wing span of 2,200 mm and a body diameter of 375 mm. This missile weighs 953 kg at launch, and has a 70 kg warhead containing 33 kg of HE and 4,500 fragments. The minimum range is 3.5 km, and the maximum is 35 km (with the Pechora 2A). The intercept altitudes are between 100 m and 18 km.[19]Other sources claim the intercept altitudes between 20 m and 14 km. The minimum range is 2.5 km, and the maximum is 22 km[7]
  • 5V27D:theS-125M1(1978) system uses the 5V27D missile. In the early 1980s, each system used one or two radar simulators to survive antiradar missiles.[7]

Radars

[edit]

The launchers are accompanied by a command building or truck and three primaryradarsystems:

  • P-15 radar(NATO codename "Flat Face" )orP-15M(2)(NATO codename "Squat Eye" )380 kW C-band target acquisition radar (also used by the2K12 Kuband9K33 Osa,range 250 km/155 miles)
  • SNR-125 (NATO codename "Low Blow" )250 kW I/D-band tracking,fire controland guidance radar (range 40 km/25 miles, second mode 80 km/50 miles) Its parts: An UV-10, 3 cm wavelength, narrow beam transmitter/receiver antenna; 2 pcs of UV-11, 3 cm wavelength, wide beam receiver antenna for target tracking, an UV-12, decimeter wavelength, missile command transmitter antenna and a 9Sh33A camera (optical channel).

The P-15 is mounted on a van (P-15M(2) on a taller mast for better performance against low-altitude targets) and also an IFF [Identifies Friend or Foe]), SNR-125 on a trailer and PRV-11 on a box-bodied trailer.

Variants and upgrades

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[edit]
ZIF-101 launcher of Volna system on theKashin class destroyerStrogiy.

Work on a naval versionM-1 Volna(SA-N-1) started in 1956, along with work on a land version. It was first mounted on a rebuiltKotlin class destroyer(Project 56K)Bravyiand tested in 1962. In the same year, the system was accepted. The basic missile was a V-600 (or 4K90) (range: from 4 to 15 km, altitude: from 0.1 to 10 km). Fire control and guidance is carried out by 4R90 Yatagan radar, with fiveparabolic antennason a common head. Only one target can be engaged at a time (or two, for ships fitted with two Volna systems). In case of emergency, Volna could be also used against naval targets, due to short response time.

The first launcher type was the two-missile ZIF-101, with a magazine for 16 missiles. In 1963 an improved two-missile launcher, ZIF-102, with a magazine for 32 missiles, was introduced to new ship classes. In 1967 Volna systems were upgraded toVolna-M(SA-N-1B) with V-601 (4K91) missiles (range: 4–22 km, altitude: 0.1–14 km).

In 1974 - 1976 some systems were modernized toVolna-Pstandard, with an additional TV target tracking channel and better resistance to jamming. Later, improvedV-601Mmissiles were introduced, with lower minimal attack altitude against aerial targets (systemVolna-N).

SomeIndianfrigates also carry the M-1 Volna system.

Modern upgrades

[edit]
Two S-125 dual missile launcher trailers.
Newa SC

Since Russia replaced all of its S-125 sites withS-300systems, they decided to upgrade the S-125 systems being removed from service to make them more attractive to export customers.

  • Released in 2000, thePechora-2version features better range, multiple target engagement ability and a higherprobability of kill(PK). The launcher is moved onto a truck allowing much shorter relocation times.
  • It is also possible to fire thePechora-2Msystem againstcruise missiles.Deployment time 25 minutes, protected from the active interference, and anti-radiation missiles (total in practical shooting)[20][21]

Early warning radar is replaced by anti-stealth[22][23]radarKasta 2E2, target distance at 2.5–32 km, target altitude - 0.02–20 km, missile launchers can be positioned at up to 10 kilometers away from the control center.[citation needed]Speed up to 1000 m/s (target), Used rocket 5V27DE,[24]by weight the warhead + 50% range of flight splinters + 350%.[citation needed]Probability of hitting the target 1st rocket: at a distance up to 25 km - 0,72-0,99, detection range with the radar cross section = 2 sq meters about 100 km, with RCS = 0.15 sq m - about 50 km, with no interference. When using active jamming - 40 km.[25]ADMS "Pechora-2M" has the ability to interfacing with higher level command post and radar remote using telecode channels. Is equally effective at any time during the day and at night (optical location, daytime and nighttime, and also thermal imager) was awarded a contract to overhaul Egypt's S-125 SAM system. These refurbished weapons have been reintroduced as the S-125 Pechora 2M.[26]

  • In 2001, Poland began offering an upgrade to the S-125 known as theNewa SC.This replaced manyanaloguecomponents withdigitalones for improved reliability and accuracy. This upgrade also involves mounting the missile launcher on aWZT-1tank chassis (aTEL), greatly improving mobility and also addsIFFcapability and data links. Radar is mounted on an 8-wheeled heavy truck chassis (formerly used forScudlaunchers).

Serbianmodifications include terminal/camera homing from radar base.

Cuba also developed a similar upgrade to the Polish one, which was displayed inLa Habanain 2006.[27]

  • Later the same year, the Russian version was upgraded again to thePechora-Mwhich upgraded almost all aspects of the system - the rocket motor, radar, guidance,warhead,fuseand electronics. There is an addedlaser/infra-redtracking device to allow launching of missiles without the use of the radar.

There is also a version of the S-125 available from Russia with the warhead replaced withtelemetryinstrumentation, for use as target drones.

  • In October 2010, UkrainianAerotechnicaannounced a modernized version of S-125 namedS-125-2D Pechora.[28]As of 2018 according to the UkrOboronProm, the S-125 surface-to-air missile underwent an integrated modification of all elements, including modernization of missiles, as well as the use of a new radar station built on solid-state elements. The distance of the Ukrainian S-125 modernization's engagement area, 40 km, is greater than that of the Russian one.[citation needed]
  • The Vietnamese state-owned agencyViettel Aerospace Institutehas unveiled a modernization version of S-125, designated as theS-125-VT.It is expected to enterVietnamese Air Defenceoperation in the near future.[29][30]

Operators

[edit]
Operators
Current
Former
Simulated Soviet surface to air missile site at Nellis AFB

Current

[edit]
  • Algeria− 12 S-125M Pechora-M and 24 S-125M1 Pechora-M1 batteries as of 2024[31]
  • Angola− 12 S-125M1 Pechora-M1 batteries as of 2024[32]
  • Armenia[33]
  • Azerbaijan− 24 S-125-2TM Pechora-2TM batteries as of 2024[34]
  • Bulgaria− S-125M Neva-M[35]
  • Cuba− S-125M/M1 Pechora M/M1, some Pechora M1s are mounted onT-55tank chassis[36]
  • Egypt− 40 S-125-2M Pechora-2M and 120 S-125M Pechora-M batteries as of 2024[37]
  • Ethiopia− 4 S-125M1 Pechora-M1 batteries as of 2024[38]
  • India− S-125M Pechora-M[39]
  • Kazakhstan− 3 S-125-1T batteries as of 2024[40]
  • Kyrgyzstan− 8 S-125M1 Neva-M1 batteries as of 2024[41]
  • Laos− 6 S-125M Pechora-M batteries as of 2024. Serviceability doubtful[42]
  • Moldova− 3 S-125M1 Neva-M1 batteries as of 2024[43]
  • Mongolia− 2+ S-125-2M Pechora-2M batteries as of 2024[44]
  • Myanmar− S-125-2M Pechora-2M[45]
  • North Korea− 20 S-125M1 Pechora-M1 batteries as of 2024. Serviceability doubtful[46]
  • Peru[47]
  • Poland− 14 S-125 Newa SC batteries as of 2024[48]
  • Serbia− 6 S-125M Neva-M batteries as of 2024[49]
  • Syria− S-125-2M Pechora-2M and S-125M/M1 Pechora-M/M1[50]
  • South Sudan− 16 S-125 Pechora batteries as of 2024. Serviceability doubtful[51]
  • Tajikistan− 3 S-125 Pechora-2M and 5 S-125M1 Neva-M1 batteries as of 2024[52]
  • Turkmenistan− 4 S-125 Pechora-2M, 12 S-125M1 Neva-M1, and some S-125-2BM Pechora batteries as of 2024[53]
  • Ukraine[54]− In 2022, Ukraine received an undisclosed number of S-125 Newa SC systems from Poland[55]
  • Uzbekistan− 4 S-125-2M Pechora-2M and 10 S-125M1 Neva-M1 batteries as of 2024[56]
  • Venezuela− 44 S-125 Pechora-2M batteries as of 2024[57]
  • Vietnam− 30 S-125TM Pechora-2TM and 21 S-125M Pechora-M batteries as of 2024.[58]The S-125-VT modernized variant was reported to be in service in July 2024[59]
  • Zambia− 6 S-125M Pechora-M batteries as of 2024[60]

Former

[edit]
[edit]
  • P-15 "Flat Face" radar.
    P-15 "Flat Face" radar.
  • SNR-125 "Low Blow" radar.
    SNR-125 "Low Blow" radar.
  • PRV-11 "Side Net" radar.
    PRV-11 "Side Net" radar.

References

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Citations

[edit]
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  2. ^"Polish SA-3 Surface-To-Air Missiles Appear To Be In Ukrainian Forces' Hands".The Drive. 7 December 2022.Retrieved2022-12-31.
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  4. ^Lord, Dick(2000).Vlamgat: The Story of the Mirage F1 in the South African Air Force.Covos-Day.ISBN978-0-620-24116-8.
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  6. ^"Боевое применение зенитной ракетной системы С-125".Военно-патриотический сайт «Отвага»(in Russian).Archivedfrom the original on 2017-07-15.Retrieved2017-07-20.
  7. ^abcd"ЗРК С-125".pvo.guns.ru.Archivedfrom the original on 2017-05-25.Retrieved2017-07-20.
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  21. ^ARIC."Пбп" Пвптпойфемшоще Уйуфенщ "- Пуопчобс Ртпйъчпдуфчеообс Урегйбмйъбгйс Ртедртйсфйк Ипмдйозб".Defensys.ru.Archived fromthe originalon 2013-08-27.Retrieved2013-08-26.
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  25. ^"RusArmy -" -2 "".Rusarmy.Archivedfrom the original on 12 October 2014.Retrieved14 November2014.
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  68. ^abCooper 2017,p. 43
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  72. ^Cooper, Tom (2018).Hot Skies Over Yemen, Volume 2: Aerial Warfare Over the South Arabian Peninsula, 1994-2017.Warwick, UK: Helion & Company Publishing. p. 15.ISBN978-1-911628-18-7.

Bibliography

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[edit]
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