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SA80

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SA80
L85A2 with ELCAN LDS and 2009 upgrade suite
TypeBullpupassault rifle
Light support weapon(L86 LSW)
Carbine(L22)
Place of originUnited Kingdom
Service history
In service1985–present
Used bySeeUsers
WarsSeeConflicts
Production history
Designed1970s–1980s
Manufacturer
Unit cost£1,300 (2015)[1]
Produced1985–1994
No.builtApprox. 350,000 (L85, L86)
Approx. 21,700 (L98)
VariantsSeeVariants
Specifications (L85A2)
Mass4.98 kilograms (11.0 lb) (L85A2 with SUSAT sight and loaded 30-round magazine)[2]
Length785 millimetres (30.9 in) (L85A2)[2]
Barrellength518 millimetres (20.4 in) (L85A2)[2]
Cartridge5.56×45mm NATO
ActionGas-operated,rotating bolt
Rate of fire610–775 rpm[2]
Muzzle velocity930–940 m/s (3,100–3,100 ft/s)[2]
Effective firing range400 metres (1,300 ft)[3]
Feed system30-round detachable STANAG magazine,
30-round detachable polymer Magpul EMAG, 60-round casket magazine
SightsTelescopicSUSAT,ACOGandELCANLDS scopes, apertureiron sights

TheSA80(Small Arms for the 1980s) is a British family of5.56×45mm NATOservice weapons used by theBritish Army.[4]The L85 Rifle variant has been the standard issueservice rifleof theBritish Armed Forcessince 1987, replacing theL1A1 Self-Loading Rifle.The prototypes were created in 1976, with production of the A1 variant starting in 1985 and ending in 1994. The A2 variant came to be as the result of a significant upgrade in the early 2000s byHeckler & Kochand remains in service as of 2024. The A3 variant was first issued in 2018 with several new improvements.

The remainder of the SA80 family comprises the L86 Light Support Weapon, the short-barrelled L22 Carbine and the L98 Cadet rifle.

The SA80 was the last in a long line of British weapons (including theLee–Enfieldfamily) to come from theRoyal Small Arms Factory,the national arms development and production facility atEnfield Lock,before its weapons factory was closed down in 1988.

Development

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Post-war intermediate weapon development

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The idea dates back to the late 1940s, when an ambitious programme to develop a new cartridge and new class of rifle was launched in the United Kingdom based on combat experience drawn from World War II. Two7mm (.280 in)prototypes were built in abullpupconfiguration, designated theEM-1 and EM-2.The latter was brought into service briefly as "Rifle, Automatic, Calibre.280, Number 9". WhenNATOstandardised on the7.62mm rifle cartridgeas the standard calibre for itsservice rifles,further development of these rifles was discontinued and theBritish Armyadopted the 7.62 mmL1A1 Self-Loading Riflesemi-automatic rifle,a licence-built version of the BelgianFN FAL.[5]

1960s – 1970s: 4.85×49mm, XL64, XL65, XL68

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Further information:L64/65andintermediate cartridge

In 1969, the Enfield factory began work on a brand new family of weapons, chambered in a newly designed British4.85×49mmintermediate cartridge. While the experimental weapon family was very different from the EM-2 in internal design and construction methods, its bullpup configuration with an optical sight was a clear influence on the design of what was to become the SA80. The system was to be composed of two weapons: theXL64E5rifle (also called the "Enfield Individual Weapon" ) and a light support weapon known as the XL65E4light machine gun.

The sheet metal construction and the design of the bolt, bolt carrier, guide rods and the weapon's disassembly showed strong similarities to theArmaliteAR-18which was manufactured under licence from 1975 to 1983 by theSterling Armaments CompanyofDagenham,Essex,[6][7][page needed]and which had been tested by theBritish Ministry of Defencein 1966 and 1969.[8]

During the development of the SA80, a bullpup conversion was made of an AR-18 and aStoner 63[9][page needed][10]at Enfield due to the fact they could be used with stocks folded/without stocks which allowed the bullpup conversion and were later chambered in the experimental 4.85x49mm round. A bullpup conversion of theAR-15was previously considered but the buffer tube in stock prevented the idea from reaching fruition.[11]

Technically, in the mid-1970s, the 4.85×49mm round was seen as superior to the then existing version of 5.56mm M193 round in use by the US (for theM16/M16A1) and by other forces. This was the expressed view of trials team members whilst demonstrating the XL64E5 prototype at the British Army School of Infantry atWarminster.Development of small-arms munitions have a long and continuous life and it was estimated by the trials specialists from Enfield that this weapon would ultimately be superior in the 4.85mm configuration. For the 4.85mm round, both propellant and projectile were at the beginning of their respective development curves. Weight for weight, more rounds of ammunition could be carried by an individual soldier – a considerable advantage on the battlefield.

It was regarded as probable at the time that the argument for the 5.56mm standard within NATO had more to do with the economics involved. Over the lifetime of a small-arms weapon type, far more money is spent on the munitions than the weapons themselves. If the 5.56mm supporters had lost the argument in favour of a British 4.85mm round, the economic impact would have been very large, and political pressure undoubtedly played a part in the final decision.[citation needed]In 1976, the prototypes were ready to undergo trials.[citation needed]

1970s – 1980s: 5.56×45mm, XL70, XL73, XL78

[edit]
Pictured left to right are the L85-A2, XL 60 and EM-2

After NATO's decision to standardise ammunition among its members, Enfield engineers re-chambered the rifles to the American5.56×45mm NATOM193 cartridge. The newly redesigned 5.56mm version of the XL64E5 became known as the XL70E3.[12]The left-handed XL68 was also re-chambered in 5.56×45mm as the XL78. The 5.56mm light support weapon variant, the XL73E3, developed from the XL65E4, was noted for the full-length receiver extension with the bipod under the muzzle now indicative of the type.[13]

1980s, 5.56×45mm, XL85, XL86

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Further development out of the initial so-called "Phase A" pre-production series led to the XL85 and XL86. While the XL85E1 and XL86E1 were ultimately adopted as the L85 and L86 respectively, a number of additional test models were produced. The XL85E2 and XL86E2 were designed to an alternate build standard with 12 components different from E1 variants, including parts of the gas system, bolt, and magazine catch. Three series of variants were created for "Environmental User Trials". XL85E3 and XL86E3 variants were developed with 24 modified parts, most notably a plastic safety plunger. The E4's had 21 modified parts, no modification to the pistol grip, and analuminiumsafety plunger, unlike the E3 variants. Lastly, the E5 variants had 9 modified parts in addition to those from the E3/E4 variants.[13]

SA80 development was complicated from the start. One complication was at least three project staffing changes at the Royal Small Arms Factory, which resulted in repetitive testing. One problem with the design of the gun itself was that the cases would be ejected at constantly varying angles as it heated up and the rate of fire changed, resulting in a large ejection port.[14]The conversion from 4.85mm to 5.56mm also caused a complication, as the rate of fire dropped but the pressure and time curve of the rounds were different. The 4.85mm round was based on the 5.56mm case in anticipation of the need to convert calibres. The barrel was changed easily, but the gas ports were much larger. Pressure problems had less of an effect on the LSW due to its longer barrel.[15]

Production

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Accepted into service: 5.56×45mm, L85A1, L86A1, L98A1

[edit]
L85A1 with SUSAT
L85A1 field-stripped
Field-stripped L85A2 (post-2009 model)

After receiving feedback from users and incorporating the various design changes requested, including adapting the rifle for use with the heavier Belgian SS109 version of the 5.56×45mm round and improving reliability, the weapon system was accepted into service with the British Armed Forces in 1985 as the SA80. The SA80 family originally consisted of the L85A1 Rifle, the L86A1 Light Support Weapon (LSW), and L98A1 Cadet GP Rifle. The first weapons were issued in October 1985.[16][page needed][6]

The SA80 family was designed and produced by theRoyal Small Arms FactoryatEnfield Lock.In 1988, production of the rifle was transferred to the Nottingham Small Arms Facility owned byRoyal Ordnance(laterBritish Aerospace,Royal Ordnance; nowBAE Systems), the site was previously known asROF Nottingham.It was envisaged that the family would replace the L1A1 SLR, theL2A3 (Sterling) submachine gun,theL4 Light Machine Gun(a modernisedBren), and theL7A2 General Purpose Machine Gunas used at section level. Regular infantry,Royal Marineunits, and theRAF Regimentwere to change over by 1987, remaining regular army units by 1990, remaining RAF units by 1991,Territorial Armyunits by 1991–1993, and the Royal Navy by 1993.[17]

In 1994, production was officially completed. More than 350,000 L85 rifles and L86 LSWs had been manufactured for the British Armed Forces, with the former variant comprising 95% of the total run,[17]with over 21,700 L98A1 rifles were produced for cadet use.[18]The production line was broken up shortly afterwards, with the Nottingham facility closing in 2001. Upgrade programmes and requirements for spare and replacement parts have since been fulfilled by then British-ownedHeckler & Koch,which later reopened the Nottingham site.[citation needed]

As responsibility for the funding and supply of the home defence regiments of theBritish Overseas Territorieshas been handed to the local governments of the territories, despite the regiments themselves coming under command of the national (British) government and being loosely integrated with the British Army, the SA80 was not automatically supplied to these units. TheBermuda Regimentadopted theRuger Mini-14in 1983, although small stocks of the L85 were also acquired for the purpose of familiarisation training as many of its personnel attend courses or attachments in Britain.[19]The Regiment later acquired an additional 400 L85A2 rifles in 2015 to replace the Mini-14 as the standard-issue rifle.[20]

TheRoyal Gibraltar Regiment,which is more closely integrated with the British Army, adopted the SA80 from the outset. TheFalkland Islands Defence Forceadopted theSteyr AUG(another 5.56×45mm bullpup rifle)[21]which served until 2019 when the Defence Force adopted the L85A2 as part of a wider effort to align its weapons, training and procedures with those of the British Armed Forces.[citation needed]

The L85 is in use with theJamaica Defence Force.[22]Various African and South American countries received SA80s as part of wider military aid packages.[23]

Design flaws

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Soon after being adopted for service, problems began to surface during troop trials held between 1986 and 1987. Components were found to be insufficiently robust, the LSW's bipod lock often failed to hold the bipod legs in closed position, the plastic furniture was melted by insect repellent, metal parts were quick to rust in jungle environments, and the weapon's mechanism was highly susceptible to dusty and arctic environments.[24][25]

These problems were not helped by the production process. The SA80 series was produced from metal stampings. WhileRSAF Enfieldhad previous experience in manufacturing stamped-metal firearms, this was only in relation to weapons such as theStensubmachine gun that had relatively loose tolerances. The tighter tolerances required by the SA80 soon led to production delays and high wastage levels.[citation needed]There were also issues with regard to working practices and employee attitudes at the Enfield site which were exacerbated by its closure in 1988 and resulting redundancies.[17]One worker was recorded as saying that "Having been shafted by BAE and our own management, we thought why the hell should we care if [the SA80] worked or not. All we wanted to do was see the last of the bloody things and leave."[26]

While production at the Nottingham facility was supposed to result in better-quality weapons owing to the use of newer manufacturing methods,[25]few of the staff working there had any experience of firearms manufacture. Only 15 to 20 components were actually produced in-house, compared to the Enfield site's total of 230, with the rest being outsourced to subcontractors. Since the plant kept low stocks of pre-produced components, significant delays were incurred if subcontracted components were late in arriving at the Nottingham site or did not meet required tolerances.[17]

When the L85A1 and L86A1 were first sent into major combat during theGulf War,individual performance was far from adequate. The L85A1 proved unreliable in semi-automatic mode, and slightly better in fully automatic mode, while the opposite was true of the L86A1. Specific complaints included: the poor quality plastic furniture fell apart and the gun was damaged easily; the magazine release catch was easily knocked accidentally and dropped the magazine; the catch on the top cover over the gas mechanism was too weak and constantly popped open, so it had to be taped down; only 26–28 rounds could be loaded in a magazine because the springs were weak, something that was also mentioned in training manuals, at least with regard to earlierColt-produced magazines,[27]and it had to be kept very clean and the lips checked for dents.[15]

The magazine was made from aluminium and would deform if grasped too tightly. During firing, this could choke the flow of rounds and result in a jam; the LSW had a small magazine capacity for its role and overheated after 120–150 rounds fired in bursts; the weapons were difficult to strip and reassemble, with the gas plug easily jamming in place and requiring an armorer to remove; the firing pin was too narrow and would snap; the back of the trigger surface was flat which with snow or dirt accumulating behind it would prevent the trigger from pulling back all the way and firing the gun; and ergonomic issues related to the safety catch, cocking lever, and the location and stiffness of the fire selector switch.[15]

DuringOperation Palliserand other intervention operations in Sierra Leone, it was discovered that the version of the safety plunger used for production weapons was made from cheap injection-moulded plastic that swelled when wet, potentially rendering weapons inoperative if they had been left on 'safe'.[28]The SA80 initially gained a poor reputation amongst British soldiers as being unreliable and fragile, a fact picked up by the UK media,[29]entertainment industry,[30]and members of the House of Lords.[31]Special Air ServicesergeantChris Ryanregarded the SA80s as being "poor-quality, unreliable weapons at the best of times, prone to stoppages, and it seemed pretty tough to have to rely on them".[32]

Immediately after theGulf War,[a]theMinistry of Defence(MOD) commissioned the LANDSET Report,[b]into the effectiveness of the L85A1 and L86A1. This report criticised the acceptance of the weapon into service. Neither weapon had managed to pass the sand trials and both frequently jammed. The mechanism of both weapons needed to be well-lubricated as the weapon became prone to seizure if fired "dry", yet in a sandy environment the lubricated weapon became unreliable due to the lubricant attracting sand into the moving parts. The LANDSET report identified in excess of 50 faults, most notably the magazine release catch, which could easily be caught on clothing and accidentally release the magazine; the plastic safety plunger which became brittle in cold climates; and firing pins that were not up to repeated use, and prone to fracture if used in automatic fire mode.[26]

The report concluded that "It is, however, quite clear that infantrymen did not have CONFIDENCE in their personal weapon. Most expected a stoppage in the first magazine fired. Some platoon commanders considered that casualties would have occurred due to weapon stoppages if the enemy had put up any resistance in the trench and bunker clearing operations. Even discounting the familiarisation period of desert conditions, when some may have still been using the incorrect lubrication drill, stoppages continued to occur."[26]

The report was leaked to the press, at which point the Ministry of Defence claimed that it was fake; while it was later admitted that the report was a genuine document,[33]the MOD continued to downplay its significance, and only seven of the 50 faults identified were addressed by subsequent modifications, meaning that complaints over reliability in service continued. The MOD finally began to take the SA80 family's issues seriously in 1992, but procuring entirely new weapons was considered too expensive.[15]

A2 upgrade programme

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As a result, a more extensive modification programme was executed. In 2000, a team from Heckler & Koch, led by Ernst Mauch, was contracted to upgrade the SA80 family of weapons.[34]At that time Heckler & Koch were owned by BAE Systems. 200,000 SA80s were re-manufactured for £400 each, producing the A2 variant. Changes focused primarily on improving reliability and include a redesigned cocking handle, modified bolt, extractor and a redesigned hammer assembly that produces a slight delay in the hammer's operation in continuous fire mode, improving reliability and stability. The rifle and the LSW underwent modifications, and the programme also saw the introduction of a carbine variant.[35]The Ministry of Defence describes the A2 revision as "producing the most reliable weapons of their type in the world".[36]Armed Forces trials indicated extremely good reliability over a range of climates for various operational scenarios, though with a decline in reliability in hot, and especially hot and dry conditions.[37][15]

The L85A2 achieved an average reliability rate of 25,200mean rounds between failure,and the L86A2 achieved 12,897 mean rounds between failures. Both weapons have higher reliability rates in cold/dry, temperate, and hot/wet conditions,[c]but lower rates in hot/dry environments. The minimum expected life of A2 components is 10,000 rounds, meaning they might never suffer stoppages during their lifetimes. Mean rounds between failures was the measure of the average number of rounds that are fired between failures of a battlefield mission test. A battlefield mission was counted as a failure when there was more than one stoppage that the soldier could clear immediately on their own or there was a stoppage that required an armourer or a tool to clear. The Individual Weapon fired 165 battlefield missions, each comprising 150 rounds over 8 mins 40 secs. A total of 24,750 rounds were fired and suffered only 51 stoppages.[d]Out of 165 battlefield missions, the A2 passed 156; the nine failures stoppages were easily cleared and not mission critical. The L85A2 achieved a 95% success rate, above the operational requirement of 90%, and its nearest rival of popular choice achieved only 47%.[15]Originally slated for introduction in 2002,[38]the first A2-style SA80 weapons were rushed into action in Afghanistan in December 2001, and all 200,000 were converted by February 2006. Three to four thousand weapons were converted per month. Despite the modifications, reports emerged that the L85A2 was still jamming; in reality, there were few jams and problems were much less serious than they were made out to be, since they stemmed from isolated cases of soldiers not cleaning their weapons correctly.[15]The modified A2 variants are distinguished by the "HK A2" marking on the top of the weapon just forward of the buttplate and the distinctive comma-shaped cocking handle (shaped to aid the ejection of the empty round casing and prevent stoppages).

Continued testing of the L85A2 in adverse conditions demonstrates its reliability over contemporary rifles, including the M16. Although it is heavier than most conventional and more modern bullpup rifles, its full-length barrel gives higher muzzle velocities and better terminal performance than both the AmericanM4 carbineandM16 assault rifle.Rounds from anM4will only reliably fragment out to 50–100 metres, while the L85A2 and M16 allowed fragmentation out to 150–200 metres and the L86A2 has an even longer fragmentation range.[15]Despite these modifications, the L86A2 was supplemented with a belt-fed machine gun. British troops were issued withFN Minimimachine guns to add suppressive fire out to 300 metres.[15]

The weapon drills were changed with the upgrade to A2, including a requirement toforward assistwith the left hand to ensure the bolt is properly closed and locked; without this there is increased risk of a jam. A new cleaning kit was issued with major enhancements designed for simpler and more effective use while on operations.[citation needed]

A further upgrade including the provision ofAdvanced Combat Optical Gunsights(ACOGs), aDaniel Defense-designedPicatinny rail(RIS) handguard for the L85 rifle (with optional Grip Pod downgrip),[39]and a new vortex styleflash eliminatorwas introduced as anUrgent Operational Requirement;initially introduced for use by selected units in 2007,[40]the upgrade package was subsequently rolled out on a more general basis from 2009 onwards.[41]

A3 upgrade programme

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L85A3 rifle

The SA80A3 was first unveiled in prototype form in September 2016[42]with working models on display in September 2017 at the Defence and Security Equipment International event[43]and official adoption taking place in 2018.[44]The changes from the SA80A2 design include a modification to the upper receiver and a full-length rail system for optional add-ons such as a vertical foregrip, laser pointer and torch. It also includes a weight saving of 100 g and a new Flat Dark Earth coating offering improved durability and better camouflage across various environments. The Mid Life Improvement (MLI) project received an initial investment of £5.4 million to have 5,000 weapons upgraded initially, with plans for more weapons to be upgraded in the future. The MLI project should see the weapon in service with the British military beyond 2025.[45][46][47]Only the L85 rifle was announced as being upgraded; the L86 LSW would be withdrawn from use.[48]The A3 received further upgrades in late 2020 following feedback from soldiers. These upgrades mainly included improvements to the ergonomics of the handguard and a switch from Heckler & Koch's HKey accessory attachment system toMagpul'sM-LOK.[49]

Design details

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Operating mechanism

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A Royal Marine aims an L85A2 equipped with an L123A2Heckler & Koch AG36grenade launcher.

With the exception of the L98A2, the SA80 system is aselective firegas-operateddesign that uses ignited powder gases bled through a port in the barrel to provide the weapon's automation. The rifle uses a short-stroke gas piston system located above the barrel, which is fed gas through a three-position adjustable gas regulator. The first gas setting is used for normal operation, the second ( "Excess" ) is for use in difficult environmental conditions, while the third setting ( "Off" ) prevents any gas from reaching the piston and is used to launchrifle grenades.[27][50][51]The weapon uses a rotating cylindrical bolt that contains seven radially mounted locking splines, an extractor and casing ejector. The bolt's rotation is controlled by a cam stud that slides inside ahelicalcamming guide machined into the bolt carrier.[citation needed]

Features

[edit]
AUS Marineoperating the cocking handle of an L85A1, 2000.

The family is built in abullpuplayout (the action is behind the trigger group), with a forward-mountedpistol grip.The main advantage of this type of arrangement is the overall compactness of the weapon, which can be achieved without compromising the barrel length, hence the overall length of the L85 rifle is shorter than a carbine, but the barrel length is that of an assault rifle. While left-handed conversion kits were trialled, the weapon as finally issued must be used exclusively right-handed since the ejection port and cocking handle (which reciprocates during firing) are on the right side of the receiver, making aimed fire from the left shoulder difficult. This can also give rise to a tactical disadvantage when firing around the left side of cover, where the shooter must expose the majority of their body.[52]However left shoulder firing can be achieved by tilting the right hand side of the rifle downwards, reducing the impediments of the cocking handle and the ejection port;[53][need quotation to verify]the MOD also maintains that left-handed soldiers are capable of accurately firing the weapon from the right shoulder.[15]

The SA80 family is hammer-fired and has a trigger mechanism with a fire-control selector that enables semi-automatic/repetition and fully automatic fire (the fire selector lever is located at the left side of the receiver, just aft of the magazine). A cross bolt type safety prevents accidental firing and is located above the trigger; the "safe" setting blocks the movement of the trigger. The magazine release button is placed above the magazine housing, on the left side of the receiver. When the last cartridge is fired from the magazine, the bolt and bolt carrier assembly lock to the rear. To release the bolt, the user has to press a black button on the left side of the rifle, near the fire selector.[citation needed]

The SA80 barrel features a flash eliminator which serves as a mounting base for attaching ablank firing attachment;it also allows for the use of rifle grenades or abayonetwith the rifle variant.[citation needed]

The weapon's receiver is made fromstampedsheetsteel,reinforced withweldedandrivetedmachinedsteel inserts. Synthetic materials such asnylonwere used to fabricate the furniture and the safety plunger.[citation needed]

Sights

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A view through a SUSAT sight.

Initially, rifles used by theRoyal Marines,British Armyinfantry soldiers (and other soldiers with a dismounted close combat role) and theRAF Regimentare equipped with aSUSAT(Sight Unit Small Arms, Trilux) optical sight, with a fixed 4× magnification and an illuminated aiming pointer powered by a variabletritiumlight source (as of 2006 almost all British Army personnel deployed on operations have been issued SUSATs); this is also the standard sighting arrangement for the LSW variant. Mounted on the SUSAT's one-piece, pressuredie-castaluminium body are a set of back-upiron sightsthat consist of a front blade and small rear aperture. Rifles used with other branches of the armed forces when not on operations are configured with fixed iron sights, consisting of a flip rear aperture housed inside the carrying handle and a forward post vertical blade foresight, installed on a bracket above the gas block. The rear sight can be adjusted for windage, and the foresight—elevation. In place of the SUSAT, a passive night vision CWS scope can be used.[27]

More recently, weapons used by some Royal Marines, Infantry, RAF Regiment,Ministry of Defence Policeand soldiers with a dismounted close combat role in operations in Afghanistan have had the SUSAT replaced with theTrijiconAdvanced Combat Optical Gunsight(ACOG).[16][page needed]In 2011, the Ministry of Defence began issuingELCANSpecterOS 4× Lightweight Day Sights (LDS) in an effort to replace ageing SUSAT units across the British Armed Forces, forming the first stage of theFISTinfantry enhancement project.[54]In order to mount the new sight, the weapon has been provided with an adapter to convert the existing sight rail to thePicatinnystandard, in keeping with the updated handguard. The FIST project has also seen upgrades to the existingQioptiqCWS (4×) and Maxi-Kite (6×) night vision scopes, and the introduction of the FIST Thermal Sight, following operational experience with the VIPIR-2+ thermal weapon sight in Afghanistan. All of the new FIST weapon sights have the capacity to accept Shield's Close Quarter Battlesight reflex sight.[55]

Magazines

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A close-up of an L85A2 with the polymer Magpul EMAG. Note the clear round counting window.

SA80 weapons are fed from aSTANAG magazine,usually with a 30-round capacity. Initially issued magazines were aluminiumColtmagazines which were not particularly robust, leading to a steel replacement being produced byROF Radway Green.[56]These magazines were then replaced during the A2 upgrade programme with two new steel magazines byHeckler & Koch;the main variant is for live ammunition, and the other is exclusively used for blank ammunition. The blank variant is identified by yellow stripes on the magazine, and is designed to prevent the unintentional loading of live rounds. This magazine has less internal length so that live rounds will not fit, while still fitting blank rounds, which are shorter. Blank rounds will fit into the live-round magazine, but the difference in length increases the chance of a stoppage.[50][51]TheMagpul Industriespolymer EMAG magazine was introduced from 2011, featuring a lower weight of 130 grams (4.6 oz) compared to the steel magazine's 249 grams (8.8 oz), a detachable dust cover, and a clear window in the magazine body that allows easy monitoring of how much ammunition remains in the magazine.[57]TheBeta C-Magwas trialled in an attempt to improve the L86's limited ability to lay down sustained fire, but reliability problems with the magazine when loaded with British-issue ammunition meant that it was not adopted.[56]

Bayonet

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A bayonet attached to an L85A2 rifle
Bayonet detail

In British Armed Forces use, the L85 Rifle is issued with the socket-type L3A1 Bayonet, which has a hollow handle that fits onto the muzzle. The blade is offset to the side of the handle to allow the rifle to be fired while the bayonet is fitted. It is shaped to produce good penetration when thrust and to part a person's ribs without embedding into bone,[citation needed]and a ribbed section for rope cutting. The bayonet handle is shaped so as to allow the bayonet to be used as afighting knifein its own right. The issued scabbard features a saw blade for use on wood, a sharpening stone to hone the bayonet, and a bottle opener. When combined with the bayonet, it also forms a wire cutter.[27][58]

When soldiers from thePrincess of Wales's Royal Regimentwent into battle with fixed bayonets on their SA80s during theBattle of Al Amarain Iraq on 14 May 2004, it was the first time fixed bayonets had been used by British troops since theFalklands War.[59]On several occasions, fixed bayonets were used during the Afghanistan conflict.[60]The bayonet cannot be fitted to the L22 Carbine[61]or L86 Light Support Weapon. As a result, soldiers equipped with the latter sometimes swapped their weapons for vehicle crewmen's L85s when clearing trenches duringOperation Granby.[33]

Accessories

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L85A2 carrying upgraded Laser Light Module Mk 3 with 800 m range.

The SA80 is supplied with a sling,blank-firing adaptor,and cleaning kit. The rifle can be adapted to use.22 Long Rifletraining ammunition with a special conversion kit.[27][need quotation to verify][page needed]TheSmall Arms Weapons Effects Simulatorcan be used on the L85 when in training withblank ammunition.On operations with ground close combat units (Infantry, Royal Marines, RAF Regiment), the rifle is often fitted with anLLM01Laser Light Module and deployable bipod mounted within an optional front grip.[citation needed]

Variants

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There are four main variants that make up the SA80 family: theL85 Rifle,theL86 Light Support Weapon,theL22 Carbineand theL98 Cadet rifle.

Rifle

[edit]
Royal Netherlands Marine Corpscaptain aiming an L85A2 with SUSAT and polymer handguard
L85A2 with Elcan LDS and L123 UGL, including Rapid Acquisition Aiming Module

TheL85 Rifle,[51]referred to on occasion as theL85 Individual Weapon (IW),[2]is the standard rifle for the British Armed Forces.[62]

When initially adopted for service, the L85's grenade-launching ability was fulfilled by then-conventional rifle grenades, namely the L74A1high-explosive anti-tank(HEAT) and L75A1 HEAT-APERS versions of the Luchaire grenade; when these experienced problems with premature detonation, theL85A1 HE grenadewas adopted in their place. Various underbarrelgrenade launchermodels were trialled, including theM203and a proprietary "Enfield Close Assault Weapon" developed by Royal Ordnance.[63]It was eventually decided that theL17A2/L12340mmUnderslung Grenade Launcher (UGL) should be adopted; this is issued on a scale of one per fireteam,[64]and is used with fragmentation,high-explosive dual-purpose(HEDP), red phosphorus,[65]white illuminating parachute, infra-red illuminating parachute, practice, and drill ammunition,[50][51]with buckshot ammunition also being intended for adoption.[36]The addition of the UGL adds another 1.12 kg to the L85A2's weight.[2]

Light Support Weapon

[edit]
L86A2 LSW
British soldier providing instruction on the L86 to a Polish serviceman during the 2008 Kozacki Step exercises

TheL86 Light Support Weapon (LSW)is a magazine-fedsquad automatic weaponoriginally intended to provide fire support at afireteamlevel. The weapon has a heavier, longer 646 millimetres (25.4 in) barrel than the rifle and features a shorter handguard with an integrated bipod protruding from the front.[66]The stock has a shoulder strap to take the weapon's weight in the prone position and a rear vertical grip for better control of the weapon when firing bursts. The weapon is otherwise identical to the L85 version on which it is based, and the same magazines and sighting systems are used.[27]In addition to British Armed Forces use, the LSW was adopted by MOD-sponsored cadet organisations.[67]

The increased barrel length, bipod and the optical performance of the SUSAT give the weapon excellent accuracy, increased muzzle velocity and greater effective range. From its inception, the L86 was a target of criticism on much the same basis as the L85.[citation needed]The LSW has the additional issue of its inability to deliver sustained automatic fire as it lacks a belt feed. This is common with any light support weapon derived from a rifle, for example the heavy-barrel FN FAL.[35]

While the LSW was supposed to replace the L7A2 GPMG at the section level, the weapon's shortcomings meant that many units reverted to the GPMG, or held onto it if it had not already been replaced. The role of a LSW was ultimately filled by theFN Minimi,known in service as the L110A1-A3 light machine gun, a belt fed weapon with a quick-change barrel in the same way as the GPMG.[68]Owing to its high level of accuracy in semi-automatic mode,[69]the primary use of the L86 shifted to that of asharpshooter riflefollowing the introduction of the L110A1.[70]It was replaced in this role by theL129A1Sharpshooter Rifle.[71]The L86 was withdrawn from service in 2019.[48]

Carbine

[edit]
Royal Marines boarding team member with an L22 Carbine

The length savings offered by the SA80's bullpup design meant that initially there were no plans for a carbine variant. By 1984, an extremely short prototype model was developed. The barrel terminated immediately in front of the pistol grip, which in combination with the lack of any sort of foregrip or handguard presented a risk of self-inflicted gunshot injuries if the firer's left hand was to slip forward. Two further prototypes appeared in 1989 and 1994. The former was slightly longer than the previous model at an overall length 556 mm (21.9 in) with a 289 mm (11.4 in) barrel and used the rear grip from the LSW as a foregrip, while the latter used a 17.4-inch barrel (442 mm) with an overall 709 mm (27.9 in) length and was fitted with the handguard from the LSW.[72]

The fourth attempt (2003–2004) is the only one to officially be adopted, being known as theL22 Carbinein British service. It resembles the 1989 model, including the foregrip which is now a purpose-made component which can be adjusted by the end user, but is constructed to A2 standards and has a 318 mm (12.5 in) barrel and an overall length of 565 mm. Around 1,500 were manufactured from surplus L86 LSWs. More were built with the increased demand, bringing the total to around 2,000.[73]The shortened barrel means that the carbine is less accurate than the rifle variant, especially at longer ranges. The official manual gives an effective range of 200 m while stating that the weapon's effectiveness beyond this is entirely dependent on the firer's skill.[51]

The version that was finally accepted for service was introduced during the A2 upgrade programme[74]- official documentation disagrees over whether to refer to the weapon as the L22A1[50][51]or L22A2.[61]Initially issued to tank and armoured vehicle crews for emergency action out of vehicle (personal defense weaponuse), the L22's compact size has led it to being used by the Royal Marines Fleet Protection Group as well as helicopter pilots,armoured fighting vehiclecrews and dog handlers of all three service branches.[73][75]

Cadet General Purpose Rifle

[edit]
Sea Cadetfiring the now-retired L98A1 Cadet GP Rifle
L103A2 Drill Purpose version of the L98A2 Cadet GP Rifle. This particular example lacks the front sight post.

TheL98 Cadet General Purpose (GP) Rifleis used for weapons training by theCombined Cadet ForceandCommunity Cadet Forces.The L98A2 is identical to the L85A2 rifle save for the absence of fully automatic capability and a plain foresight blade without a tritium insert.[72]

The initial L98A1 version was introduced in 1987 to replace the.303Lee–Enfield No 4 riflesand.303 Bren gunsin the Army Cadet Force, which had not been replaced by theSLRowing to that weapon's weight and recoil being deemed as too much for young cadets.[76]The GP Rifle had no such problems,[72]and its suitability for cadet use was emphasised in official documentation.[77]In theAir Training Corpsit replaced theSLR[citation needed]which had been adopted and had replaced theLee–Enfield No 4 riflespreviously used. It was similar to the L85A1 but lacked the gas components, instead being a manually operated,single-shotweapon, with a cocking handle extension piece mounted on the right side of the weapon for this purpose. It was also distinguishable by the absence of a flash eliminator and only being fitted with standard iron sights.

The L98A1 rifle began a phased decommission in early 2009 in favour of the updated L98A2 version;[citation needed]

Both Cadet GP Rifle variants also have a drill purpose version designated as the L103, used for teaching cadets the basics of the weapon they are handling and for rifle drill; this SA80 variant has been modified so as to render it a deactivated weapon and make subsequent reactivation uneconomical. It can be distinguished from live weapons by the use of a white cheek piece and handguard top cover, the bolt carrier assembly being painted red, and the letters 'DP' (Drill Purpose) being present towards the rear of the weapon.[citation needed]

L402A1 0.22 Small Bore Rifle

[edit]

A.22 Rimfirecalibre based on the L85A2 was developed by Heckler & Koch in 2021. This rifle's operation is simple blow-back with both its mechanism and magazine similar to that of the L41A1 ‘Kit Conversion’.[78]

Conflicts

[edit]

The SA80 has been used in all conflicts in which the British Armed Forces have been involved since its introduction in the early 1980s. Deployments include the following:[79]

Users

[edit]
A map with SA80 users in blue

Non-state users

[edit]

See also

[edit]
Other bullpup assault rifles

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^the British activities namedOperation Granby
  2. ^officially entitled "Equipment Performance (SA80) During Operation Granby (The Gulf War)"
  3. ^over 31,500 MRBF for L85A2
  4. ^485 rounds fired for every stoppage

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^Grant 2016,p. 73.
  2. ^abcdefg"British Army Vehicles and Equipment"(PDF).MoD. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 19 November 2010.
  3. ^"SMALL ARMS AND SUPPORT WEAPONS".army.mod.uk.Retrieved16 November2023.
  4. ^Grant 2016,p. 4.
  5. ^Cashner, Bob (2013).The FN FAL Battle Rifle.Osprey Publishing. p. 6-15.ISBN978-1-78096-904-6.
  6. ^abMeek, James (10 October 2002),"Off Target",The Guardian
  7. ^Hogg, Ian V.; Weeks, John (1981),Military Small Arms of the 20th Century(4th ed.), DBI Books,ISBN978-0-910676-28-1
  8. ^A Historical Review of Armalite(PDF),ArmaLite Inc., 4 January 2010, archived fromthe original(PDF)on 12 June 2014
  9. ^Johnston, Gary Paul; Nelson, Thomas B., "Chapter 29 Great Britain",The World's Assault Rifles
  10. ^"SA80 History: The First Mockups (Sterling and Stoner)".Forgotten Weapons.5 May 2017.Retrieved30 May2017.
  11. ^The World's Assault Rifles by Gary Paul Johnston, Thomas B. Nelson, Chapter 67
  12. ^McCollum, Ian (13 May 2017)."SA80 History: XL70 Series Final Prototypes (Individual Weapon and LSW)".forgottenweapons.Retrieved30 May2017.
  13. ^abWetters-Chronology."The 5.56 X 45mm: 1974–1985 – A Chronology of Development".Daniel Watters, The Gun Zone.Archived fromthe originalon 4 May 2007.Retrieved5 May2007.
  14. ^"SA80 (Small Arms for the 1980s): The Sorry Saga of the British Bulldog's Bullpup".historyofwar.org.Retrieved30 May2017.
  15. ^abcdefghijWilliams 2013.
  16. ^abGrant 2016.
  17. ^abcdGrant 2016,p. 74.
  18. ^"FOI2015_03633 Memo"(PDF).Ministry of Defence.28 April 2015.
  19. ^"Photos Of Bermuda Regiment Weapons Demonstration".Bernews.14 January 2013.Retrieved9 January2023.Photographs 27 and 28 of 52
  20. ^ab"Rifles worth $1.4m donated to Regiment".The Royal Gazette: Bermuda News.5 August 2015.Retrieved30 May2017.
  21. ^"Special Forces (Land) (Falkland Islands), Amphibious and special forces".Jane's Amphibious and Special Forces.25 November 2010. Archived fromthe originalon 15 August 2011.Retrieved28 May2018.
  22. ^Watters, Daniel."The 5.56 X 45mm: 1990–1994".Archived fromthe originalon 4 January 2010.Retrieved15 June2009.
  23. ^abcdefgGrant 2016,p. 75.
  24. ^Grant 2016,p. 49.
  25. ^abHogg, Ian; Weeks, John (1991).Military Small Arms of the 20th Century.London: Arms and Armour Press. p. 158.ISBN978-1-854-09034-8.[...] the first five years of this rifle's service have been disastrous. A number of manufacturing defects showed up in service conditions, and it was not until the closure of the RSAF at Enfield and the setting up of an entirely new production line, with new computer-controlled machine tools, at the new RSAF Nottingham, that the quality of the production weapons began to improve. It will take some time for the poor reputation gained by the initial issue weapons to be overcome; the only consolation is that the same sort of thing has happened to other military rifles in the past, and they have managed to live down their early reputation and prove their innate reliability. It is to be hoped that the L85A1 will do as well.
  26. ^abcRaw, Steve (2003).The Last Enfield – SA80: The Reluctant Rifle.Cobourg: Collector Grade Publications.ISBN978-0-889-35303-9.
  27. ^abcdefgInfantry Training Volume II, Pamphlet No. 6 The SA 80 Rifle and Light Support Weapon (LSW) (All Arms).Ministry of Defence. 1988. AC71374.
  28. ^Grant 2016,p. 30.
  29. ^Meek, James (10 October 2002),"Off Target",The Guardian
  30. ^for example theBremner, Bird and Fortunesatirical comedy documentaryBetween Iraq and a Hard Placeincluded the line: "The SA80 is a lethal weapon, especially for anyone trying to fire it", similar to a description of the Vietnam War era M16.
  31. ^"The Defence Estimates 1990".Parliamentary Debates (Hansard).17 July 1990.Retrieved23 December2014.
  32. ^Ryan, Chris (2011).The One That Got Away.London: Arrow Books. p. 55.ISBN978-0-099-55667-1.
  33. ^abGrant 2016,p. 28.
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  35. ^abHastings, Max (31 July 2004)."Don't Buy British".The Guardian.London.
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  38. ^Harding, Thomas (16 October 2001)."Rifles up-dated in time for invasion".The Telegraph.London.Archivedfrom the original on 12 January 2022.Retrieved15 September2019.
  39. ^"Supply of Handguards and Downgrips for SA80A2".European Defence Agency.
  40. ^"Kit Magazine"(PDF).Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom).Winter 2007. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 1 October 2008.Retrieved16 March2008.
  41. ^Grant 2016,p. 41.
  42. ^Miles (12 September 2016)."Why won't you die? L85A3 prototype photos released to public".The Firearm Blog.Carbon Media Group.
  43. ^Moss, Matthew (20 September 2017)."DSEI17 – H&K Unveil Upgrades to British SA80".The Firearm Blog.Carbon Media Group.
  44. ^"SA80 Rifle Gets An Upgrade".defense-aerospace.Giovanni de Briganti.(Source: British Army; issued April 10, 2018)
  45. ^"British Army's rifle set for multi-million-pound upgrade"(Press release). Ministry of Defence. 11 April 2018.
  46. ^Steward, Oliver (5 January 2018)."L85A3: The rifle that refuses to give up".UK Defence Journal.
  47. ^Nicholls, Dominic; Dias, Duarte (2 November 2018)."New British Army rifle is among world's 'most lethal' weapons, military chiefs say".The Telegraph.Archivedfrom the original on 12 January 2022.Retrieved3 November2018.
  48. ^ab"Soldier Magazine".British Army.Archived fromthe originalon 11 August 2018.Retrieved9 August2018.
  49. ^Muncey, Steve (August 2020)."Handy Additions: Soldiers' input leads to rapid improvemenst of the SA80 A3".Soldier Magazine.The British Army.Retrieved12 July2024.
  50. ^abcdInfantry Training Volume II, Pamphlet No. 5 The SA80 A2 (5.56 mm) System (Rifle, Light Support Weapon and Carbine) and Associated Equipment.Ministry of Defence. 2004. AC71807.
  51. ^abcdefInfantry Training Volume II, Pamphlet No. 5 The SA80 A2 (5.56 mm) System (Rifle, Light Support Weapon and Carbine) and Associated Equipment.Ministry of Defence. 2011. Army Code No. 71807.
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  56. ^abGrant 2016,p. 46.
  57. ^"Troops in Afghanistan get new lightweight rifle magazines".GOV.UK(Press release). 19 January 2011.
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  59. ^Wyatt, Caroline (28 April 2009)."Remembering the Battle of Al Amara".BBC News.Retrieved9 April2011.
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  73. ^abGrant 2016,p. 25.
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References

[edit]
  • Ferguson, Jonathan S.(2021).Thorneycroft to SA80: British Bullpup Firearms 1901–2020.Nashville, Tennessee: Headstamp Publishing.ISBN978-1-7334246-2-2.
  • Grant, Neil (2016).SA80 Assault Rifles.Osprey Publishing.ISBN978-1-4728-1104-2.
  • Raw, Steve (2003).The Last Enfield SA80: The Reluctant Rifle.Canada: Cobourg: Collector Grade Publications Incorporated.ISBN0-88935-303-4.
  • Infantry Training Volume II, Pamphlet No. 5 The SA80 A2 (5.56 mm) System (Rifle, Light Support Weapon and Carbine) and Associated Equipment.Ministry of Defence. 2011. AC71807.
  • Cadet Training, The L98A2 Cadet GP Rifle (5.56 mm), L86A2 Light Support Weapon and Associated Equipment.Ministry of Defence. 2014. AC71807-C.
  • Williams, Anthony G. (April 2013),"SA80: Mistake Or Maligned – And What Next?",Military Guns & Ammunition,archived fromthe originalon 23 November 2022
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