STS-41
 Ulyssesand itsInertial Upper Stage(IUS) in the payload bay ofDiscovery | |
| Names | Space Transportation System-41 |
|---|---|
| Mission type | Ulyssesspacecraftdeployment |
| Operator | NASA |
| COSPAR ID | 1990-090A |
| SATCATno. | 20841 |
| Mission duration | 4 days, 2 hours, 10 minutes, 4 seconds |
| Distance travelled | 2,747,866 km (1,707,445 mi) |
| Orbits completed | 66 |
| Spacecraft properties | |
| Spacecraft | Space ShuttleDiscovery |
| Launch mass | 117,749 kg (259,592 lb) |
| Landing mass | 89,298 kg (196,868 lb) |
| Payload mass | 15,362 kg (33,867 lb) |
| Crew | |
| Crew size | 5 |
| Members | |
| Start of mission | |
| Launch date | October 6, 1990, 11:47:15UTC(7:47:15amEDT) |
| Launch site | Kennedy,LC-39B |
| Contractor | Rockwell International |
| End of mission | |
| Landing date | October 10, 1990, 13:57:19UTC (6:57:19amPDT) |
| Landing site | Edwards,Runway22 |
| Orbital parameters | |
| Reference system | Geocentric orbit |
| Regime | Low Earth orbit |
| Perigee altitude | 300 km (190 mi) |
| Apogee altitude | 307 km (191 mi) |
| Inclination | 28.45° |
| Period | 90.60 minutes |
| Instruments | |
| |
 STS-41 mission patch  From left:Melnick,Cabana,Akers,RichardsandShepherdare pictured in front of theT-38jet trainer | |
STS-41was the 36thSpace Shuttlemission and the eleventh mission of theSpace ShuttleDiscovery.The four-day mission had a primary objective of launching theUlyssesprobe as part of the "International Solar Polar Mission"(ISPM).
Crew
[edit]| Position | Astronaut | |
|---|---|---|
| Commander | Richard N. Richards Second spaceflight | |
| Pilot | Robert D. Cabana First spaceflight | |
| Mission Specialist 1 | Bruce E. Melnick First spaceflight | |
| Mission Specialist 2 Flight Engineer |
William Shepherd Second spaceflight | |
| Mission Specialist 3 | Thomas Akers First spaceflight | |
Crew seat assignments
[edit]| Seat[1] | Launch | Landing |  Seats 1–4 are on the flight deck. Seats 5–7 are on the mid-deck. |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Richards | ||
| 2 | Cabana | ||
| 3 | Melnick | Akers | |
| 4 | Shepherd | ||
| 5 | Akers | Melnick | |
| 6 | Unused | ||
| 7 | Unused | ||
Mission highlights
[edit]
Discoverylifted off on October61990 at 7:47:16a.m.EDT.Liftoff occurred 12minutes after a two-and-a-half-hour launch window opened that day at 7:35a.m. EDT. STS-41 featured the heaviest payload to date;Discoveryweighed 117,749 kg (259,592 lb).[2]
The primary payload was theEuropean Space Agency(ESA)-builtUlyssesspacecraft to explore the polar regions ofSun.Attached toUlysseswere two upper stages, theInertial Upper Stage(IUS) and a mission-specificPayload Assist Module-S (PAM-S), combined for the first time to sendUlyssestoward an out-of-ecliptic trajectory. Other payloads and experiments included the Shuttle Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet (SSBUV) experiment, Intelsat Solar Array Coupon (ISAC), Chromosome and Plant Cell Division Experiment (CHROMEX), Voice Command System (VCS), Solid Surface Combustion Experiment (SSCE), Investigations into Polymer Membrane Processing (IPMP), Physiological Systems Experiment (PSE), Radiation Monitoring Experiment III (RME III), Shuttle Student Involvement Program (SSIP) andAir Force Maui Optical Site(AMOS).
Six hours afterDiscovery's launch,Ulysseswas deployed from the payload bay.Ulysses,a joint project between the European Space Agency and NASA, was the first spacecraft to study the Sun's polar regions. Its voyage to the Sun began with a sixteen-month trip to Jupiter, where the planet's gravitational energy was used to flingUlyssessouthward out of the orbital plane of the planets and on toward a solar south pole passage in 1994. The spacecraft crossed back over the orbital plane and made a solar north pole passage in 1995. By the timeDiscoverytouched down atEdwards Air Force Base,California,Ulysseshad already traversed 1,600,000 km (990,000 mi) on its five-year mission.
WithUlysseson its way, the STS-41 crew began an ambitious schedule of science experiments. Flowering plant samples were grown in the CHROMEX-2 module in aKennedy Space CenterandStony Brook Universityexperiment. An earlier version of the experiment flown onSTS-29revealedchromosomedamage in root tip cells but no damage to control plants onEarth.By studying plant samples carried onDiscovery,researchers hoped to determine how the genetic material in the root cells respond tomicrogravity.The information gained was of importance to future space travelers on long-term expeditions, researchers on the plannedSpace Station Freedom,and may contribute to advances inintensive farmingpractices on Earth.
Understanding fire behavior in microgravity was part of the continuing research to improve Space Shuttle safety. In a specially designed chamber called the Solid Surface Combustion Experiment (SSCE), a strip of paper was burned and filmed to gain an understanding of the development of flame and its movement in the absence of convection currents. This experiment was sponsored by theLewis Research Center(LeRC) andMississippi State University.
Atmospheric ozonedepletion is an environmental problem of worldwide concern. At the time, NASA'sNimbus 7satellite andNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA)Television Infrared Observation Satellite(TIROS) satellites provided daily data to permit researchers to detect ozone trends. The Shuttle Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet (SSBUV) instrument from theGoddard Space Flight Centercarried an ozone detector instrument identical to those on the satellites. By comparingDiscovery's measurements with coordinated satellite observations, scientists were able to calibrate their satellite instruments to ensure the most accurate readings possible.
In 1990, a commercial expendable launch vehicle stranded anINTELSAT VIcommunications satelliteinlow Earth orbit.Before STS-41, NASA was evaluating a possible Shuttle rescue mission in 1992. In preparation for this rescue,solar arrays,similar to those on the satellite, were exposed to the conditions of low orbit to determine if they were in any way altered by theatomic oxygenpresent. When the returned arrays were closely examined, it was found that the arrays were not significantly damaged. Based on this finding, NASA went ahead and carried outSTS-49in 1992.
Until STS-41, previous research had shown that during the process of adapting to microgravity, animals and humans experienced loss ofbone mass,cardiacdeconditioning,and after prolonged periods (over 30 days), developedsymptomssimilar to that ofterrestrial disuse osteoporosis.The goal of the STS-41 Physiological Systems Experiment (PSE), sponsored by theAmes Research CenterandPennsylvania State University's Center for Cell Research, was to determine if pharmacological treatments would be effective in reducing or eliminating some of these disorders.Proteins,developed byGenentechofSan Francisco,California,were administered to eightratsduring the flight while another eight rats accompanying them on the flight did not receive the treatment.
The Investigations into Polymer Membrane Processing (IPMP) experiment was conducted to determine the role convection currents play in membrane formation. Membranes are used in commercial applications forpurification of medicines,kidney dialysis,andwater desalination.This experiment was sponsored in part by the Battelle Advanced Materials Center for the Commercial Development of Space inColumbus, Ohio.
During open periods in the STS-41 crew schedule, the astronauts videotaped a number of demonstrations in an effort to create an educational video tape for middle school students. The tape was later distributed nationwide through NASA's Teacher Resource Center network.
The astronauts evaluated the suitability ofgraphical user interfaces.Previous shuttle crews usedGrid Systems laptop computerswith command-line interfaces. The evaluation used mostly commercially available hardware and software, including aMacintosh Portable laptop.The astronauts found the Portable's trackball did not work well in weightlessness. The evaluation was continued onSTS-43,this time using a Macintosh Portable with a modified trackball.[3]
Additional crew activities included experimenting with a voice command system (VCS) to control onboardtelevision camerasand monitoringionizing radiationexposure to the crew within the orbiter cabin.
On October10,1990, at 6:57:19a.m.PDT,Discoverylanded at Edwards Air Force Base, California, on runway 22. Rollout distance was 2,523 m (8,278 ft), and the rollout time was 49 seconds (including a braking test).Discoverywas returned to Kennedy Space Center on October16,1990.
Wake-up calls
[edit]NASA began a tradition of playing music to astronauts during theProject Gemini,which was first used to wake up a flight crew duringApollo 15.Each track is specially chosen, often by their families, and usually has a special meaning to an individual member of the crew, or is applicable to their daily activities.[4]
| Flight Day | Song | Artist/Composer | Played for |
|---|---|---|---|
| Day 2 |
"Rise and Shine, Discovery!" | a group ofBoeingemployees | Ulysses |
| Day 3 |
"Semper Paratus" | The Coast Guard Band | Bruce Melnick |
| Day 4 |
Fanfare for the Common Man | Aaron Copland | |
| Day 5 |
"The Highwayman" | The Highwaymen |
See also
[edit]
References
[edit]- ^"STS-41".Spacefacts.RetrievedFebruary 26,2014.
- ^Chowdhury, Abdul (June 10, 2020)."STS-41".Life Science Data Archive.NASA.RetrievedFebruary 6,2022.
- ^Lewis, Peter H. (August 12, 1991)."SHUTTLE MISSION PUTS COMPUTERS TO THE TEST NASA makes Grid, Macintosh space-friendly".Baltimore Sun.Archivedfrom the original on October 22, 2020.RetrievedMay 27,2022.
- ^Fries, Colin (June 25, 2007)."Chronology of Wakeup Calls"(PDF).NASA.RetrievedAugust 13,2007.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain.
External links
[edit]- NASA mission summaryArchivedJuly 28, 2012, at theWayback Machine
- STS-41 Video HighlightsArchivedOctober 6, 2013, at theWayback Machine
Space ShuttleDiscovery(OV-103) | ||
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