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Saint George

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"St. George" redirects here. For other uses, seeSaint George (disambiguation).

Saint

George
Saint GeorgebyDonatello,c. 1415
Martyr, Patron of England
Born3rd century
Cappadocia,Roman Empire
Died23 April 303
Lydda,Syria Palaestina,Roman Empire[1][2]
Venerated in
Majorshrine
Feast
AttributesClothed as acrusaderinplate armourormail,often bearing alancetipped by a cross, riding a white horse, often slaying adragon.In theGreek East and Latin Westhe is shown withSt George's Crossemblazoned on his armour, orshieldorbanner.
PatronageManypatronages of Saint Georgeexist around the world

Saint George(Greek:Γεώργιος,translit.Geṓrgios;[note 1]died 23 April 303), alsoGeorge of Lydda,was an earlyChristianmartyrwho is venerated as asaintinChristianity.According to tradition, he was a soldier in theRoman army.OfCappadocian Greekorigin, he became a member of thePraetorian GuardforRoman emperorDiocletian,but was sentenced to death for refusing to recant his Christian faith. He became one of the mostveneratedsaints, heroes, andmegalomartyrsin Christianity, and he has been especially venerated as amilitary saintsince theCrusades.He is respected by Christians,Druze,as well as someMuslimsas a martyr ofmonotheisticfaith.

Inhagiography,as one of theFourteen Holy Helpersand one of the most prominent military saints, he is immortalized in the legend ofSaint George and the Dragon.His feast day,Saint George's Day,is traditionally celebrated on 23 April. Historically, the countries ofEngland,Bosnia and Herzegovina,Bulgaria,Georgia,Ukraine,Malta,Ethiopia,the regions ofCataloniaandAragon,and the city ofMoscowhaveclaimed George as their patronsaint, as have several other regions, cities, universities, professions, and organizations. TheChurch of Saint GeorgeinLod (Lydda), Israel,has a sarcophagus traditionally believed to contain St. George's remains.[6]

History

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George depicted in theNuremberg Chronicleof 1493

Very little is known about George's life. It is thought that he was aRomanmilitary officer ofCappadocian Greekdescent, who was martyred underRoman emperorDiocletianin one of thepre-Constantinian persecutionsof the 3rd or early 4th century.[7][8]Beyond this, early sources give conflicting information.

Edward Gibbon[9][10]argued that George, or at least the legend from which the above is distilled, is based onGeorge of Cappadocia,[11][12]a notorious 4th-century Arian bishop who wasAthanasius of Alexandria's most bitter rival, and that it was he who in time became George of England. This identification is seen as highly improbable. Bishop George was slain by Gentile Greeks for exacting onerous taxes, especially inheritance taxes.J. B. Bury,who edited the 1906 edition of Gibbon'sThe Decline and Fall,wrote "this theory of Gibbon's has nothing to be said for it". He adds that "the connection of St. George with a dragon-slaying legend does not relegate him to the region of the myth".[13]Saint George in all likelihood was martyred before the year 290.[14]

Legend

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Christian legends

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There is little information on the early life of George.Herbert ThurstoninThe Catholic Encyclopediastates that, based upon an ancientcultus,narratives of the early pilgrims, and the early dedications of churches to George, going back to the fourth century, "there seems, therefore, no ground for doubting the historical existence of St. George", although no faith can be placed in either the details of his history or his alleged exploits.[13]

TheDiocletianic Persecutionof 303, associated withmilitary saintsbecause the persecution was aimed at Christians among the professional soldiers of theRoman army,is of undisputed historicity. According toDonald Attwater,

No historical particulars of his life have survived,... The widespread veneration for St George as a soldier saint from early times had its centre in Palestine at Diospolis, nowLydda.St George was apparently martyred there, at the end of the third or the beginning of the fourth century; that is all that can be reasonably surmised about him.[15]

Saint George Killing the Dragon,1434/35, byBernat Martorell

The saint's veneration dates to the 5th century with some certainty, and possibly even to the 4th, while the collection of his miracles gradually began during themedievaltimes.[16]The story of thedefeat of the dragonis not part of Saint George's earliest hagiographies, and seems to have been a later addition.[7][16]

The earliest text which preserves fragments of George's narrative is in a Greek hagiography which is identified byHippolyte Delehayeof the scholarlyBollandiststo be apalimpsestof the 5th century.[17]An earlier work byEusebius,Church history,written in the 4th century, contributed to the legend but did not name George or provide significant detail.[18]The work of the BollandistsDaniel Papebroch,Jean Bolland,andGodfrey Henschenin the 17th century was one of the first pieces of scholarly research to establish the saint's historicity, via their publications inBibliotheca Hagiographica Graeca.[19]Pope Gelasius Istated in 494 that George was among those saints "whose names are justly reverenced among men, but whose actions are known only to God."[20]

The most complete version, based upon the fifth-century Greek text but in a later form, survives in a translation intoSyriacfrom about 600. From text fragments preserved in theBritish Library,a translation into English was published in 1925.[21][22][23]

Saint George the Dragon-Slayer,16th c., byGeorgios Klontzas

In the Greek tradition, George was born to noble Christian parents, inCappadocia.After his father died, his mother, who was originally fromLydda,inSyria Palaestina(a part of the Byzantine Empire), returned with George to her hometown.[24]He went on to become a soldier for theRoman army;but, because of hisChristianfaith, he was arrested and tortured, "at or near Lydda, also calledDiospolis";on the following day, he was paraded and then beheaded, and his body was buried in Lydda.[24]According to other sources, after his mother's death, George travelled to the eastern imperial capital,Nicomedia,[25]where he was persecuted by oneDadianus.In later versions of the Greek legend, this name is rationalised toDiocletian,and George's martyrdom is placed in theDiocletian persecutionof AD 303. The setting in Nicomedia is also secondary, and inconsistent with the earliest cults of the saint being located inDiospolis.[12]

George was executed bydecapitationon 23 April 303. A witness of his suffering convinced EmpressAlexandra of Rometo become a Christian as well, so she joined George in martyrdom. His body was buried inLydda,where Christians soon came to honour him as a martyr.[26][27]

George in theActa Sanctorum,as collected in late 1600s and early 1700s. The Latin titleDe S Georgio Megalo-Martyre; Lyddae seu Diospoli in Palaestinatranslates asSt. George Great-Martyr; [from]Lyddaor Diospolis, in Palestine.

The LatinPassio Sancti Georgii(6th century) follows the general course of the Greek legend, but Diocletian here becomesDacian, Emperor of the Persians.His martyrdom was greatly extended to more than twenty separate tortures over the course of seven years. Over the course of his martyrdom, 40,900 pagans were converted to Christianity, including the Empress Alexandra. When George finally died, the wicked Dacian was carried away in a whirlwind of fire. In later Latin versions, the persecutor is the Roman emperorDecius,or a Roman judge namedDacianserving under Diocletian.[28]

St. George and the Dragon

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Main article:Saint George and the Dragon
Russian icon (mid 14th century),Novgorod

The earliest known record of the legend ofSaint George and the Dragonoccurs in the 11th century, in a Georgian source,[29]reaching Catholic Europe in the 12th century. In theGolden Legend,by 13th-century Archbishop ofGenoaJacobus de Voragine,George's death was at the hands ofDacian,and about the year 287.[citation needed]

The tradition tells that a fiercedragonwas causing panic at the city of Silene,Libya,at the time George arrived there. In order to prevent the dragon from devastating people from the city, they gave two sheep each day to the dragon, but when the sheep were not enough they were forced to sacrifice humans, elected by the city's own people. Eventually, the king's daughter was chosen to be sacrificed, and no one was willing to take her place. George saved the girl by slaying the dragon with a lance. The king was so grateful that he offered him treasures as a reward for saving his daughter's life, but George refused it and insisted he give them to the poor. The people of the city were so amazed at what they had witnessed that they all became Christians and were baptized.[30]

Miniature from a 13th-centuryPassio Sancti Georgii(Verona)

Saint George's encounter with adragon,as narrated in theGolden Legend,would go on to become very influential, as it remains the most familiar version in English owing toWilliam Caxton's 15th-century translation.[31]

In the medieval romances, the lance with which George slew the dragon was called Ascalon, after theLevantinecity ofAshkelon,today in Israel. The nameAscalonwas used byWinston Churchillfor his personal aircraft during World War II, according to records atBletchley Park.[32]Iconography of the horseman with spear overcoming evil was widespread throughout the Christian period.[33]

Muslim legends

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George (Arabic:جرجس,JirjisorGirgus) is included in some Muslim texts as a prophetic figure. The Islamic sources state that he lived among a group of believers who were in direct contact with the lastapostles of Jesus.He is described as a rich merchant who opposed erection ofApollo's statue byMosul's king Dadan. After confronting the king, George was tortured many times to no effect, was imprisoned and was aided by the angels. Eventually, he exposed that the idols were possessed by Satan, but was martyred when the city was destroyed by God in a rain of fire.[34]

Muslim scholars had tried to find a historical connection of the saint due to his popularity.[35]According to Muslim legend, he was martyred under the rule ofDiocletianand was killed three times but resurrected every time. The legend is more developed in the Persian version ofal-Tabariwherein he resurrects the dead, makes trees sprout and pillars bear flowers. After one of his deaths, the world is covered by darkness which is lifted only when he is resurrected. He is able to convert the queen but she is put to death. He then prays to God to allow him to die, which is granted.[36]

Al-Thaʿlabistates that George was from Palestine and lived in the times of somedisciples of Jesus.He was killed many times by the king of Mosul, and resurrected each time. When the king tried to starve him, he touched a piece of dry wood brought by a woman and turned it green, with varieties of fruits and vegetables growing from it. After his fourth death, the city was burnt along with him.Ibn al-Athir's account of one of his deaths is parallel to thecrucifixion of Jesus,stating, "When he died, God sent stormy winds and thunder and lightning and dark clouds, so that darkness fell between heaven and earth, and people were in great wonderment." The account adds that the darkness was lifted after his resurrection.[35]

Veneration

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See also:Saint George in devotions, traditions and prayers

History

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Martyrdom of Saint George,byPaolo Veronese,1564

Atitular churchbuilt in Lydda during the reign ofConstantine the Great(reigned 306–337) was consecrated to "a man of the highest distinction", according to the church history ofEusebius;the name of thetitulus"patron" was not indicated. TheChurch of Saint George and Mosque of Al-Khadrlocated in the city is believed to have housed his remains.[37]

The veneration of George spread fromSyria Palaestinathrough Lebanon to the rest of theByzantine Empire– though the martyr is not mentioned in the SyriacBreviarium[27]– and the regioneast of the Black Sea.By the 5th century, the veneration of George had reached the ChristianWestern Roman Empire,as well: in 494, George was canonized as asaintbyPope Gelasius I,among those "which are known better to God than to human beings."[38]

The early cult of the saint was localized inDiospolis (Lydda),in Palestine. The first description of Lydda as a pilgrimage site where George's relics were venerated isDe Situ Terrae Sanctaeby the archdeacon Theodosius, written between 518 and 530. By the end of the 6th century, the center of his veneration appears to have shifted toCappadocia.TheLifeofSaint Theodore of Sykeon,written in the 7th century, mentions the veneration of the relics of the saint in Cappadocia.[39]

By the time of theearly Muslim conquestsof the mostly Christian andZoroastrianMiddle East, abasilica in Lyddadedicated to George existed.[40]A new church was erected in 1872 and is still standing, where the feast of the translation of the relics of Saint George to that location is celebrated on 3 November each year.[41]In England, he was mentioned among the martyrs by the 8th-century monkBede.TheGeorgsliedis an adaptation of his legend inOld High German,composed in the late 9th century. The earliest dedication to the saint in England is a church atFordington, Dorset,that is mentioned in the will ofAlfred the Great.[42]George did not rise to the position of "patron saint" of England, however, until the 14th century, and he was still obscured byEdward the Confessor,the traditional patron saint of England, until in 1552 during the reign ofEdward VIall saints' banners other than George's were abolished in theEnglish Reformation.[43][44]

The martyrdom of Saint George, byCornelis Schut,1643

Belief in an apparition of George heartened theFranksat theBattle of Antiochin 1098,[45]and a similar appearance occurred the following year at Jerusalem. The chivalric militaryOrder of Sant Jordi d'Alfamawas established by kingPeter the Catholicfrom theCrown of Aragonin 1201,Republic of Genoa,Kingdom of Hungary(1326), and byFrederick III, Holy Roman Emperor.[46]Edward III of Englandput hisOrder of the Garterunder the banner of George, probably in 1348. The chroniclerJean Froissartobserved the English invoking George as a battle cry on several occasions during theHundred Years' War.In his rise as a national saint, George was aided by the very fact that the saint had no legendary connection with England, and no specifically localised shrine, as that ofThomas Becketat Canterbury: "Consequently, numerous shrines were established during the late fifteenth century," Muriel C. McClendon has written,[47]"and his did not become closely identified with a particular occupation or with the cure of a specific malady."

Relicsof George atSão Jorge parish church,São Jorge,Madeira Island,Portugal

In the wake of the Crusades, George became a model ofchivalryin works of literature, includingmedieval romances.In the 13th century,Jacobus de Voragine,Archbishop of Genoa, compiled theLegenda Sanctorum,(Readings of the Saints) also known asLegenda Aurea(theGolden Legend). Its 177 chapters (182 in some editions) include the story of George, among many others. After the invention of the printing press, the book became a best seller.

The establishment of George as a popular saint and protective giant[48]in the West, that had captured the medieval imagination, was codified by the official elevation of his feast to afestum duplex[49]at a church council in 1415, on the date that had become associated with his martyrdom, 23 April. There was wide latitude from community to community in celebration of the day across late medieval and early modern England,[50]and no uniform "national" celebration elsewhere, a token of the popular and vernacular nature of George'scultusand its local horizons, supported by a local guild or confraternity under George's protection, or the dedication of a local church. When theEnglish Reformationseverely curtailed the saints' days in the calendar, Saint George's Day was among the holidays that continued to be observed.

In April 2019, the parish church of São Jorge, inSão Jorge,Madeira Island,Portugal, solemnly received therelicsof George, patron saint of the parish. During the celebrations the 504th anniversary of its foundation, the relics were brought by the new Bishop of Funchal, D.Nuno Brás.[51]

Veneration in the Levant

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George is renowned throughout the Middle East, as both saint and prophet. His veneration by Christians and Muslims lies in his composite personality combining several biblical, Quranic and other ancient mythical heroes.[52]Saint George is thepatron saintofLebanese Christians,[53]Palestinian Christians[54]andSyrian Christians.[55]

Saint George dragged through the streets (detail), byBernat Martorell,15th century

William Dalrymple,who reviewed the literature in 1999, tells us thatJ. E. Hanauerin his 1907 bookFolklore of the Holy Land: Muslim, Christian and Jewish"mentioned a shrine in the village ofBeit Jala,besideBethlehem,which at the time was frequented byChristianswho regarded it as the birthplace of George and someJewswho regarded it as the burial place of theProphet Elias.According to Hanauer, in his day the monastery was "a sort of madhouse. Deranged persons of all the three faiths are taken thither and chained in the court of the chapel, where they are kept for forty days on bread and water, the Eastern Orthodox priest at the head of the establishment now and then reading the Gospel over them, or administering a whipping as the case demands."[56]In the 1920s, according toTawfiq Canaan'sMohammedan Saints and Sanctuaries in Palestine,nothing seemed to have changed, and all three communities were still visiting the shrine and praying together. "[57]

Dalrymple himself visited the place in 1995. "I asked around in theChristian QuarterinJerusalem,and discovered that the place was very much alive. With all the greatest shrines in the Christian world to choose from, it seemed that when the local Arab Christians had a problem – an illness, or something more complicated – they preferred to seek the intercession of George in his grubby little shrine at Beit Jala rather than praying at theChurch of the Holy Sepulchrein Jerusalem or theChurch of the NativityinBethlehem."[57]He asked the priest at the shrine "Do you get many Muslims coming here?" The priest replied, "We get hundreds! Almost as many as the Christian pilgrims. Often, when I come in here, I find Muslims all over the floor, in the aisles, up and down."[57][58]

TheEncyclopædia Britannicaquotes G. A. Smith in hisHistoric Geography of the Holy Land,p. 164, saying: "The Mahommedans who usually identify St. George with the prophet Elijah, at Lydda confound his legend with one about Christ himself. Their name for Antichrist isDajjal,and they have a tradition that Jesus will slay Antichrist by the gate of Lydda. The notion sprang from an ancientbas-reliefof George and the Dragon on the Lydda church. But Dajjal may be derived, by a very common confusion betweennandl,fromDagon,whose nametwo neighbouring villagesbear to this day, while one of the gates of Lydda used to be called the Gate of Dagon. "[59]

Due to theChristian influence on the Druze faith,twoChristian saintshave become amongst theDruze's most venerated figures: Saint George and SaintElijah.[60]Thus, in all the villages inhabited by Druze and Christians in centralMount Lebanona Christian church or Druzemaqamis dedicated to either one of them.[60]According to scholar Ray Jabre Mouawad the Druzes appreciated the two saints for their bravery:Saint George because he confronted the dragonand Saint Elijah because he competed with the pagan priests ofBaaland won over them.[60]In both cases the explanations provided by Christians is that Druzes were attracted towarrior saintsthat resemble their own militarized society.[60]

Veneration in the Muslim world

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George is described as a prophetic figure in Islamic sources.[34]George is venerated by some Christians and Muslims because of his composite personality combining several biblical, Quranic and other ancient mythical heroes.[citation needed]In some sources he is identified withElijahor Mar Elis, George or Mar Jirjus and in others asal-Khidr.The last epithet meaning the "green prophet", is common to Christian, Muslim, and Druze folk piety. Samuel Curtiss who visited an artificial cave dedicated to him where he is identified with Elijah, reports that childless Muslim women used to visit the shrine to pray for children. Per tradition, he was brought to his place of martyrdom in chains, thus priests of Church of St. George chain the sick especially the mentally ill to a chain for overnight or longer for healing. This is sought after by both Muslims and Christians.[52]

According toElizabeth Anne Finn'sHome in the Holy land(1866):[61]

St George killed the dragon in this country; and the place is shown close toBeyroot.Many churches and convents are named after him. The church at Lydda is dedicated to George; so isa conventnearBethlehem,and another small one just opposite theJaffa gate,and others beside. The Arabs believe that George can restore mad people to their senses, and to say a person has been sent to St. George's is equivalent to saying he has been sent to a madhouse. It is singular that the Moslem Arabs adopted this veneration for St George, and send their mad people to be cured by him, as well as the Christians, but they commonly call himEl Khudder– The Green – according to their favourite manner of using epithets instead of names. Why he should be called green, however, I cannot tell – unless it is from the colour of his horse. Gray horses are called green in Arabic.

The earliest numismatic depiction of St. George. Coin ofKvirike III,Kingdom of Georgia,c. 1015

The mosque of Nabi Jurjis, which was restored byTimurin the 14th century, was located in Mosul and supposedly contained the tomb of George.[62]It was however destroyed in July 2014by the occupyingIslamic State of Iraq and the Levant,who also destroyed the Mosque of the Prophet Sheeth (Seth) and theMosque of the Prophet Younis(Jonah). The militants claimed that such mosques have become places for apostasy instead of prayer.[63]

George orHazratJurjays was the patron saint of Mosul. Along withTheodosius,he was revered by both Christian and Muslim communities ofJaziraandAnatolia.The wall paintings ofKırk Dam Altı KiliseatBelisırmadedicated to him are dated between 1282 and 1304. These paintings depict him as a mounted knight appearing between donors including a Georgian lady called Thamar and her husband, the Emir and Consul Basil, while the Seljuk SultanMesud IIand Byzantine EmperorAndronicus IIare also named in the inscriptions.[64]

Ashrineattributed to prophet George can be found inDiyarbakır,Turkey.Evliya Çelebistates in hisSeyahatnamethat he visited the tombs of prophetJonahand prophet George in the city.[65][66]

The reverence for Saint George, who is often identified with Al-Khidr, is deeply integrated into various aspects of Druze culture and religious practices.[67]He is seen as a guardian of theDruzecommunity and a symbol of their enduring faith and resilience. Additionally, Saint George is regarded as a protector and healer in Druze tradition.[67]The story of Saint George slaying the dragon is interpreted allegorically, representing the triumph of good over evil and the protection of the faithful from harm.[67]

Feast days

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See also:Saint George in devotions, traditions and prayers
The Wedding of St George and Princess SabrabyDante Gabriel Rossetti(1857)

In theGeneral Roman Calendar,the feast of George is on 23 April. In theTridentine calendarof 1568, it was given therankof "Semidouble". InPope Pius XII's1955 calendarthis rank was reduced to "Simple", and inPope John XXIII's1960 calendarto a"Commemoration".SincePope Paul VI's1969 revision,it appears as an"optional memorial".In some countries such as England, the rank is higher – it is a Solemnity (Roman Catholic) or Feast (Church of England): if it falls between Palm Sunday and the Second Sunday of Easter inclusive, it is transferred to the Monday after the Second Sunday of Easter.[68]

George is very much honoured by the Eastern Orthodox Church, wherein he is referred to as a "Great Martyr", and inOriental Orthodoxyoverall. Hismajor feast dayis on 23 April (Julian calendar 23 April currently corresponds to Gregorian calendar 6 May). If, however, the feast occurs beforeEaster,it is celebrated onEaster Monday,instead. The Russian Orthodox Church also celebrates two additional feasts in honour of George. One is on 3 November, commemorating theconsecrationof acathedraldedicated to him in Lydda during the reign ofConstantine the Great(305–37). When the church was consecrated, therelicsof George were transferred there. The other feast is on 26 November for a church dedicated to him inKyiv,c. 1054.

InBulgaria,George's day (Bulgarian:Гергьовден) is celebrated on 6 May, when it is customary to slaughter and roast a lamb. George's day is also apublic holiday.

InSerbiaandBosnia and Herzegovina,theSerbian Orthodox Churchrefers to George asSveti Djordje(Свети Ђорђе) orSveti Georgije(Свети Георгије). George's day (Đurđevdan) is celebrated on 6 May, and is a commonslava(patron saint day)among ethnicSerbs.

InEgypt,theCoptic Orthodox Church of Alexandriarefers to George (Coptic:Ⲡⲓⲇⲅⲓⲟⲥ Ⲅⲉⲟⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ or ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ) as the "Prince of Martyrs" and celebrates his martyrdom on the 23rd ofParemhatof theCoptic calendar,equivalent to 1 May.[69]TheCoptsalso celebrate the consecration of the first church dedicated to him on the seventh of the month of Hatour of the Coptic calendar usually equivalent to 17 November.

In India, theSyro-Malabar Catholic Church,one of the oriental catholic churches (Eastern Catholic Churches), andMalankara Orthodox Churchvenerate George. The main pilgrim centres of the saint in India are at Aruvithura and Puthuppally in Kottayam District,Edathua[70]inAlappuzhadistrict, andEdappally[71]inErnakulamdistrict of the southern state ofKerala.The saint is commemorated each year from 27 April to 14 May at Edathua.[72]On 27 April after the flag hoisting ceremony by the parish priest, the statue of the saint is taken from one of the altars and placed at the extension of the church to be venerated by devotees till 14 May. The main feast day is 7 May, when the statue of the saint along with other saints is taken in procession around the church. Intercession to George of Edathua is believed to be efficacious in repelling snakes and in curing mental ailments. The sacred relics of George were brought toAntiochfromMardinin 900 and were taken to Kerala, India, from Antioch in 1912 by Mar Dionysius of Vattasseril and kept in the Orthodox seminary at Kundara, Kerala. H.H. Mathews II Catholicos had given the relics to St. George churches at Puthupally, Kottayam District, and Chandanappally, Pathanamthitta district.

George isrememberedin theChurch of Englandwith aFestivalon 23 April.[73]

Catholic Church feast days:

Eastern Orthodox Church feast days:[77]

Patronages

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Main article:Patronages of Saint George

George is a highly celebrated saint in both theWesternandEastern Christianchurches, and manyPatronages of Saint Georgeexist throughout the world.[83]

George is thepatron saintof England. His cross forms the nationalflag of England,which overlaps with Scotland's St Andrew's flag Blue White Saltire Cross to establish the United Kingdom of Great Britain Union Flag, which is contained in other national flags containing the Union Flag, such as those of Australia and New Zealand. By the 14th century, the saint had been declared both the patron saint and the protector of the royal family.[84]

Monument to Saint George onFreedom Square, Tbilisi,Georgia

Thecountry of Georgia,where devotions to the saint date back to the fourth century, is not technically named after the saint, but is a well-attestedback-formationof the English name. However, many towns and cities around the world are. George is one of the patron saints of Georgia. Exactly 365 Orthodox churches in Georgia are named after George according to the number of days in a year. According to legend, George was cut into 365 pieces after he fell in battle and every single piece was spread throughout the entire country.[85][86][87]

George is the patron saint ofEthiopia.[88]He is also the patron saint of theEthiopian Orthodox Church;George slaying the dragon is one of the most frequently used subjects oficonsin the church.[89]

George is also one of the patron saints of the Mediterranean islands ofMaltaandGozo.[90]In a battle between the Maltese and theMoors,George was alleged to have been seen withSaint PaulandSaint Agata,protecting the Maltese. George is the protector of the island of Gozo and the patron of Gozo's largest city,Victoria.TheSt. George's Basilicain Victoria is dedicated to him.[91]

English recruitment poster from World War I, featuring George and the Dragon

Devotions to George in Portugal date back to the 12th century.Nuno Álvares Pereiraattributed the victory of the Portuguese in thebattle of Aljubarrotain 1385 to George. During the reign ofJohn I of Portugal(1357–1433), George became the patron saint of Portugal and the King ordered that the saint's image on the horse be carried in theCorpus Christiprocession. The flag of George (white with red cross) was also carried by the Portuguese troops and hoisted in the fortresses, during the 15th century. "Portugal and Saint George" became the battle cry of the Portuguese troops, being still today the battle cry of thePortuguese Army,with simply "Saint George" being the battle cry of thePortuguese Navy.[92]

Devotions to Saint George in Brazil was influenced by the Portuguese colonisation. George is the unofficial patron saint of the city ofRio de Janeiro(title officially attributed toSaint Sebastian) and of the city of São Jorge dos Ilhéus (Saint George of Ilhéus). Additionally, George is the patron saint of Scouts and of the Cavalry of the Brazilian Army. In May 2019, he was made official as the patron saint of theState of Rio de Janeiro,next to Saint Sebastian.[93]George is also revered in several Afro-Brazilian religions, such asUmbanda,where it is syncretized in the form of theorishaOgun.However, the connection of George with the Moon is purely Brazilian, with a strong influence of African culture, and in no way related to the European saint. Tradition says that the spots at the Moon's surface represent the miraculous saint, his horse and his sword slaying the dragon and ready to defend those who seek his help.[94]

George, is also the patron saint of the region ofAragon,in Spain, where his feast day is celebrated on 23 April and is known as "Aragon Day",or 'Día de Aragón'in Spanish. He became the patron saint of the formerKingdom of AragonandCrown of Aragonwhen KingPedro I of Aragonwon theBattle of Alcorazin 1096. Legend has it that victory eventually fell to the Christian armies when George appeared to them on the battlefield, helping them secure the conquest of the city ofHuescawhich had been under the Muslim control of theTaifaofZaragoza.The battle, which had begun two years earlier in 1094, was long and arduous, and had also taken the life of King Pedro's own father, KingSancho Ramirez.With the Aragonese spirits flagging, it is said that George descending from heaven on his charger and bearing a dark red cross, appeared at the head of the Christian cavalry leading the knights into battle. Interpreting this as a sign of protection from God, the Christian militia returned emboldened to the battle field, more energised than ever, convinced theirs was the banner of the one true faith. Defeated, themoorsrapidly abandoned the battlefield. After two years of being locked down under siege, Huesca fell and King Pedro made his triumphal entry into the city. To celebrate this victory, the cross of St. George was adopted as the personal coat of arms of Huesca and Aragon, in honour of their saviour. After the fall of Huesca, King Pedro aided the military leader and nobleman, Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar, otherwise known asEl Cid,with a coalition army from Aragon in the long conquest of theKingdom of Valencia.

Tales of King Pedro's success at Huesca and in leading his expedition of armies with El Cid against the Moors, under the auspices of George on his standard, spread quickly throughout the realm and beyond the Crown of Aragon, and Christian armies throughout Europe quickly began adopting George as their protector and patron, during all subsequent Crusades to the Holy Lands. By 1117, the military order of Templars adopted the Cross of St. George as a simple, unifying sign for international Christian militia embroidered on the left hand side of their tunics, placed above the heart.

TheCross of St. George,also known in Aragon as TheCross of Alcoraz,continues to emblazon the flags of all of Aragon's provinces.

The association of St. George with chivalry and noblemen in Aragon continued through the ages. Indeed, even the authorMiguel de Cervantes,in his book on the adventures ofDon Quixote,also mentions thejoustingevents that took place at the festival of St. George inZaragozain Aragon where one could gain international renown in winning a joust against any of the knights of Aragon.

In Valencia, Catalonia, the Balearics, Malta, Sicily and Sardinia, the origins of the veneration of St. George go back to their shared history as territories under theCrown of Aragon,thereby sharing the same legend.

One of the highest civil distinctions awarded in Catalonia is theSt. George's Cross(Creu de Sant Jordi). TheSant Jordi Awardshave been awarded in Barcelona since 1957.

Saint George (Sant JordiinCatalan) is also the patron saint ofCatalonia.His cross appears in many buildings and local flags, including theflag of Barcelona,the Catalan capital. A Catalan variation to the traditional legend places George's life story as having occurred in the town ofMontblanc,nearTarragona.

In 1469, theOrder of St. George (Habsburg-Lorraine)was founded in Rome byEmperor Friedrich III of Habsburgin the presence ofPope Paul IIin honour of Saint George. The order was continued and promoted by his son,Emperor Maximilian of Habsburg.The later history of the order was eventful, in particular the order was dissolved by Nazi Germany. Only after the fall of the Iron Curtain and the collapse of communism in Central and Eastern Europe was the order reactivated as a European association in association with Saint George by theHabsburgfamily.[95][96][97]

Arms and flag

[edit]
Main article:Saint George's Cross
George's cross

It became fashionable in the 15th century, with the full development of classical heraldry, to provideattributed armsto saints and other historical characters from the pre-heraldic ages. The widespread attribution to George of the red cross on a white field in Western art – "Saint George's Cross"– probably first arose inGenoa,which had adopted this image fortheir flagand George as their patron saint in the 12th century. Avexillum beati Georgiiis mentioned in the Genovese annals for the year 1198, referring to a red flag with a depiction of George and the dragon. An illumination of this flag is shown in the annals for the year 1227. The Genovese flag with the red cross was used alongside this "George's flag", from at least 1218, and was known as theinsignia cruxata comunis Janue( "cross ensign of the commune of Genoa" ). The flag showing the saint himself was the city's principal war flag, but the flag showing the plain cross was used alongside it in the 1240s.[98]

In 1348,Edward III of Englandchose George as the patron saint of hisOrder of the Garter,and also took to using a red-on-white cross in the hoist of hisRoyal Standard.

The term "Saint George's cross" was at first associated with any plainGreek crosstouching the edges of the field (not necessarily red on white).[99]Thomas Fullerin 1647 spoke of "the plain or St George's cross" as "the mother of all the others" (that is, the otherheraldic crosses).[100]

Iconography

[edit]
Byzantineicon of George,Athens,Greece

George is most commonly depicted in early icons,mosaics,andfrescoswearing armour contemporary with the depiction, executed in gilding and silver colour, intended to identify him as aRoman soldier.Particularly after theFall of Constantinopleand George's association with thecrusades,he is often portrayed mounted upon awhite horse.Thus, a 2003 Vatican stamp (issued on the anniversary of the Saint's death) depicts an armoured George atop a white horse, killing the dragon.[101]

Eastern Orthodox iconography also permits George to ride a black horse, as in a Russian icon in the British museum collection.[102] In the south Lebanese village ofMieh Mieh,the Saint George Church for Melkite Catholics commissioned for its 75th jubilee in 2012 (under the guidance of Mgr Sassine Gregoire) the only icons in the world portraying the whole life of George, as well as the scenes of his torture and martyrdom (drawn in eastern iconographic style).[103]

George may also be portrayed withSaint Demetrius,another earlysoldier saint.When the two saintly warriors are together and mounted upon horses, they may resemble earthly manifestations of the archangelsMichaelandGabriel.Eastern traditions distinguish the two as George rides a white horse and Demetrius a red horse (the redpigmentmay appear black if it has bituminized). George can also be identified by his spearing a dragon, whereas Demetrius may be spearing a human figure, representingMaximian.

[edit]
For equestrian depictions, seeSaint George and the Dragon § Iconography.
Wikimedia Commons has media related toSaint George structured art gallery.
Eastern
Western

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^Geʽez:ጊዮርጊስ,Latin:Geōrgius,Georgian:გიორგი,Hebrew:גאורגיוס,romanized:Ge'orgiyos,Syriac:ܡܪܝ ܓܘܪܓܝܣ,romanized:Mar Giwargis,Arabic:جرجس,romanized:Jirjis
  1. ^"Saint George".Encyclopædia Britannica(Online ed.).Retrieved21 July2022.
  2. ^"St. George".Catholic Encyclopedia.Retrieved21 July2022.
  3. ^Murphy-O'Connor, Jerome (2008).The Holy Land: An Oxford Archaeological Guide from Earliest Times to 1700.OUP Oxford. p. 205.ISBN9780191647666.
  4. ^Otto Friedrich August Meinardus,Two Thousand Years of Coptic Christianity(1999),p. 315Archived13 November 2022 at theWayback Machine.
  5. ^Domar: the calendrical and liturgical cycle of the Armenian Apostolic Orthodox Church,Armenian Orthodox Theological Research Institute, 2002, pp. 504–505
  6. ^G. Massiot (2023)."Church of Saint George, Lod: Interior, view of the nave from the southeast end".CurateND.University of Notre Dame.doi:10.7274/24858729.v1.Retrieved11 May2022.
  7. ^abLampinen & Mataix-Ferrándiz 2022,p. 14
  8. ^"Who was Saint George and why is he England's patron saint?".The Independent.23 April 2020.Retrieved21 August2020.
  9. ^Edward Gibbon,The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire,2:23:5
  10. ^Richardson, Robert D.; Moser, Barry, eds. (1996),Emerson,p. 520,George of Cappadocia... [held] the contract to supply the army with bacon... embracedArianism... [and was] promoted... to the episcopal throne ofAlexandria... When Julian came, George was dragged to prison, the prison was burst open by a mob, and George was lynched... [he] became in good time Saint George of England.
  11. ^Edward Gibbon,The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire,2:23:5
  12. ^ab"Saint George",Catholic Encyclopedia,it is not improbable that the apocryphal Acts have borrowed some incidents from the story of the Arian bishop.
  13. ^abThurston, Herbert(1913)."St. George".In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).Catholic Encyclopedia.New York: Robert Appleton Company."There seems, therefore, no ground for doubting the historical existence of St. George, even though he is not commemorated in the Syrian, or in the primitive Hieronymian Martyrologium, but no faith can be placed in the attempts that have been made to fill up any of the details of his history. For example, it is now generally admitted that St. George cannot safely be identified by the nameless martyr spoken of by Eusebius (Church History VIII.5), who tore down Diocletian's edict of persecution at Nicomedia. The version of the legend in which Diocletian appears as persecutor is not primitive. Diocletian is only a rationalized form of the name Dadianus. Moreover, the connection of the saint's name with Nicomedia is inconsistent with the early cultus at Diospolis. Still less is St. George to be considered, as suggested by Gibbon, Vetter, and others, a legendary double of the disreputable bishop, George of Cappadocia, the Arian opponent of St. Athanasius."
  14. ^Hogg, John (1863),"Supplemental Notes on St George the Martyr, and on George the Arian Bishop",Transactions of the Royal Society of Literature of the United Kingdom,Royal Society of Literature: 106–136
  15. ^Attwater, Donald (1995) [1965].Dictionary of Saints(Third ed.). London: Penguin Reference. p. 152.
  16. ^abCavallo 1997,p. 71
  17. ^Acta Sanctorum,Volume 12, as republished in 1866
  18. ^Church History (Eusebius),book 8, chapter 5;Greek text hereArchived14 January 2022 at theWayback Machine,andEnglish text here.Eusebius's full text as follows:

    Immediately on the publication of thedecree against the churches in Nicomedia,a certain man, not obscure but very highly honored with distinguished temporal dignities, moved with zeal toward God, and incited with ardent faith, seized the edict as it was posted openly and publicly, and tore it to pieces as a profane and impious thing; and this was done while two of the sovereigns were in the same city,—the oldest of all, and the one who held the fourth place in the government after him. But this man, first in that place, after distinguishing himself in such a manner suffered those things which were likely to follow such daring, and kept his spirit cheerful and undisturbed till death.
  19. ^Walter, Christopher (2003),The Warrior Saints in Byzantine Art and Tradition,Ashgate Publishing, p. 110,ISBN1-84014-694-X. Bibliotheca Hagiographica Graeca 271, 272.
  20. ^Chisholm, Hugh,ed. (1911)."George, Saint".Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 737.In the canon of Pope Gelasius (494) George is mentioned in a list of those 'whose names are justly reverenced among men, but whose acts are known only to God'
  21. ^Cross, Frank;Livingstone, Elizabeth,eds. (1957).The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church(2005 ed.). pp. 667–668.
  22. ^Brooks, Ernest W. (1925). "Acts of S. George".Le Muséon.38:67–115.ISSN0771-6494.,onlinehere.
  23. ^Collins, Michael (2012). "3 The Greek and Latin traditions".St George and the dragons: the making of English identity.Fonthill.ISBN978-1-78155-649-8.
  24. ^abGuiley, Rosemary (2001).The Encyclopedia of Saints.Infobase. p. 129.ISBN978-1-4381-3026-2.George was an historical figure. According to an account by Metaphrastes, George was born in Cappadocia (in modern Turkey) to a noble Christian family; his mother was Palestinian.
  25. ^Heylin, A. (1862),The Journal of Sacred Literature and Biblical Record,vol. 1, p. 244.Darch, John H (2006),Saints on Earth,Church House Press, p. 56,ISBN978-0-7151-4036-9.Walter, Christopher (2003),The Warrior Saints in Byzantine Art and Tradition,Ashgate Publishing, p. 112,ISBN1-84014-694-X.
  26. ^Hackwood, Fred (2003),Christ Lore the Legends, Traditions, Myths,Kessinger Publishing, p. 255,ISBN0-7661-3656-6.
  27. ^abButler, Alban (2008),Lives of the Saints,ISBN978-1-4375-1281-6.: 166 
  28. ^Michael Collins,St George and the Dragons: The Making of English Identity(2018),p. 129Archived13 November 2022 at theWayback Machine.
  29. ^"St. George and the Dragon: Introduction".Robbins Library Digital Projects.Retrieved14 July2020.
  30. ^Pirlo, Paolo O. (1997). "St. George".My first book of saints.Sons of Holy Mary Immaculate – Quality Catholic Publications. pp. 83–85.ISBN971-91595-4-5.
  31. ^De Voragine, Jacobus (1995),The Golden Legend,Princeton University Press, p. 238,ISBN978-0-691-00153-1.
  32. ^"Getting There: Churchill's Wartime Journeys".The International Churchill Society.1 May 2013.Retrieved9 November2019.
  33. ^Charles Clermont-Ganneau, "Horus et Saint Georges, d'après un bas-relief inédit du Louvre".Revue archéologique,1876
  34. ^abScott B. Noegel, Brannon M. Wheeler (April 2010).The A to Z of Prophets in Islam and Judaism.Rowman & Littlefield. p. 313.ISBN978-1-4617-1895-6.
  35. ^abH. S. Haddad (1968). "'Georgic' Cults and Saints of the Levant ".Numen.Brill: 37.
  36. ^Bernard Carra de Vaux.P. Bearman;Th. Bianquis;C. E. Bosworth;E. van Donzel;W. P. Heinrichs(eds.).Encyclopaedia of Islam.Vol. I, Part 2 (Second ed.). Brill. p. 1047.
  37. ^Walter, Christopher (1995)."The Origins of the Cult of Saint George".Revue des études byzantines.53(1): 295–326.doi:10.3406/rebyz.1995.1911.ISSN0766-5598.
  38. ^Gélase; Neil, Bronwen; Allen, Pauline (2014).The Letters of Gelasius I (492-496): Pastor and Micro-Manager of the Church of Rome.Adnotationes. Turnhout: Brepols. p. 160.ISBN978-2-503-55299-6.
  39. ^Christopher Walter, "The Origins of the Cult of Saint George",Revue des études byzantines53 (1995), 295–326 (p. 296) (persee.frArchived28 May 2019 at theWayback Machine)
  40. ^Pringle, Denys (1998),The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem,Cambridge University Press, p. 25,ISBN0-521-39037-0.
  41. ^Eastern Christian Publications,Theosis: Calendar of Saints(2020), pp. 75–76.
  42. ^Samantha Riches,St. George: Hero, Martyr and Myth(Sutton, 2000),ISBN0750924527,p. 19.
  43. ^McClendon 1999, p.6
  44. ^Perrin,British Flags,1922, p. 38.
  45. ^Runciman, Steven (1951–1952).A History of the Crusades I: The First Crusade.Penguin Classics. pp. 204–205.ISBN978-0-14-198550-3.
  46. ^Catholic Encyclopedia1913,s.v."Orders of St. George"Archived22 October 2021 at theWayback Machineomits Genoa and Hungary: see David Scott Fox,Saint George: The Saint with Three Faces(1983:59–63, 98–123), noted by McClellan 999:6 note 13. Additional Orders of St. George were founded in the eighteenth century (Catholic Encyclopedia).
  47. ^McClendon 1999:10.
  48. ^Desiderius Erasmus,inThe Praise of Folly(1509, printed 1511) remarked "The Christians have now their gigantic St. George, as well as the pagans had theirHercules."
  49. ^Only the most essential work might be done on afestum duplex
  50. ^Muriel C. McClendon, "A Moveable Feast: Saint George's Day Celebrations and Religious Change in Early Modern England"The Journal of British Studies38.1 (January 1999:1–27).
  51. ^Gonçalves, Luisa (29 April 2019)."D. Nuno Brás presidiu à Festa em honra de São Jorge".Jornal da Madeira(in European Portuguese).Retrieved3 September2019.
  52. ^abReligion and Culture in Medieval Islamby Richard G. Hovannisian, Georges Sabagh (2000)ISBN0-521-62350-2,Cambridge University Press, pp. 109–110
  53. ^History Project, Christian (2003).By this Sign: A.D. 250 to 350: from the Decian Persecution to the Constantine Era.Christian History Project. p. 44.ISBN9780968987322.St. George is also the patron saint of Lebanese and Palestinian Christians.
  54. ^Melton, J. Gordon (2021).Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations.ABC-CLIO. p. 334.ISBN9781598842050.He is also the patron saint of the Palestinian Christian community.
  55. ^S. Hassan, Wail (2014).Immigrant Narratives: Orientalism and Cultural Translation in Arab American and Arab British Literature.Oxford University Press. p. 83.ISBN9780199354979.There are several examples of this: "Besides being the patron saint of England and of the Christians of Syria.
  56. ^Hanauer, JE (1907)."Folk-lore of the Holy Land, Moslem, Christian and Jewish".Retrieved18 January2007.
  57. ^abcDalrymple, William (1999).From the Holy Mountain: a journey among the Christians of the Middle East.Henry Holt and Company- Owl Books.ISBN978-0-80-505873-4.OCLC37928466– viaInternet Archive.
  58. ^H. S. Haddad (1969). ""Georgic" Cults and Saints of the Levant ".Numen.16(1): 21–39.doi:10.1163/156852769X00029.JSTOR3269569.
  59. ^Chisholm, Hugh,ed. (1911)."George, Saint".Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 737.
  60. ^abcdBeaurepaire, Pierre-Yves (2017).Religious Interactions in Europe and the Mediterranean World: Coexistence and Dialogue from the 12th to the 20th Centuries.Taylor & Francis. pp. 310–314.ISBN9781351722179.
  61. ^Elizabeth Anne Finn (1866).Home in the Holyland.London: James Nisbet and Co. pp.46–47.
  62. ^Middle East and Africa: International Dictionary of Historic Places.I.B. Tauris. 5 March 2014. p. 525.ISBN978-1-134-25986-1.
  63. ^"Islamic militants destroy historic 14th century mosque in Mosul".The Telegraph.28 July 2014.Archivedfrom the original on 11 January 2022.
  64. ^Teresa Fitzherbert (5 October 2006)."Religious Diversity Under Ilkhanid Rule".In Linda Komaroff (ed.).Beyond the Legacy of Genghis Khan.Brill. p. 402.ISBN9789047418573.
  65. ^"EVLİYA ÇELEBİ NİN SEYAHATNAME SİNDE DİYARBAKIR* DIYARBAKIR IN EVLIYA ÇELEBI S SEYAHATNAME – PDF Ücretsiz indirin".docplayer.biz.tr.Retrieved21 August2020.
  66. ^EVLİYA ÇELEBİ DİYARBAKIR’DA (Turkish)Archived13 June 2021 at theWayback MachineTigrisHaber.Posted 22 July 2014.
  67. ^abcFerg, Erica (2020).Geography, Religion, Gods, and Saints in the Eastern Mediterranean.Routledge. pp. 197–200.ISBN9780429594496.
  68. ^The Divine Office: Table of Liturgical Days, Section I (RC) and Calendar, Lectionary and Collects (Church House Publishing 1997) p. 12 (C of E)
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  75. ^"24 kwietnia: św. Jerzego, męczennika".ordo.pallotyni.pl.Retrieved19 August2022.
  76. ^"23 kwietnia: św. Wojciecha, biskupa i męczennika, głównego patrona Polski".ordo.pallotyni.pl.Retrieved19 August2022.
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  85. ^Gabidzashvili, Enriko (1991),Saint George: In Ancient Georgian Literature,Tbilisi, Georgia: Armazi – 89.
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Sources

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  • Lampinen, Antti; Mataix-Ferrándiz, Emilia (2022).Seafaring and Mobility in the Late Antique Mediterranean.Bloomsbury Publishing.ISBN9781350201712.
  • Cavallo, Guglielmo (1997).The Byzantines.University of Chicago Press.ISBN9780226097923.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Ælfric of Eynsham(1881)."Of Saint George".Ælfric's Lives of Saints.London, Pub. for the Early English text society, by N. Trübner & co.
  • Brook, E.W., 1925.Acts of Saint Georgein seriesAnalecta Gorgiana8 (Gorgias Press).
  • Burgoyne, Michael H. 1976.A Chronological Index to the Muslim Monuments of Jerusalem.InThe Architecture of Islamic Jerusalem.Jerusalem: The British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem.
  • Gabidzashvili, Enriko. 1991.Saint George: In Ancient Georgian Literature.Armazi – 89: Tbilisi, Georgia.
  • Good, Jonathan, 2009.The Cult of Saint George in Medieval England(Woodbridge, Suffolk: The Boydell Press).
  • Loomis, C. Grant, 1948.White Magic, An Introduction to the Folklore of Christian Legend(Cambridge: Medieval Society of America)
  • Natsheh, Yusuf. 2000. "Architectural survey", inOttoman Jerusalem: The Living City 1517–1917.Edited by Sylvia Auld and Robert Hillenbrand (London: Altajir World of Islam Trust) pp. 893–899.
  • Whatley, E. Gordon, editor, with Anne B. Thompson and Robert K. Upchurch, 2004.St. George and the Dragon in the South English Legendary (East Midland Revision, c. 1400)Originally published inSaints' Lives in Middle English Collections(Kalamazoo, Michigan: Medieval Institute Publications) (on-line introduction)
  • George Menachery,Saint Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India.Vol.II Trichur – 73.
[edit]
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