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Sakai Tadatsugu

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In thisJapanese name,thesurnameisSakai.
Sakai Tadatsugu
Rượu giếng trung thứ
portrait of Sakai Tadatsugu
DaimyoofYoshida
In office
1565–1578
Succeeded bySakai Ietsugu
Personal details
Born1527
Mikawa province
DiedDecember 17, 1596
Kyoto
SpouseUsui
Relatives
Nickname"Boar Slayer" (inokiri)
Military service
AllegianceMatsudaira clan
Imagawa clan
Tokugawa clan
UnitSakai clan
CommandsYoshida Castle
Battles/wars

Sakai Tadatsugu(Rượu giếng trung thứ,1527 – 17 December 1596)was one of the most favored and most successful military commanders servingTokugawa Ieyasuin the lateSengoku period.

Serving as the highest-ranking general in the Tokugawa clan along withIshikawa Kazumasa,[1]Tadatsugu is also regarded as one of theFour Guardiansof theTokugawa(Tokugawa-Shitennō),[2]along withHonda Tadakatsu,Ii Naomasa,andSakakibara Yasumasa.[3][4]He is also included in another cultural depiction as one of theTokugawa 16 divine generals(Tokugawa jūrokushinshō).[5][6]His official title was SakaiSaemon-no-joTadatsugu.[7]

Sakai Tadatsugu was also allegedly involved in the conspiracy that caused the death ofLady Tsukiyamaand her son,Matsudaira Nobuyasu.[8]

Biography

[edit]
Ida castle ruin, birthplace of Sakai Tadatsugu

Tadatsugu was born in 1527 to Sakai Tadachika, a hereditary vassal of theMatsudaira clanof Mikawa Province.[3]At some point, Tadatsugu was commanded byImagawa Yoshimototo attack Tada Yasumitsu, an uncle-in-law of Matsudaira Hirotada. Tadatsugu managed to seize the castles in Yasumitsu's possession at Imahashi and Tawara areas.[9]

At some point during Tadatsugu's life,Oda Nobuhide,father ofOda Nobunaga,invaded and besieged Ida castle in Mikawa. Tadatsugu andNaitō Nobunariwere reportedly sallied out, fighting Nobuhide's army to defend the castle.[10][11]

It is said that after Hirotada's death, in 1551 Tadatsugu served young Ieyasu and led a hostage life inSunpu.[citation needed]

In 1556, according to the records fromTosho Gunkan,Tadatsugu defends Fukutani castle which was besieged by 2,000 cavalry troops of Oda clan led byShibata Katsuie.Tadatsugu managed to repel the invaders as he led a sallying force outside the castle to engage Katsuie troops.[12][13]During this battle, Watanabe Yoshitsuna, maternal grandfather ofWatanabe Moritsuna,fought under the command of Tadatsugu and manage to kill Katsuie's general named Hayakawa Tōta with a bow.[14]

In 1558, Tadatsugu accompanied Ieyasu in theSiege of Terabe.[citation needed]

In 1560 at theSiege of Marune,Tadatsugu served as vanguard of Tokugawa forces along with Ishikawa Ienari. After a tough battle, he finally defeatedSakuma Morishige,a general from the Oda side who was defending the fort.[15]It was said that Morishige was killed with arquebus shots from the Tokugawa forces.[16]

In 1563, during theMikawaIkkō-ikkiuprising, Tadatsugu faithfully followed Ieyasu while his brother, Sakai Tadanao, chose to support the Ikkō-ikki.[a]This religious uprising has four epicenters where theIkkō-shūradicals fortify their temples. Tadatsugu were tasked to pacify one of those garrisoned temples which was located in Ida village.[18]Sometime before 1564, the same year, Tadatsugu married princess Usui (Usui-Hime), grand-daughter ofMatsudaira Hirotadaand sister to Ieyasu.[19]

Later in 1564, Tadatsugu lead an attack towardsYoshida Castle,forcing the lord of the castle, Shizumi Obara, to escape and the castle surrender without a fight.[20][unreliable source?][21][22][23]Then in the same year, before theBattle of Azukizaka,Tadatsugu wrote letter to the Ikko-Ikki faction in Mikawa, chastising their rebellious conduct.[24]

Service in Oda-Tokugawa alliance

[edit]

Sometime around 1565, Tadatsugu urged his superior, Ieyasu, to abandon allegiance towardsImagawa clan.[25]After the Tokugawa clan capturedYoshida Castlein eastern Mikawa (present-dayToyohashi), Ieyasu appointed Tadatsugu to control the castle.[26][27][28]Then Ieyasu assigned Tadatsugu, Ishikawa Kazumasa, Sakakibara Yasumasa, and Honda Tadakatsu as chiefs of Tokugawa counsel staffs.[29][30]

By 1567, Ieyasu reorganized the structures of his army in two divisions, each with a separate commander. Tadatsugu was placed over the forces of 18 TokugawaFudai&Kamon daimyōs,while Ishikawa Kazumasa, was given command over the forces of 13daimyō-vassals.[1][31][32]This means Tadatsugu was given command of the "Higashi-Mikawa" or "Western Mikawa" samurai clans,[33]such asMatsudaira Ietada (Fukōzu),Matsudaira Tadamasa,Matsudaira Ietada (Katahara),and others.[34][35][36]

Later in 1569, Tadatsugu also participated in theSiege of Kakegawacastle.[23]

In 1570, Tadatsugu were involved in theBattle of Anegawa,where the Tokugawa forces forming the left wing of the Oda and Tokugawa alliance forces. Here, Tadatsugu and Ishikawa Kazumasa led the vanguard, while Sakakibara Yasumasa and Honda Tadakatsu led the rearguard of the Tokugawa formation.[37]

In 1572, during theBattle of Mikatagahara,Tadatsugu fought the opposingTakeda clanforces on the far-right position of Tokugawa forces stork-shaped formation.[38]At first, Tadatsugu managed to repulse the first wave of Takeda clan's charge led byOyamada Nobushige.[39]However, as the second wave led byBaba Nobuharustepped in, rank of units under Tadatsugu were overwhelmed.[40]Tadatsugu struggled as his troops were badly beaten.[41]As Ieyasu and his allies retreated toHamamatsu Castle,Tadatsugu participated in the ruse which mitigated the effects of Takeda victory in the field, and the Takeda forces withdrew.[42][43]

In June 1574, when the Takeda clan laidsiege to Takatenjin,Oda Nobunagapersonally lead reinforcements where he encamped in Yoshida castle and was greeted by Tadatsugu. However, as he heard that Takatenjin surrendered, Nobunaga aborted his trip to Takatenjin and returned to Yoshida castle to decide next step.[44]

In 1575, WhenTakeda KatsuyorilayingSiege of Yoshida Castle,Tadatsugu defend the garrison with 6,000 soldiers. The battles were exclusively limited to spear skirmishes outside the wall, which frustrated Katsuyori, causing him to abandon the siege.[45]

depiction of Sakai Tadatsugu with skull head as standard on his back, at the attack of Nagashino, 1575,[46]work byTsukioka Yoshitoshi.[47]

Later in the same year, during thecampaign in Nagashino,during the war council discussion before the battle, Tadatsugu expressing his idea about night raid, which was quickly rejected by Nobunaga. However, Nobunaga called Tadatsugu in private after the council and gave him permission to execute the plan in secret, because Nobunaga was afraid if he publicly agreed with Tadatsugu plan during the council discussion, it could potentially be leaked by enemy intelligence.[48]Tadatsugu then was tasked to lead a night raid against the Takeda forces located in Tobinosuyama along withKanamori Nagachika.[32][49]They led aflying columnof 2,000 Tokugawa archers and Arquebus gunners, which was further supplemented with Oda clan's regiment of cavalry and 500 Arquebus gunners.[50]Tadatsugu led this forces to take the road from Koshu to Horai-ji Temple in Sanshu then crossing a river, until they reached the camp of Takeda forces nearby the besiegedNagashino castle.[b]The forces of Tadatsugu successfully ambushed the Takeda forces, which caused the death of two Takeda generals,Takeda NobuzaneandSaegusa Moritomo.[52]After the enemy troops in nearby Nagashino castle were routed, Tadatsugu also burned Kadoya village nearby the location.[51]

As the Nagashino campaign ended, Tadatsugu rewarded further for his deeds defending a castle in Tobinosuyama mountain after the battle of Nagashino, as Oda Nobunaga himself personally gives Tadatsugu with ajinbaori(Samurai commander's jacket),[53]and also aMaki no Tachi(sword's mounting).[54]

In 1578, Tadatsugu's son,Sakai Ietsugu(1564–1619), took over his father's role as castellan of Yoshida Castle.[28]Theie-in the beginning of Ietsugu's name was a special honor bestowed by Tokugawa Ieyasu, a special reward for special vassals, allowing them to use one of thekanjifrom hisNanoriname.[55]

In 1579, Tadatsugu were involved with a tragedy that befalls upon Ieyasu family, which ended withLady Tsukiyama,Ieyasu wife, executed, and their son,Matsudaira Nobuyasu,forced to commitseppuku.Tadatsugu played role in confirming Oda Nobunaga suspicion of the alleged betrayal against the Oda clan being planned by Lady Tsukiyama, thus Nobunaga concluded that if a high-rank Fudai daimyō such as Tadatsugu confirmed the accusation by testifying against Lady Tsukiyama, then her treason must be true. It was said in one theory that Tadatsugu were actually conspiring withOdai no Katahere to get rid off Lady Tsukiyama.[8]WhileArthur Lindsay Sadlertheorized this is deliberate act of spite from Tadatsugu due to his dislikes towards Nobuyasu.[56]

After Nobunaga's death

[edit]

In 1582, afterHonnō-ji Incident,Tadatsugu accompanied Ieyasu inarduous journeyto escape the enemies of Nobunaga inSakaiand returning toMikawa.However, their journey were very dangerous due to the existence of"Ochimusha-gari"groups across the route.[57][c]During this journey, Tadatsugu and other senior Ieyasu retainers such as Ii Naomasa and Honda Tadakatsu fought their way out against the raids and harassments from Ochimusha-gari(Samurai hunters) outlaws during their march escorting Ieyasu, while sometimes also paying bribes of gold and silver to the Ochimusha-gari gangs which they could bribe.[60]As they reached Kada, an area betweenKameyama townand Iga,[61]The attacks from Ochimusha-gari finally ended as they reached the territory ofKōka ikkiSamurais who are friendly to the Tokugawa clan. The Koka ikki samurais then escorting them from until they reachedIga Province,where they further protected by samurai clans fromIga ikkiwhich accompany the Ieyasu group until they safely reach Mikawa.[57]TheIetada nikkijournal has recorded that the escorts of Ieyasu has suffered around 200 casualties and only 34 person left when they finally arrived at Ietada residence in Mikawa.[62][63]

Lake Suwa, Suwa city Nagano Prefecture.

In June-October 29 of the same year, theTenshō-Jingo Wartriangle occurred among the Tokugawa clan,Hōjō clan,andUesugi clanin a contest to gain control the area ofShinano Province,Ueno region, andKai Province,which has been vacant since the destruction ofTakeda clanand the death of Oda Nobunaga. After Ieyasu returned to Mikawa, he began to leading an army of 8,000 soldiers entering Kai Province (currently Gunma Prefecture),Shinano Province,and Ueno, to annex it. However, theHōjō clanin theKantō regionalso led an army of 55,000 men and crossed the Usui Pass to invade Shinano Province.[64]Ieyasu dispatch Tadatsugu and Ogasawara Nobumine with detachment to pacifyShinano Province,while Ieyasu took the main army to pacify Kai. However, Tadatsugu and Nobumine met with unexpected resistance from Suwa Yoritada, a former Takeda vassal who now allied with the Hōjō clan.[65]they were beaten by Moritada, to the point that Tadatsugu's army almost encircled. Tadatsugu then led a desperate breakthrough and breaking the encirclement and retreat into Wakamiko in Kai province, where he rejoin the Ieyasu's main forces. In Wakamiko, the confrontation lasted for 80 days without clear result. During this period, Ieyasu acquired more than 800 former vassals of Takeda clan from Kofu Province.[66]Later, in December, Tadatsugu led the army once again to subdue Suwa Yoritada atSuwain Shinano, where Tadatsugu manage to subdue Yoritada and secure his surrender to the Tokugawa clan.[67]

Haguro, place where Sakai Tadatsugu clashed with Nagayoshi

In 1584, during theKomaki-Nagakute campaign,Tadatsugu successfully turned back a move byToyotomi Hideyoshiforces againstKiyosu Castle,which was led by Toyotomi commanderMori Nagayoshi.Tadatsugu scouted Nagayoshi forces during their march, then as Nagayoshi rest and camp his soldiers Hachimanbayashi area, Haguro. Tadatsugu joinedOkudaira NobumasaandMatsudaira Ietada (Fukōzu)in Komaki to launch the attack at dawn. As they pushed Nagayoshi forces, Tadatsugu tried to encircle Nagayoshi forces from the flank, which caused Nagayoshi lose 300 soldiers. [68]However, they ultimately failed to entrap Nagayoshi as he manage to breaking through the encirclement and retreat.[69]300 Toyotomi soldiers died in this battle.[70]Following this, Tadatsugu returned to Komaki where he, Honda Tadakatsu, and Ishikawa Kazumasa stationed their troops.[71]

After the Battle of Komaki and Nagakute in April, the front line in northern Owari reached stalemate. At this time, Kanie Castle was located about three miles between Ieyasu's Kiyosu Castle and Nobuo's Nagashima Castle, and was connected to the Mie moat and three castles: Ono Castle, Shimojima Castle, and Maeda Castle. At that time, Kanie castle were facing the sea and was one of the leading ports in Owari, along with Atsuta and Tsushima. Then in June 18, Ieyasu and Nobuo led 20,000 soldiers and besieged three castles:siege of KanieCastle, Maeda Castle, and Shimojima Castle.[72]The Kanie castle were defended byMaeda NagataneandTakigawa Kazumasu.Tadatsugu, Okanabe Mori, and Yamaguchi Shigemasa spearheading the attack towards Shimojima castle, while Sakakibara Yasumasa, Osuga Yasutaka were deployed to capture any fleeing defenders.[73][74]During this siege, Ieyasu'sHatamotoretainers such as Mizuno Katsunari blockaded the port of the castle, and hijacked two ships belongs toKuki Yoshitaka,to prevent any outside help for Kanie castle.[75]After the fall of Shimojima castle, On June 22, Oda Nobuo and Tokugawa Ieyasu launch an all-out attack on Kanie Castle. The soldiers led by Tadatsugu, who has been deployed at the major entrance, were exhausted after days of fierce fighting, and in the evening, the soldiers of Yasumasa Sakakibara and Ietada Matsudaira entered Kaimonjiguchi in their place.[76]On June 23, Ieyasu entered the castle with Sakakibara Yasumasa, thus the castle were subdued.[72]

In 1586, according to "Sakakibara clanhistorical records ", Ieyasu sent Honda Tadakatsu, Sakakibara Yasumasu, and Ii Naomasa as representatives toKyoto,where three of them being regarded as "Tokugawa Sanketsu"(Three great nobles of Tokugawa).[77]Then in following month, the three of them joined by Tadatsugu Sakai to accompany Ieyasu in his personal trip to Kyoto, where the four of them "became famous".[77]

Post retirement & Death

[edit]

In 1590, during theOdawara Campaign,Tadatsugu was ordered to accompanyTokugawa Hidetada,Ieyasu's son and heir, toKyoto,where he served as hostage for Ieyasu's loyalty to the Toyotomi during that campaign. After the battle, Hideyoshi ordered to Tokugawa clan to relocate from their ancestral holdings to theKantō region.Tadatsugu went into retirement, but his son Ietsugu received a 30,000kokufudaifiefat Usui, inShimōsa Province,and Tadasugu accompanied them there.[28]

Tadatsugu died inKyotoin the winter of 1596. After Tadatsugu's death, the Sakai clan continued to prosper.[28]

Personal info

[edit]

Sakai Tadatsugu was the most entrusted Ieyasu's vassal in most of military and political affairs of the Tokugawa clan.[78]He also described by Oda Nobunaga as Ieyasu's right-hand man.[79]

Arms & Weapons

[edit]
IroiroDō-maru,Sakai Tadatsugu first set of armor. Tsuruoka City, Yamagata Prefecture, Chido Museum Collection.[80]

Sakai Tadatsugu owns at least three sets ofJapanese armor:

  1. The first set is black and yellow laced infantry designed armor withKamakura periodstyle namedIroiroDō-maru.It is said this set were mostly for ceremonial purpose.[81]
  2. The second set used by Tadatsugu were a Two pieces of vermilion-lacquered black thread armor which reportedly for practical combat use.[82]This set of armor has aKabutohelmet with golden antler horns, similar to horn motives owned bySanada Yukimuraor Tadakatsu Honda.[83]This helmet piece is thought to date as far as from theAzuchi–Momoyama period.[84]In 2017, on commemorating the 140th anniversary of Shonai shrine inTsuruoka,Chidō Museumofficials ordered the a replica of this helmet for exhibition to be made by professinal blacksmith from Nagoya city.[85]
  3. Another set of armor believed to be used by Tadatsugu were aDōofSendairegion influence which preserved inKanagawa Prefecturecollection In modern era. It has unusual feature of ridged shin-guard. it is believed that Tadatsugu used this armor during the battle of Nagashino. Furthermore, this armor type was first popularized byDate Masamune,Daimyo of Sendai.[86]

Another tools belonged to Tadatsugu which preserved in museum is aGunbai Uchiwa( quân xứng đoàn phiến ) or 'Signal fan', which passed down for generations by the Sakai clan.[87]

In 1560, during that time, it is said Tadatsugu killed aboarwith his katana, earning it the name of theInoshishi-giriorInokiri( heo thiếtthe Boar Slayer). The blade itself was a work of Masazane from the Tegai school of Nara, and a colleague of the famousMuramasa(or maybe another name for Muramasa himself). Masazane also authoredTonbōgiri( tinh linh thiếtthe Dragonfly Slayer), the most famous of theThree Great Spears of Japan( thiên hạ ba gã thương ), favourite weapon ofHonda Tadakatsu,another one of theTokugawa Shitennō.

Another sword owned by Tadatsugu were aTachiwhich were said given by Ieyasu for Tadatsugu. It had been passed down through generations by the Sakai clan.[87]

Aside from that, there are another Tachi sword possessed by Tadatsugu which forged by Nagamitsu, pupil of renowned swordsmith named Sanemitsu. It is said were given by Oda Nobunaga to Tadatsugu.[88]

A legend said that Tadatsugu personalYariwere namedKame toshi no yari(Jar breaking spear), because at some point of his life, he once found an enemy hiding behind a huge clay jar, which Tadatsugu pierce with his Yari spear along with the enemy behind it.[89]

Sakai clan genealogy

[edit]
Emblem (mon) of theSakai clan

TheSakai clanoriginated in 14th centuryMikawa Province,[90]claiming descent fromMinamoto Arichika.Arichika had two sons: one of them,Yasuchika,took the name Matsudaira; and the younger,Chikauji,took the name Sakai.[91]

Sakai Hirochika,who was the son of Chikauji, likewise had two sons, and their descendants gave rise to the two main branches of the Sakai clan.[28]Tadatsugu was heir to the senior branch of the clan.

In 1604, his descendants moved toTakasaki Domain(50,000koku) inKōzuke Province;in 1616, they relocated toTakata Domain(100,000koku) inEchigo Province;in 1619, they were transferred toMatsushiro DomaininShinano Province;and then, from 1622 through to 1868, they were installed atTsurugaoka Domain(120,000koku) inDewa Province.[28]The head of the Sakai clan was ennobled as a "Count" in theMeiji period.[28]

Appendix

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Footnotes

[edit]
  1. ^Sengoku periodhistorians argues that Tadanao were not actually Ikkō-ikki sympathizer, but more likely to be siding with the Oda clan, which at that time was the enemy of Imagawa clan.[17]
  2. ^citation fromHayashi Razanchronicle.[51]
  3. ^According to Imatani Akira, professor ofTsuru University,and Ishikawa Tadashi, assistant professorUniversity of Central Florida,duringSengoku periodthere are emergence of particularly dangerous groups called"Ochimusha-gari"or "fallen warrior hunt" groups. these groups were decentralized peasant orRōninself-defense forces who operates outside the law, while in actuality they usually hunting Samurais or soldiers who has been defeated in wars.[58][59][57]

References

[edit]
  1. ^abMarius B. Jansen(1995).Warrior Rule in Japan.Cambridge History of Japan. p. 182.ISBN9780521484046.Retrieved6 May2024.
  2. ^Chido Museum:Sakai clan historyArchived2006-01-25 at theWayback Machine
  3. ^ab"Nhật Bản đại bách khoa toàn thư (ニッポニカ) “Rượu giếng trung thứ” の giải thích ".kotobank.Retrieved23 October2021.
  4. ^Louis Frédéric(2002).Japan encyclopedia.Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. 811.ISBN9780674017535.Retrieved6 May2024.
  5. ^Harada Kazutoshi (2009,p. 300)
  6. ^Áo ra hiền trị (2002).Đức xuyên mười sáu đem đồ lại khảo[Reconsideration of the Sixteen Tokugawa Generals] (in Japanese). Nagoya City Museum Research Bulletin. pp. 1–21.Retrieved6 May2024.
  7. ^Arthur Lindsay Sadler (2014,p. 31)
  8. ^abCecilia Segawa Seigle; Linda H. Chance (2014).Ōoku The Secret World of the Shogun's Women.Cambria Press.ISBN9781604978728.Retrieved6 May2024.Notes 23= Tsukiyama-Dono p. 85-6; Kinseishi p. 30
  9. ^Arthur Lindsay Sadler (2009,p. 7)
  10. ^Cương kỳ thị (1983).Shinpen Okazaki shishi Supplement(in Japanese). Tân biên cương kỳ thị sử biên さん ủy ban. p. 32.Retrieved14 May2024.
  11. ^Cương kỳ thị (1983).Tân biên cương kỳ thị sử: Chūsei (Honbun hen).Tân biên cương kỳ thị sử biên さん ủy ban. p. 1141.Retrieved14 May2024.
  12. ^"NHK sông lớn ドラマ “どうする gia khang” đệ 39 lời nói, rượu giếng trung thứ ゆかり の mà として phúc cốc thành が giới thiệu されました ".Miyoshi city website(in Japanese). Miyoshi City Board of Education Education Department History and Folklore Museum. 2023.Retrieved6 May2024.
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  19. ^Aoyagi Akiko (2013)."Lịch sử エッセイ ─ bên trong trang phiên の nữ tính たち─～ tự chương rượu giếng trung thứ công chính thất cát điền điện"[Women of the Shonai Domain - Prologue, Tadatsugu Sakai's Office, Yoshida-dono]. Sơn hình hạc tường cùng song sẽ.Retrieved2022-11-11.
  20. ^Tứ thiên vương ・ rượu giếng trung thứ(in Japanese). Lịch sử nghiên cứu sẽ. p. 41.Retrieved6 May2024.[unreliable source?]
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  24. ^Warriors of Medieval Japan.Bloomsbury Publishing. 2011. p. 245.ISBN9781849089982.Retrieved6 May2024.
  25. ^Arthur Lindsay Sadler (2014,p. 57)
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  28. ^abcdefgPapinot,p. 50.
  29. ^Arthur Lindsay Sadler (2014,p. 71)
  30. ^Mikami Sanji (1922,p. 355)
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  32. ^abTurnbull, Stephen. (2000)Nagashino 1575: Slaughter at the Barricades,p. 22, 60.
  33. ^Mikami Sanji (1922,p. 356)
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  38. ^Arthur Lindsay Sadler (2009,p. 45-6)
  39. ^An đằng ưu một lang (2020).Nhật Bản の danh tướng 365 ngày(in Japanese). Thần tị xuất bản kabushiki gaisha. p. 134.ISBN978-4777826193.Retrieved25 May2024.
  40. ^Lục quân. Tham mưu bản bộ (1965).Nhật Bản の chiến sử, Volume 2[Japanese War History, Volume 2] (in Japanese). Japan: Đức gian hiệu sách, chiêu cùng 40-41. p. 32.Retrieved28 May2024.
  41. ^Arthur Lindsay Sadler (2009,p. 45-6)
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Bibliography

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External source

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Tomoyo Hazuki."Tadatsugu Sakai".tabi-samurai-japan.japan travel samurai.Retrieved6 May2024.

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