Samos

For other uses, seeSamos (disambiguation).

"Samian" and "Sisam" redirect here. For other uses, seeSamian (disambiguation)andSisam (disambiguation).

Samos Περιφερειακή ενότητα Σάμου
Regional unit
Samos (town),capital of Samos
Samos Samos within the North Aegean
Coordinates:37°45′N26°50′E
Country	Greece
Administrative region	North Aegean
Seat	Samos (town)
Area
• Total	477.4 km2(184.3 sq mi)
Highest elevation	1,434 m (4,705 ft)
Population (2021)
• Total	32,642
• Density	68/km2(180/sq mi)
Demonym(s)	Samian,Samiot
Time zone	UTC+2(EET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+3(EEST)
Postal code	831 xx
Area code(s)	2273
Vehicle registration	MO
Website	www.samos.gr

Samos(/ˈseɪmɒs/,alsoUS:/ˈsæmoʊs,ˈsɑːmɔːs/;Greek:Σάμος,romanized:Sámos) is aGreekisland in the easternAegean Sea,south ofChios,north ofPatmosand theDodecanesearchipelago, and off the coast of westernTurkey,from which it is separated by the 1.6-kilometre-wide (1.0 mi)Mycale Strait.It is also a separateregional unitof theNorth Aegeanregion.

Inancient times,Samos was an especially rich and powerfulcity-state,particularly known for itsvineyardsandwineproduction.It is home toPythagoreionand theHeraion of Samos,aUNESCO World Heritage Sitethat includes theEupalinian aqueduct,a marvel of ancient engineering. Samos is the birthplace of theGreek philosopherand mathematicianPythagoras,after whom thePythagorean theoremis named, the philosophersMelissus of SamosandEpicurus,and the astronomerAristarchus of Samos,the first known individual to propose that theEarth revolves around the Sun.Samian wine was well known in antiquity and is still produced on the island.

The island was governed by the semi-autonomousPrincipality of SamosunderOttomansuzeraintyfrom 1835 until it joinedGreecein March 1913.

Etymology

Straboderived the name from thePhoenicianwordsamameaning "high".

Geography

Detailed map of Samos

The area of theislandis 477.395 km²(184.3 sq mi),and it is 43 km (27 mi) long and 13 km (8 mi) wide. It is separated fromAnatoliaby the approximately 1-mile-wide (1.6 km)Mycale Strait.While largely mountainous, Samos has several relatively large and fertile plains.

A great portion of the island is covered withvineyards,from whichMuscatwine is made. The most important plains other than the capital,Vathy,in the northeast, are those ofKarlovasi,in the northwest,Pythagoreio,in the southeast, andMarathokamposin the southwest. The island's population is 33,814, which makes it the 9th most populous of the Greek islands. The Samian climate is typically Mediterranean, with mild rainy winters, and warm rainless summers.

Samos's relief is dominated by two large mountains, Ampelos andKerkis(anc. Kerketeus). The Ampelos massif (colloquially referred to as "Karvounis" ) is the larger of the two and occupies the centre of the island, rising to 1,095 metres (3,593 ft). Mt. Kerkis, though smaller in area, is the taller of the two, and its summit is the island's highest point, at 1,434 metres (4,705 ft). The mountains are a continuation of theMycalerange on the Anatolian mainland.

View of Poseidonio.

Fauna

Samos is home to many species including thegolden jackal,stone marten,wild boar,flamingosandmonk seal.

Climate

Samos has a hot-summerMediterranean climate(Köppen climate classification:Csa), with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers. The highest temperature ever recorded is 43.0 °C (109.4 °F) while the lowest is −3.4 °C (25.9 °F). July is the hottest and driest month followed by August while February is the coldest month and December records the highest amount of precipitation. Samos receives about 705 millimetres (27.8 in) of rainfall annually while the average annual temperature is 18.4 °C (65.1 °F). Humidity is lowest during the summer and highest at the end of autumn.

Climate data for Samos Airport, Greece (1978-2010)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	20.4 (68.7)	21.6 (70.9)	25.0 (77.0)	30.0 (86.0)	36.4 (97.5)	39.6 (103.3)	43.0 (109.4)	41.4 (106.5)	37.2 (99.0)	36.0 (96.8)	27.2 (81.0)	23.0 (73.4)	43.0 (109.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	13.5 (56.3)	13.5 (56.3)	15.9 (60.6)	19.7 (67.5)	24.9 (76.8)	30.1 (86.2)	33.0 (91.4)	32.8 (91.0)	28.6 (83.5)	23.5 (74.3)	18.4 (65.1)	15.0 (59.0)	22.4 (72.3)
Daily mean °C (°F)	10.3 (50.5)	10.0 (50.0)	12.1 (53.8)	15.9 (60.6)	20.6 (69.1)	25.5 (77.9)	28.4 (83.1)	27.9 (82.2)	24.3 (75.7)	19.4 (66.9)	14.5 (58.1)	11.9 (53.4)	18.4 (65.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	7.2 (45.0)	6.9 (44.4)	8.4 (47.1)	11.1 (52.0)	14.9 (58.8)	19.5 (67.1)	22.8 (73.0)	22.8 (73.0)	19.2 (66.6)	15.5 (59.9)	11.3 (52.3)	8.8 (47.8)	14.0 (57.2)
Record low °C (°F)	−2.4 (27.7)	−3.4 (25.9)	−1.0 (30.2)	2.5 (36.5)	7.4 (45.3)	8.8 (47.8)	14.8 (58.6)	16.4 (61.5)	12.2 (54.0)	7.0 (44.6)	1.0 (33.8)	−1.4 (29.5)	−3.4 (25.9)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches)	135.0 (5.31)	105.5 (4.15)	76.4 (3.01)	40.2 (1.58)	19.8 (0.78)	1.6 (0.06)	0.5 (0.02)	0.5 (0.02)	16 (0.6)	35.8 (1.41)	116.4 (4.58)	156.8 (6.17)	704.5 (27.69)
Average precipitation days	12.4	10.4	8.6	7.4	4.0	1.1	0.2	0.1	1.4	4.6	9.3	13.7	73.2
Averagerelative humidity(%)	70.2	68.1	67.5	64.4	59.1	50.5	43.7	46.0	51.6	62.2	68.6	72.6	61.3
Source 1: Hellenic National Meteorological Service (temperature and precipitation days)
Source 2:NOAA(precipitation, and extremes),Info Climat extremes 1991-present

History

Early and Classical antiquity

Further information:Ancient Greece

Colonies of ancient Samos

Kouros of Samos,the largest surviving Kouros in Greece, showing Egyptian influence (Archaeological Museum of Samos)

In classical antiquity, the island was a centre ofIonianculture and luxury, renowned for its Samian wines and its red pottery (calledSamian wareby the Romans). Its most famous building was theIonic orderarchaic Temple of goddessHera—theHeraion.

Concerning the earliest history of Samos, literary tradition is singularly defective. At the time of the great migrations, it received an Ionian population which traced its origin toEpidaurusinArgolis:Samos became one of the twelve members of theIonian League.By the 7th century BC, it had become one of the leading commercial centres of Greece. This early prosperity of the Samians seems largely due to the island's position near trade routes, which facilitated the import of textiles from inner Asia Minor, but the Samians also developed an extensive oversea commerce. They helped to open up trade with the population that lived around the Black Sea as well as with Egypt, Cyrene (Libya), Corinth, and Chalcis. Among thecoloniesthe Samians founded, most of them in the sixth century BCE, wereBisanthe,Perinthus,andSamothrace(northernAegean Sea),Cydonia(Crete),NagidosandKelenderis(southernAnatolia),Dicaearchia(Italy), andOasis Polis(Egypt).The trade caused them to become bitter rivals withMiletus.Samos was able to become so prominent despite the growing power of the Persian empire because of the alliance they had with the Egyptians and their powerful fleet. The Samians are also credited with having been the first Greeks to reach the Straits of Gibraltar.

The feud betweenMiletusand Samos broke out into open strife during theLelantine War(7th century BC), with which a Samian innovation in Greek naval warfare may be connected, the use of thetrireme.The result of this conflict was to confirm the supremacy of the Milesians in eastern waters for the time being; but in the 6th century, the insular position of Samos preserved it from those aggressions at the hands of Asiatic kings to whichMiletuswas henceforth exposed. About 535 BC, when the existing oligarchy was overturned by the tyrantPolycrates,Samos reached the height of its prosperity. Its navy not only protected it from invasion but also ruled supreme in Aegean waters. The city was beautified with public works, and its school of sculptors, metal-workers and engineers achieved high repute.

Heraion of Samos

Eupalinian aqueduct

Main article:Tunnel of Eupalinos

Inside theEupalinian aqueduct

In the 6th century BC, Samos was ruled by the famoustyrantPolycrates.During his reign, two working groups under the leadership of the engineerEupalinosdug a tunnel through Mount Kastro to build anaqueductto supply the ancient capital of Samos with fresh water, as this was of the utmost defensive importance (since being underground, it was not easily detected by an enemy who could otherwise cut off the supply). Eupalinos's tunnel is particularly notable because it is the second earliest tunnel in history to be dug from both ends in a methodical manner.With a length of over 1 km (0.6 mi), Eupalinos's subterranean aqueduct is today regarded as one of the masterpieces of ancient engineering. The aqueduct is now part of theUNESCOWorld Heritage Site,thePythagoreion.

Persian Wars and Persian rule

After Polycrates's death, Samos suffered a severe blow when the PersianAchaemenid Empireconquered and partly depopulated the island. It had regained much of its power when in 499 BC it joined the general revolt of theIoniancity-states against Persia; but owing to its long-standing jealousy of Miletus, it rendered indifferent service, and at the decisive battle of Lade (494 BC), part of its contingent of sixty ships was guilty of outright treachery. In 479BC, the Samians led the revolt against Persia, during the Battle of Mycale,which was part of the offensive by the Delian League (led by Cimon).

Samian War

Main article:Samian War

In theDelian League,Samos held a position of special privilege and remained actively loyal to Athens until 440 BC, when a dispute withMiletus,which the Athenians had decided against them, induced them to secede. With a fleet of sixty ships, they held their own for some time against a large Athenian fleet led byPericleshimself, but after a protracted siege, they were forced to capitulate.Samos was punished, butThucydidestells readers not as harshly as other states which rebelled against Athens. Most in the past had been forced to pay tribute, but Samos was only told to repay the damages that the rebellion had cost the Athenians:1,300 talents, to pay back in instalments of 50 talents per annum.

Peloponnesian War

During thePeloponnesian War(431–404 BC), Samos took the side ofAthensagainstSparta,providing their port to the Athenianfleet.At the end of the Peloponnesian War, Samos appears as one of the most loyal dependencies of Athens, serving as a base for the naval war against the Peloponnesians and as a temporary home of the Athenian democracy during therevolution of the Four Hundredat Athens (411 BC), and in the last stage of the war was rewarded with the Athenian franchise. This friendly attitude towards Athens was the result of a series of political revolutions, which ended in the establishment of a democracy. After the downfall of Athens, Samos was besieged byLysanderand again placed under an oligarchy.

In 394 BC, the withdrawal of the Spartan navy induced the island to declare its independence and re-establish a democracy, but by the peace of Antalcidas (387 BC), it fell again under Persian dominion. It was recovered by the Athenians in 366 after a siege of eleven months, and received a strong body of military settlers, thecleruchs,which proved vital in theSocial War (357-355 BC).After theLamian War(322 BC), when Athens was deprived of Samos, the vicissitudes of the island can no longer be followed.

Famous Samians of antiquity

Panorama ofPythagoreion,the place of birth ofPythagoras.

Perhaps the most famous persons ever connected with classical Samos were the philosopher and mathematicianPythagorasand the fabulistAesop.In 1955, the town of Tigani was renamed Pythagoreio in honour of the philosopher.

Other notable personalities include the philosophersMelissus of SamosandEpicurus,who were of Samian birth, and theastronomerAristarchus of Samos,whom history credits with the first recordedheliocentric modelof theSolar System.The historianHerodotus,known by hisHistories,resided in Samos for a while.

There was a school of sculptors and architects that includedRhoecus,the architect of theTemple of Hera (Olympia),and the great sculptor and inventorTheodorus,who is said to have invented withRhoecusthe art ofcasting statues in bronze.

The vases of Samos were among the most characteristic products of Ionian pottery in the 6th century.

Hellenistic and Roman eras

Main articles:Hellenistic GreeceandRoman Greece

For some time (about 275–270 BC), Samos served as a base for the Egyptian fleet of thePtolemies;at other periods, it recognized the overlordship ofSeleucidSyria. In 189 BC, it was transferred by the Romans to their vassal, theAttaliddynasty's Hellenistic kingdom ofPergamon,inAsia Minor.

Enrolled from 133 in the Roman province of Asia Minor, Samos sided withAristonicus(132) andMithridates(88) against its overlord, and consequently forfeited its autonomy, which it only temporarily recovered between the reigns ofAugustusandVespasian.Nevertheless, Samos remained comparatively flourishing and was able to contest withSmyrnaandEphesusthe title "first city of lonia";it was chiefly noted as a health resort and for the manufacture of pottery. Since Emperor Diocletian'sTetrarchy,it became part of the Provincia Insularum, in the diocese ofAsianain the eastern empire's pretorian prefecture ofOriens.

Byzantine and Genoese eras

Further information:Byzantine GreeceandRepublic of Genoa

Vronta monastery

Church inKokkarivillage

The harbour ofPythagoreion

As a portion of theByzantine Empire,Samos became part of thenamesake theme.After the 13th century, it passed through much the same changes of government asChios,and, like the latter island, became the property of the Genoese familyGiustiniani(1346–1566; 1475 interrupted by an Ottoman period). It was also ruled byTzachasbetween 1081–1091.

Ottoman rule

Further information:Ottoman Greece

Samos map, 1574

Samos came under Ottoman rule in 1475orc. 1479/80,at which time the island was practically abandoned due to the effects of piracy and the plague. The island remained desolate for almost a full century before the Ottoman authorities, by now in secure control of the Aegean, undertook a serious effort to repopulate the island.

In 1572/3, the island was granted as a personal domain (hass) toKilic Ali Pasha,theKapudan Pasha(theOttoman Navy's chief admiral). Settlers, including Greeks andArvanitesfrom thePeloponneseand theIonian Islands,as well as the descendants of the original inhabitants who had fled toChios,were attracted through the concession of certain privileges such as a seven-year tax exemption, a permanent exemption from thetithein exchange for a lump annual payment of 45,000piastres,and a considerable autonomy in local affairs.The island recovered gradually, reaching a population of some 10,000 in the 17th century, which was still concentrated mostly in the interior. It was not until the mid-18th century that the coast began to be densely settled as well.

Under Ottoman rule, Samos (Ottoman Turkish:سيسامSisam) came under the administration of theKapudan Pasha'sEyalet of the Archipelago,usually as part of theSanjak of Rhodesrather than as a distinct province.Locally, the Ottoman authorities were represented by avoevoda,who was in charge of the fiscal administration, thekadi(judge), the island's Orthodox bishop and four notables representing the four districts of the island (Vathy,Chora,KarlovasiandMarathokampos).Ottoman rule was interrupted during theRusso-Turkish War of 1768–1774,when the island came under Russian control in 1771–1774.

TheTreaty of Küçük Kaynarcathat concluded the war contained clauses that enabled a great expansion of the commercial activities of the Ottoman Empire's Greek Orthodox population. Samian merchants also took advantage of this, and an urban mercantile class based on commerce and shipping began to grow.The Samian merchants' voyages across the Mediterranean, as well as the settlement of Greeks from the Ionian Islands (which in 1797 had passed from Venice to theFrench Republic), introduced to Samos the progressive ideas of theAge of Enlightenmentand of theFrench Revolution,and led to the formation of two rival political parties, the progressive-radicalKarmanioloi( "Carmagnoles", named after the French Revolutionary songCarmagnole) and the reactionaryKallikantzaroi( "goblins") who represented mostly the traditional land-holding elites. Under the leadership ofLykourgos Logothetis,in 1807 theKarmanioloigained power in the island, introducing liberal and democratic principles and empowering the local popular assembly at the expense of the land-holding notables. Their rule lasted until 1812, when they were overthrown by the Ottoman authorities and their leaders expelled from the island.

Greek Revolution

Flag of the Administration of Samos during theGreek War of Independence(1821–1830)

Lykourgos Logothetis,leader of the Revolution in Samos

In March 1821, theGreek War of Independencebroke out, and on 18 April, under the leadership of Logothetis and theKarmanioloi,Samos too joined the uprising. In May, a revolutionary government with itsown constitutionwas set up to administer the island, mostly inspired by Logothetis.

The Samians successfully repulsed three Ottoman attempts to recapture the island: in summer 1821, in July 1824; when Greek naval victories offSamosand atGerontasaverted the threat of an invasion, and again in summer 1826. In 1828, the island became formally incorporated into theHellenic Stateunder GovernorIoannis Kapodistrias,as part of the province of theEastern Sporades,but theLondon Protocol of 1830excluded Samos from the borders of the independent Greek state.

The Samians refused to accept their re-subordination to the Sultan, and Logothetis declared Samos to be an independent state, governed as before under the provisions of the 1821 constitution. Finally, due to the pressure of theGreat Powers,Samos was declared an autonomous, tributary principality under Ottomansuzerainty.The Samians still refused to accept this decision until an Ottoman fleet enforced it in May 1834, forcing the revolutionary leadership and a part of the population to flee to independent Greece, where they settled nearChalkis.

Autonomous principality

Main article:Principality of Samos

Flag of the Principality of Samos. It is thecontemporary Greek flagwith the two upper quadrants in red to symbolize Ottoman suzerainty.

In 1834, the island of Samos became the territory of thePrincipality of Samos,a semi-independent state tributary to Ottoman Turkey, paying the annual sum of £2,700. It was governed by a Christian of Greek descent though nominated by the Porte, who bore the title of "Prince." The prince was assisted in his function as chief executive by a 4-member senate. These were chosen by him out of eight candidates nominated by the four districts of the island: Vathy, Chora, Marathokampos, and Karlovasi. The legislative power belonged to a chamber of 36 deputies, presided over by the Greek Orthodox Metropolitan. The seat of the government was the port of Vathý.

The modern capital of the island was, until the early 20th century, at Chora, about 2 miles (3.2 km) from the sea and from the site of the ancient city.

After reconsidering political conditions, the capital was moved to Vathy, at the head of a deep bay on the North coast. This became the residence of the prince and the seat of government.

Since then a new town has grown, with a harbour.

Modern era

The union with theKingdom of Greecein March 1913

Statue of a lion inSamos town;erected in 1930 to celebrate the centenary of Greek independence.

The island was united with theKingdom of Greecein March 1913, five months after the outbreak of theFirst Balkan War.Although other Aegean islands had been quickly captured by theGreek Navy,Samos was initially left to its existingstatus quoout of a desire not to upset the Italians in the nearbyDodecanese.The Greek fleet landed troops on the island in March 1913.The clashes with the Ottoman garrison were short-lived as the Ottomans withdrew to the Anatolian mainland, so that the island was securely in Greek hands by 16 March.

King George IIvisited Samos in 1937 during the4th of August Regime.

DuringWorld War II,the island wasoccupiedby the Italians in May 1941, with the6th Infantry Division "Cuneo"being stationed on the island. During the winter of 1941–42 Samos was affected by theGreat Faminewhich killed 2,000 Samiots and forced thousands more to flee the island for the Middle East. In December 1942, local communists founded a branch ofELASresistance organisation, the following month the resistance came into contact with the British military who provided them with material support. In spring 1943, the Cuneo Division launched an unsuccessful, two-month-long counter-insurgency operation in Karvouni. In June 1943, ELAS came into contact with the anti-fascist organisation within the Cuneo Division resulting in an unofficial two-month truce between the two sides. After theFall of the Fascist regime in Italyon 25 July,Pietro Badoglioreplaced division commanderMario Soldarelliwith Lieutenant General Pierola and reinforced the Samos garrison with 1,500Blackshirts.Pierola then launched another counter-insurgency operation in Kerkis, which resulted in the death of 40 resistance members. Following theItalian surrenderin September 1943, the Cuneo Division joined forces with ELAS in arresting local collaborationists and freeing jailed resistance fighters. Samos was briefly taken over by theSacred Bandand British forces, but following the Allied defeat in theBattle of Lerosand a fierce aerial bombardment of Vathy and Tigani, the island was abandoned by most of the ELAS members, the anti-fascist Italians and the Allied troops and taken over by Germans without a fight. The Germans then destroyed the harbours of Karlovasos and Ormos Marathokampos with explosives. On 15 September 1944, an Allied aerial bombardment destroyed the German ship "Aslan" along with three support ships in the Vathy harbour. Upon the departure of the Germans, ELAS and a 120-man unit of the Sacred Band forced the remaining 1,000 Blackshirts to surrender; ending the island's occupation on 5 October 1944.

Many of the Samiot ELAS members that abandoned the island following its occupation by the Germans, enlisted in theGreek Armed Forces in the Middle East,participated in the communist-led1944 Greek naval mutinyand were subsequently imprisoned in British prison camps. Approximately 4,500 of them returned to the island after the end of the war. The anti-communistpersecutionsthat came in the aftermath of theTreaty of Varkizaled many former ELAS members to create self-defence militias which gradually evolved into the Samos branch of theDemocratic Army of Greece(DSE). The Samiot DSE drew manpower from nearbyIcariawhich was a notable place ofinternal exilefor Greek communists, it was also able to capture large quantities of weapons and ammunition abandoned by the Italians during World War II. During the course of theGreek Civil War,Samos became one of the biggest centres of DSE resistance outside of the Greek mainland. The last DSE unit surrendered in Kerkis on 26 August 1949, the defeat of the communist resistance was followed by a celebratory visit of theGreek royal familyon 15 October 1949. A total of 197 Samiot DSE fighters were killed during the course of the civil war.

On August 3, 1989, aShort 330aircraft of the Olympic Airways (nowOlympic Airlines) crashed nearSamos Airport;31 passengers and the crew died.

A substantial migrant camp has been developed on the island at the site of a Greek military camp at Vathy to cope with the influx of migrants crossing the strait between the island and the Turkish mainland. It is estimated that in April 2020 the Vathy camp held 6,800 migrants, ten times the number it was originally designed for.The presence of large numbers of migrants on the Greek islands has caused tensions and some civil unrest on the part of island residents and migrants being kept in camps.In 2020, the Greek government announced a new closed reception centre will be built near the village of Zervou to replace the current temporary open camps by 2021.

On 30 October 2020, amagnitude 7.0 earthquakestruck offshore near the island, triggering a tsunami. The earthquake and tsunami resulted in two deaths and several injured in Samos, and 117 deaths and 1632 injured in Turkey. The earthquake also caused damage to a number of buildings in Vathy, Karlovasi, and their vicinities; these included residential buildings, public buildings (schools, halls, etc.), religious buildings (churches), the tower of Lykourgos Logothetis, as well as pottery collections and sculptures at some museums.

Government

Samos is a separateregional unitof theNorth Aegeanregion, and since 2019 it consists of twomunicipalities:East SamosandWest Samos.Between the 2011Kallikratis government reformand 2019, there was one single municipality on the island: Samos, created out of the 4 former municipalities on the island. At the same reform, the regional unit Samos was created out of part of the formerSamos Prefecture.

The municipality of East Samos consists of the following municipal units (former municipalities):

• Pythagoreio
• Vathy

The municipality of West Samos consists of the following municipal units:

• Karlovasi
• Marathokampos

Samos has a sister town calledSamo,which is located inCalabria,Italy.

Province

The province of Samos (Greek:Επαρχία Σάμου) was one of theprovincesof the Samos Prefecture. It had the same territory as the present regional unit.It was abolished in 2006.

Economy

Muscatof Samos

Samian wine

The Samian economy depends mainly on agricultureand the tourist industry which was growing steadily since the early 1980s and reached a peak at the end of the 1990s.The main agricultural products includegrapes,honey,olives,olive oil,citrusfruit, driedfigs,almondsand flowers. TheMuscat grapeis the main crop used for wine production. Samian wine is also exported under several other appellations.

Cuisine

Local specialities:

• Bourekia(Börek)
• Katimeria
• Armogalocheese
• Katádes(dessert)
• Moustalevria(dessert)
• Muscat of Samos(wine)
• Tiganites(pancakes)

UNESCO

View ofMarathokamposvillage

Agios Nikolaos Church,Karlovasi

Picture of the town ofKarlovasi

The island is the location of the jointUNESCOWorld Heritage Sitesof theHeraion of Samosand thePythagoreionwhich were inscribed in UNESCO's World Heritage list in 1992.

Notable people

Ancient

• Aegles,athlete
• Aeschrion of Samos,poet
• Aesop,storyteller
• Aethlius (writer)
• Agatharchus,painter
• Agathocles (writer)
• Aristarchus of Samos(3rd century BC), astronomer and mathematician, the first known individual to propose that theEarth revolves around the Sun.
• Asclepiades of Samos,epigrammist and poet
• Asius of Samos,poet
• Conon of Samos,astronomer and mathematician
• Creophylus of Samos,legendary singer
• Duris of Samos(4th-3rd century BC), historian
• Epicurus(4th century BC), philosopher, founder of theEpicurean school of philosophy
• Melissus of Samos,philosopher
• Nicaenetus of Samos,poet
• Philaenis(4th-3rd century BC), courtesan and writer
• Polycrates(6th century BC), tyrant of Samos
• Pythagoras(6th century BC), philosopher, mathematician, and religious leader, after whom thePythagorean theoremis named.
• Telauges,philosopher
• Pythagoras (sculptor)
• Rhoecus(6th century BC), sculptor
• Telesarchus of Samos(6th century BC), aristocrat
• Theodorus(6th century BC), sculptor and architect
• Theon of Samos,painter

Modern

• Lykourgos Logothetis(1772–1850), leader of the Samians during the revolution of 1821
• Ion Ghica(1816–1897), Romanian revolutionary, mathematician, diplomat, prime minister of Romania, first president of the Romanian Academy, prince of Samos
• Themistoklis Sofoulis(1860–1949), politician,Prime Minister of Greece
• Kostas Roukounas(1903–1984), singer ofRebetika
• Nikos Stavridis(1910–1987), actor
• Nerses Ounanian(1924–1957), Armenian-Uruguayan sculptor
• Nikolaos Margioris(1913–1993), Greek esoteric philosopher
• Anna Perivolaris(c. 1888– 1963), teacher of Greek culture in Australia

Gallery

• 
  The town hall and the archaeological museum in Vathy
• 
  St Spyridon, Samos town
• 
  Old tobacco factory, Samos town
• 
  Kokkari beach
• 
  Samos International Airport

See also

• 1904 Samos earthquake
• Xenophon
• Ancient regions of Anatolia

References

Attribution

This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain:Bunbury, Edward Herbert; Caspari, Maximilian Otto Bismarck; Gardner, Ernest Arthur (1911). "Samos".InChisholm, Hugh(ed.).Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 116–117.

• Margaritis, Giorgos (2006).Ιστορία του ελληνικού εμφυλίου πολέμου 1946-1949[History of the Greek Civil War 1946-1949] (in Greek). Vol. II. Athens: Vivliorama.ISBN9608087139.
• Vasileiou, Theodoros; Diakogiannis, Manolis; Zafeiris, Giannis; Katsoufros, Kostas; Marinis, Kostas; Christodoulou, Epi (1987).Ο αγώνας του Δημοκρατικού στρατού στη Σάμο[The Struggle of the Democratic Army in Samos] (in Greek). Athens: Syghroni Epoxi.ISBN9602249552.

Further reading

Ancient sources

• Herodotus, especially book iii.
• Strabo xiv. pp. 636–639
• Thucydides, especially books i. and viii.
• Xenophon, Hellenica, books i. ii.

Modern texts

• A. Agelarakis, "Anthropologic Results: The Geometric Period Necropolis at Pythagoreion".Archival Report.Samos Island Antiquities Authority, Greece, (2003).
• J. P. Barron,The Silver Coins of Samos(London, 1966).
• J. Boehlau,Aus ionischen and italischen Nekropolen(Leipzig, 1898). (E. H. B.; M. 0. B. C.; E. Ga.).
• C. Curtius,Urkunden zur Geschichte von Samos(Wesel, 1873).
• P. Gardner,Samos and Samian Coins(London, 1882).
• V. Guérin,Description de l'île de Patmos et de l'île de Samos(Paris, 1856).
• K. Hallof and A. P. Matthaiou (eds),Inscriptiones Chii et Sami cum Corassiis Icariaque(Inscriptiones Graecae, xii. 6. 1–2). 2 vols. (Berolini–Novi Eboraci: de Gruyter, 2000; 2004).
• B. V. Head,Historia Numorum(Oxford, 1887), pp. 515–518.
• L. E. Hicks and G. F. Hill,Greek Historical Inscriptions(Oxford, 1901), No. 81.
• H. Kyrieleis,Führer durch das Heraion von Samos(Athen, 1981).
• T. Panofka,Res Samiorum(Berlin, 1822).
• Pauly-Wissowa (in German, on Antiquity)
• T. J. Quinn,Athens and Samos, Chios and Lesbos(Manchester, 1981).
• G. Shipley,A History of Samos 800–188 BC(Oxford, 1987).
• R. Tölle-Kastenbein,Herodot und Samos(Bochum, 1976).
• H. F. Tozer,Islands of the Aegean(London, 1890).
• K. Tsakos,Samos: A Guide to the History and Archaeology(Athens, 2003).
• H. Walter,Das Heraion von Samos(München, 1976).
• Westermann,Großer Atlas zur Weltgeschichte(in German)

Volumes of theSamosseries of archaeological reports published by the Deutsches Archäologisches Institut.

• 1. V. Milojčić,Die prähistorische Siedlung unter dem Heraion(Bonn, 1961).
• 2. R. C. S. Felsch,Das Kastro Tigani(Bonn, 1988).
• 3. A. E. Furtwängler,Der Nordbau im Heraion von Samos(Bonn, 1989).
• 4. H. P. Isler,Das archaische Nordtor und seine Umgebung im Heraion von Samos(Bonn, 1978).
• 5. H. Walter,Frühe samische Gefäße(Bonn, 1968).
• 6.1. E. Walter-Karydi,Samische Gefäße des 6. Jahrhunderts v. Chr.(Bonn, 1973).
• 7. G. Schmidt,Kyprische Bildwerke aus dem Heraion von Samos(Bonn, 1968).
• 8. U. Jantzen,Ägyptische und orientalische Bronzen aus dem Heraion von Samos(Bonn, 1972).
• 9. U. Gehrikg, with G. Schneider,Die Greifenprotomen aus dem Heraion von Samos(Bonn, 2004).
• 10. H. Kyrieleis,Der große Kuros von Samos(Bonn, 1996).
• 11. B. Freyer-Schauenburg,Bildwerke der archaischen Zeit und des strengen Stils(Bonn, 1974).
• 12. R. Horn,Hellenistische Bildwerke auf Samos(Bonn, 1972).
• 14. R. Tölle-Kastenbein,Das Kastro Tigani(Bonn, 1974).
• 15. H. J. Kienast,Die Stadtmauer von Samos(Bonn, 1978).
• 16. W. Martini,Das Gymnasium von Samos(Bonn, 1984).
• 17. W. Martini and C. Streckner,Das Gymnasium von Samos: das frühbyzantinische Klostergut(Bonn, 1993).
• 18. V. Jarosch,Samische Tonfiguren aus dem Heraion von Samos(Bonn, 1994).
• 19. H. J. Kienast,Die Wasserleitung des Eupalinos auf Samos(Bonn, 1995).
• 20. U. Jantzen with W. Hautumm, W.-R. Megow, M. Weber, and H. J. Kienast,Die Wasserleitung des Eupalinos: die Funde(Bonn, 2004).
• 22. B. Kreuzer,Die attisch schwarzfigurige Keramik aus dem Heraion von Samos(Bonn, 1998).
• 24.1. T. Schulz with H. J. Kienast,Die römischen Tempel im Heraion von Samos: die Prostyloi(Bonn, 2002).
• 25. C. Hendrich,Die Säulenordnung des ersten Dipteros von Samos(Bonn, 2007).

External links

• Samostravel guide from Wikivoyage
• Municipality of Samos
• Visit Samos