Jump to content

San Basilio de Palenque

Coordinates:10°06′12.3″N75°11′56.8″W/ 10.103417°N 75.199111°W/10.103417; -75.199111
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
San Basilio de Palenque
Statue of Benkos Biohó
Statue ofBenkos Biohó
CountryColombia
DepartmentBolívar
MunicipalityMahates
Cultural space of Palenque de San Basilio
Fiesta in Palenque
CountryColombia
Reference00102
RegionSouth America
Inscription history
Inscription2008 (3rd session)
ListRepresentative

San Basilio de PalenqueorPalenque de San Basilio,often referred to by the locals simply asPalenke,is aPalenque villageandcorregimientoin theMunicipality of Mahates,Bolivarin northernColombia.Palenque was the first free African town in the Americas, and in 2005 was declared aMasterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of HumanitybyUNESCO.[1]

History

[edit]

Spaniards introducedenslaved Africansin South America through theMagdalena River Valley.Its mouth is close to the important port ofCartagena de Indiaswhere ships full of Africans arrived. Some Africans escaped and set up Palenque de San Basilio, a town close to Cartagena. This community began in 1619, when Domingo Biohó led a group of about 30 runaways into the forests, and defeated attempts to subdue them. Biohó declared himself King Benkos, and his palenque of San Basilio attracted large numbers of runaways to join his community. HisMaroonsdefeated the first expedition sent against them, killing their leader Juan Gómez. The Spanish arrived at terms with Biohó, but later they captured him, accused him of plotting against the Spanish, and had him hanged.[2]

They tried to free all enslaved Africans arriving at Cartagena and were quite successful. Therefore, the Spanish Crown issued a Royal Decree (1691), guaranteeing freedom to the Palenque de San Basilio Africans if they stopped welcoming new escapees. But runaways continued to escape to freedom in San Basilio. In 1696, the colonial authorities subdued another rebellion there, and between 1713–7. Eventually, the Spanish agreed to peace terms with the palenque of San Basilio, and in 1772, this community of maroons was included within the Mahates district, as long they no longer accepted any further runaways.[3]

The Village

[edit]

The village of Palenque de San Basilio has a population of about 3,500 inhabitants and is located in the foothills of the Montes de María, southeast of the regional capital, Cartagena.[4]The word "palenque" means "walled city" and the Palenque de San Basilio is only one of many walled communities that were founded by escaped slaves as a refuge in the seventeenth century.[4]Of the many palenques of escaped enslaved Africans that existed previously San Basilio is the only one that survives.[4]Many of the oral and musical traditions have roots in Palenque's African past.[4]Africans were dispatched toSpanish Americaunder theasientosystem.[5]

The village of San Basilio is inhabited mainly byAfro-Colombianswhich are direct descendants ofenslaved Africansbrought by the Europeans during theColonization of the Americasand have preserved their ancestral traditions and have developed also their own language;Palenquero.In 2005, the Palenque de San Basilio village was proclaimedMasterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of HumanitybyUNESCO.

In the village of Palenque de San Basilio most of its inhabitants areblackand still preserve customs and language from theirAfricanancestors. In recent years people of indigenous ancestry have settled at the borders of Palenque, being displaced earlier by the Colombian civil war.

One of the first anthropological studies of the inhabitants of Palenque de San Basilio was published by anthropologist Nina de Friedemann and photographerRichard Crossin 1979 entitledMa Ngombe: guerreros y ganaderos en Palenque.[6]

Palenquero language

[edit]

The New York Timesreported on October 18, 2007 that the language spoken in Palenque is thought to be the only Spanish-based creole language spoken in South America. Being a creole language, its grammar differs substantially from Spanish making the language unintelligible to Spanish speakers.[7]Palenquero was influenced by theKikongolanguage of Congo and Angola, and also by Portuguese, the language of the slave traders who brought enslaved Africans to South America in the 17th century.[7]Exact information on the different roots of Palenquero is still lacking, and there are different theories of its origin. In 2007, fewer than half of the community's 3,000 residents still speak Palenquero.[7]

A linguist born in Palenquero is compiling a lexicon for the language and others are assembling a dictionary of Palenquero.[7]The defenders of Palenquero continue working to keep the language alive.[7]

Notable residents

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^"Archived copy"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2012-03-18.Retrieved2011-06-03.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  2. ^Aquiles Escalante,Palenques in Colombia,in "Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas", ed. by Richard Price (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), pp. 77–9.
  3. ^Aquiles Escalante,Palenques in Colombia,in "Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas", ed. by Richard Price (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), pp. 79–80.
  4. ^abcdUNESCO. "Proclamation 2005:" The Cultural Space of Palenque de San Basilio. "
  5. ^"La esclavitud negra en la América española"(in Spanish). gabrielbernat.es. 2003.
  6. ^Friedemann, Nina; Cross, Richard.1979.Bogota: C. Valencia.
  7. ^abcdeSimon Romero,"A Language, Not Quite Spanish, With African Echoes",The New York Times,October 18, 2007.
[edit]

10°06′12.3″N75°11′56.8″W/ 10.103417°N 75.199111°W/10.103417; -75.199111

Further reading

[edit]