Sannyasi rebellion

TheSannyasi rebellion(Bengali:সন্ন্যাসী/ সাধু বিদ্রোহ,lit. 'monks' rebellion') was a revolt by thesannyasisandsadhus(Hinduascetics) inBengal,Indiain the late 18th century which took place aroundMurshidabadandBaikunthapurforests ofJalpaiguriunder the leadership ofPanditBhabani Charan Pathak.While some refer to it as an early war forIndia's independencefrom foreign rule, since the right to collect tax had been given to theBritish East India Companyafter theBattle of Buxarin 1764, other historians categorize it as acts of violent banditry following the depopulation of the province in theBengal famine of 1770.

Early events

At least three separate events are called the Sannyasi Rebellion. One refers to a large body ofHindusannyasiswho travelled from North India to different parts of Bengal to visit shrines. En route to the shrines, it was customary for many of these ascetics to exact a religious tax from the headmen andzamindarsor regional feudal lords. In times of prosperity, the headmen and zamindars generally obliged. However, since the East India Companyhad received thediwanior right to collect tax, many of the tax demands increased and the local feudal lords and headmen were unable to pay both the ascetics and the English. Crop failures, and famine, which killed an estimated one million people compounded the problems since much of the arable land lay fallow.

In 1771, 150 members of the Sannyasi rebels were put to death, apparently for no reason. This was one of the reasons that caused distress leading to violence, especially inNatoreinRangpur,(now in modernBangladesh). However, some modern historians argue that the movement never gained popular support.

The other two movements involved a sect of Hindu ascetics, theDasanami Naga Sadhuswho likewise visited Bengal on pilgrimage.To the British, these ascetics were plunderers and must be stopped from collecting money that belonged to the company and possibly from even entering the province. It was felt that a large body of people on the move was a possible threat.

Clashes between the Company and ascetics

From hundreds of years monks had been visiting North India and pilgrim sites. They also used to take some alms from zamidars. But after British imposed taxes on zamidars, it became hard for them to give alms to the ascetics. Sannyasis were burdened with restrictions as the British government thought they were plunderers &thugs.And thus rebellion began. Most of the clashes were recorded in the years following the famine but they continued, albeit with a lesser frequency, up until 1802. The reason that even with superior training and forces, the company was not able to suppress sporadic clashes with migrating ascetics was that the control of the company's forces in the far-removed hilly and jungle covered districts likeBirbhumandMidnaporeon local events was weak.

Legacy

The Sannyasi rebellion was the first of a series of revolts and rebellions in the western districts of the province including (but not restricted to) theChuar Revoltof 1799 and theSanthal Revoltof 1855–56.What effect the Sannyasi Rebellion had on rebellions that followed is debatable. Perhaps, the best reminder of the Rebellion is in literature, in theBengali novelsAnandamath(1882) andDevi Chaudhurani(1884), written by India's first modern novelistBankim Chandra Chatterjee.The song,Vande Mataram,which was written in 1876, was used in the novelAnandamathin 1882 (pronounced Anondomôţh in Bengali) and the 1952 movie based on the book.The first two versesofVande Mataramwere later declared to be India's National Song (not to be confused with theIndian National Anthem).

In 2022,Telugu filmproducer andscriptwriterV. Vijayendra Prasadannounced his upcoming project tentatively titled1770: Ek Sangram,based onAnandamathand the Sanyasi rebellion. The movie will be simultaneously made inBengali,Hindi,TamilandTelugu.