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Satellite tornado

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A tornado with an associated satellite tornado. The large tornado on the right is the1999 Bridge Creek – Moore tornadoand the small tornado to the left is a satellite tornado.

Asatellite tornadois atornadothat revolves around a larger, primary tornado and interacts with the samemesocyclone.Satellite tornadoes occur apart from the primary tornado and are not consideredsubvortices;the primary tornado and satellite tornadoes are considered to be separate tornadoes. The cause of satellite tornadoes is not known. Such tornadoes are more oftenanticyclonicthan are typical tornadoes and these pairs may be referred to as tornado couplets.[1]Satellite tornadoes commonly occur in association with very powerful, large, and destructive tornadoes, indicative also of the strength and severity of the parentsupercell thunderstorm.[2]

Satellite tornadoes are relatively uncommon. When a satellite tornado does occur, there is often more than one orbiting satellite spawned during the life cycle of the tornado or with successive primary tornadoes spawned by the parentsupercell(a process known ascyclic tornadogenesisand leading to atornado family). Ontornado outbreakdays, if satellite tornadoes occur with one supercell, there is an elevated probability of their occurrence with other supercells.[citation needed]

Satellite tornados tend toorbittheir parent cyclonically, counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere, and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere, and will generally form near the edge of a supercell'smesocyclone,and gradually travel inward to the parent tornado.[3]Satellite tornadoes may merge into their companion tornado although the appearance of this occurring is often an illusion caused when an orbiting tornado revolves around the backside of a primary tornado obscuring view of the satellite.[4]During theMarch 1990 Central United States tornado outbreak,one member of a tornado family (ratedF5) constricted and became a satellite tornado of the next tornado of the family before merging into the new primary tornado which soon also intensified to F5.[5]

Examples

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Some examples of tornado couplets include theTri-State Tornado,[6]multiple tornadoes during the1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak,[7]the2007 Greensburg tornado,[8]and the2013 El Reno tornado.[9]Satellite tornadoes are more likely to be recognized in recent decades than in the far past as eyewitness accounts as well as damage survey information are often available for later events. The advent ofstorm chasing,in particular, boosts the likelihood that satellite tornadoes are noticed visually and/or on mobileradar.[10]These tornadoes may remain over open country and thus cause less structural damage and consequently are less widely known. Such examples include near Beloit, Kansas on 15 May 1990 and duringProject VORTEXnear Allison, Texas on 8 June 1995, among other events.[4]

List of confirmed satellite tornadoes

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This article containsdynamic liststhat may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help byadding missing itemswithreliable sources.
Date PrimaryF#/EF# Primary location SatelliteF#/EF# Satellite location Fatalities[a] Event
May 30, 1879 F4[b] SW ofRandolph, KansastoIrving, KansastoDawson's Mill, Nebraska[11][c] F? NW ofRandolph, Kansas[11] 18 (60 injuries)
March 13, 1954 F3 Howard, GeorgiatoRoberta, GeorgiatoMacon, Georgia[12] F1 Turner Chapel, GeorgiatoFickling, Georgia[13] 5 (75 injuries) Tornadoes of 1954#March 13
May 16, 1961 F1 S ofMount Dora, New Mexicoto NW ofClayton, New Mexico[14] F0 Mount Dora, New Mexico[15] 0 Tornado outbreak sequence of May 14–June 1, 1962(List)
June 13, 1976 F5 SW ofLuther, IowatoJordan, Iowato SW ofGilbert, Iowa[11][16][17] F2 S to N ofJordan, Iowa[11][18] 0 (9 injuries) Tornadoes of 1976#June 13
F3 NE ofJordan, Iowa[11][19]
F4 Lemont, Illinoisto S ofDowners Grove, Illinois[20] F1 SW ofLemont, Illinois[21] 2 (23 injuries)
F0 S ofLemont, Illinois[21]
March 13, 1990 F5 Castleton, KansastoHesston, Kansas[22] F5 Goessel, Kansasto NE ofHillsboro, Kansas[23] 2 March 1990 Central United States tornado outbreak
March 1, 1997 F2 S ofCollege Station, Arkansas[citation needed] F2 S ofCollege Station, Arkansas[citation needed] 0 March 1997 tornado outbreak
May 3, 1999 F5 SSW ofAmber, OklahomatoMoore, Oklahomato W ofMidwest City, Oklahoma[24][25] F0 N ofNewcastle, Oklahoma[25] 36 (583 injuries) 1999 Bridge Creek–Moore tornado
April 20, 2004 F2 N ofUtica, IllinoistoOttawa, Illinois[26] F0 E ofUtica, Illinois[citation needed] 0 Tornado outbreak of April 20, 2004
May 4, 2007 EF5 Greensburg, Kansas[27][28]
EF1 NW ofColdwater, Kansas[29] 11 (63 injuries) Tornado outbreak of May 4–6, 2007
EF0 S ofGreensburg, Kansas[29]
EF0 S ofGreensburg, Kansas[29]
EF0 S ofGreensburg, Kansas[29]
EF0 S ofGreensburg, Kansas[29]
May 23, 2008 EF2 N ofLaird, Kansas[30] EF2 SE ofArnold, Kansas[31] 0 Tornado outbreak sequence of May 22–31, 2008
May 10, 2010 EF3 SW ofWakita,Oklahomato E ofHunnewell,Kansas[32] EF0 NW ofMedford,Oklahoma[33] 0 (2 injuries) Tornado outbreak of May 10–13, 2010
April 9, 2011 EF3 W ofNemaha, Iowato N ofWare, Iowa[34][35][36] EF2 SE ofNewell, Iowa[37][38] 0 Tornado outbreak of April 9–11, 2011
EF4 W ofPocahontas, Iowa[39]
EF1 NE ofVarina, Iowa[40]
EF1 NE ofVarina, Iowa[41]
EF2 WSW ofPocahontas, Iowa[42]
May 24, 2011 EF5 ESE ofHintontoPiedmontto NE ofGuthrie, Oklahoma[43] EF0 NW of Richland, Oklahoma[44] 9 (181 injuries) 2011 El Reno–Piedmont tornado
November 7, 2011 EF4 SSW ofTipton, Oklahoma[45] EF0 S ofTipton, Oklahoma[45] 0 Tornadoes of 2011#November 7–8
May 28, 2013 EF3 S ofCentralia, Kansas[46] EF1 W ofCorning, Kansas[47] 0 Tornado outbreak of May 26–31, 2013
May 31, 2013 EF3 WSW ofEl Reno, Oklahomato W ofYukon, Oklahoma[48] EF2 SE ofEl Reno, Oklahoma[48] 8 (151 injured) 2013 El Reno tornado
April 9, 2015 EF4 NNE ofFranklin Grove, Illinoisto NNW ofKirkland, Illinois[49] EF0 S ofBelvidere, Illinois[50] 2 (11 injuries) 2015 Rochelle–Fairdale tornado
April 27, 2016 EF0 ESE ofBedford, Iowato S ofConway, Iowa[51] EF0 S ofConway, Iowa[52] 0 List of United States tornadoes from April to May 2016
May 9, 2016 EF1 ENE ofWapanucka, Oklahomato N ofAtoka, Oklahoma[53] EFU ENE ofWapanucka, Oklahoma[54] 0 List of United States tornadoes from April to May 2016
May 9, 2016 EFU NW ofSawyer, Oklahomato S ofSpencerville, Oklahoma[55] EFU N ofSawyer, Oklahoma[56] 0 List of United States tornadoes from April to May 2016
June 22, 2016 EF1 WNW ofWest Brooklyn, Illinoisto NW ofCompton, Illinois[citation needed] EF0 NE ofWest Brooklyn, Illinois[citation needed] 0 List of United States tornadoes from June to August 2016
June 6, 2018 EF3 N ofLaramie, Wyoming[57] EF2 N ofLaramie, Wyoming[58] 0 Tornadoes of 2018#June 6–8
July 19, 2018 EF3 Eastern Pella, Iowa[59][60] EF0 NE ofPella, Iowa[61] 0 (13 injuries) from June to July 2018
November 25, 2018 F2 Gulf of TarantotoPatù, ItalytoCorsano, Italyto easternTricase,Italy[62] FU Gulf of Taranto[62] 0 Tornadoes of 2018#November 25 (Italy)
April 30, 2019 EF2 NW ofTalala, Oklahoma[63] EFU W ofTalala, Oklahoma[64] 0 List of United States tornadoes in April 2019
September 10, 2019 EF2 N ofFort Laramie, Wyomingto NE ofLingle, Wyoming[65] EFU N ofFort Laramie, Wyomingto NE ofLingle, Wyoming[65] 0 List of United States tornadoes from September to October 2019
March 13, 2021 EF2 SW ofHappy, Texasto ESE ofCanyon, Texas[66] EF1 N ofHappy, Texas[67] 0 March 2021 North American blizzard
April 27, 2021 EFU N ofHaswell, Colorado[68] EFU NNE ofHaswell, Colorado[69] 0 List of United States tornadoes from April to June 2021
May 19, 2021 EF0 NW ofMedford, Minnesota[70] EF0 NW ofMedford, Minnesota[71] 0 List of United States tornadoes from April to June 2021
July 13, 2021 EF2 NE ofBeachburg, OntariotoL'Île-du-Grand-Calumet, Quebec[72] EF1 Sullivan Island, OntariotoButternut Island, Ontario[72] 0
September 29, 2021 F1 Kiel, Germany (Meimersdorf District)[73] FU Kieler Förde, Germany[74] 0 (7 injured) Tornadoes of 2021#September 29 (Germany)
October 12, 2021 EF1 Clinton, Oklahomato SSE ofCuster City, Oklahoma[75] EFU NE ofClinton, Oklahoma[76] 0
December 11, 2021 EF3 SW ofBowling Green, Kentuckyto S ofPlum Springs, Kentuckyto NNW ofRocky Hill, Kentucky[77] EF2 SoutheasternBowling Green, Kentuckyto SE ofPlum Springs, Kentucky[78] 16 (63 injuries) Tornado outbreak of December 10–11, 2021
March 5, 2022 EF3 E ofDerby, Iowato E ofChariton, Iowa[79] EF0 S ofChariton, Iowa[80] 1 (1 injured) Tornado outbreak of March 5–7, 2022
April 5, 2022 EF2 NNE ofBladon Springs, Alabamato W ofMcEntyre, Alabama[81] EF1 NNECoffeeville, Alabama[81] 0 Tornado outbreak of April 4–7, 2022
May 4, 2022 EF2 W ofMaud, Oklahomato E ofLittle, Oklahoma[82][83] EF0 NE ofSeminole, Oklahomato ESE ofLittle, Oklahoma[82] 0 Tornadoes of 2022#May 4–6 (Central and Eastern United States)
December 14, 2022 EF2 New Iberia, Louisiana[84] EFU SSWNew Iberia, Louisiana[84] 0 (16 injuries) Tornado outbreak of December 12–15, 2022
June 28, 2023 EF0 SW ofKimball[85] EFU SW ofKimball[85] 0
April 30, 2024 EF1 NE ofHollister, Oklahoma[86] EF1 SW ofLoveland, Oklahoma[87] 0 Tornadoes of 2024#April 30 – May 4 (United States)
May 25, 2024 EF1 NNW ofCelina, Texasto W ofWeston, Texas[88] EF3 NE ofCelina, Texas[88] 0 Tornado outbreak sequence of May 19–27, 2024

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^This includes any fatalities from the parent and satellite tornadoes
  2. ^This tornado's rating is an unofficial rating.
  3. ^This track was probably atornado family.

References

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  3. ^Edwards, Roger."CHARACTERISTICS OF SUPERCELLULAR SATELLITE TORNADOES"(PDF).Retrieved11 October2024.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  4. ^abEdwards, Roger (2001)."Satellite Tornado".StormEyes.Retrieved2014-03-22.
  5. ^Davies, Jonathan M.;C. A. Doswell; D. W. Burgess; J. F. Weaver (1994)."Some Noteworthy Aspects of the Hesston, Kansas, Tornado Family of 13 March 1990".Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.75(6): 1007–17.Bibcode:1994BAMS...75.1007D.doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1994)075<1007:SNAOTH>2.0.CO;2.
  6. ^Johns, Robert H.;D. W. Burgess; C. A. Doswell III; M. S. Gilmore; J. A. Hart; S. F. Piltz (2013)."The 1925 Tri-State Tornado Damage Path and Associated Storm System".e-Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology.8(2): 1–33.doi:10.55599/ejssm.v8i2.47.
  7. ^Edwards, Roger(2002)."Central Oklahoma Tornado Intercept: 3 May 1999".StormEyes.Retrieved2014-03-22.
  8. ^Lemon, Leslie R.;M. Umschied (2008-10-27)."The Greensburg, KS Tornadic Storm: A Storm of Extremes".24th Conf Severe Local Storms.Savannah, GA: American Meteorological Society.
  9. ^Wurman, Joshua;K. Kosiba; P. Robinson; T. Marshall (2014)."The Role of Multiple-Vortex Tornado Structure in Causing Storm Researcher Fatalities".Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc.95(1): 31–45.Bibcode:2014BAMS...95...31W.doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00221.1.
  10. ^Wurman, Joshua;K. Kosiba (2013)."Finescale Radar Observations of Tornado and Mesocyclone Structures".Weather Forecast.28(5): 1157–74.Bibcode:2013WtFor..28.1157W.doi:10.1175/WAF-D-12-00127.1.
  11. ^abcdeGrazulis, Thomas P. (1993).Significant tornadoes, 1680-1991: A Chronology and Analysis of Events.St. Johnsbury, Vermont: Environmental Films.ISBN1-879362-03-1.
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  27. ^NWS Dodge City."Greensburg Tornado Rated EF-5 (updated May 22)".Archivedfrom the original on May 12, 2007.Retrieved2007-05-22.
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  29. ^abcdeTanamachi, Robin L.; Bluestein, Howard B.; Houser, Jana B.; Frasier, Stephen J.; Hardwick, Kery M. (July 2012)."Mobile, X-band, Polarimetric Doppler Radar Observations of the 4 May 2007 Greensburg, Kansas, Tornadic Supercell".Monthly Weather Review.140(7).American Meteorological Society:2103–2125.Bibcode:2012MWRv..140.2103T.doi:10.1175/MWR-D-11-00142.1.
  30. ^"Storm Events Database - Event Details | National Centers for Environmental Information".ncdc.noaa.gov.
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  33. ^"Oklahoma Event Report: EF0 Tornado".National Centers for Environmental Information.National Weather Service.Retrieved25 May2022.
  34. ^Iowa Event Report: EF2 Tornado.National Centers for Environmental Information(Report). National Weather Service.Retrieved8 April2022.
  35. ^Iowa Event Report: EF2 Tornado.National Centers for Environmental Information(Report). National Weather Service.Retrieved8 April2022.
  36. ^Iowa Event Report: EF3 Tornado.National Centers for Environmental Information(Report). National Weather Service.Retrieved8 April2022.
  37. ^Iowa Event Report: EF3 Tornado.National Centers for Environmental Information(Report). National Weather Service.Retrieved8 April2022.
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  39. ^Iowa Event Report: EF4 Tornado.National Centers for Environmental Information(Report). National Weather Service.Retrieved8 April2022.
  40. ^Iowa Event Report: EF1 Tornado.National Centers for Environmental Information(Report). National Weather Service.Retrieved8 April2022.
  41. ^Iowa Event Report: EF1 Tornado.National Centers for Environmental Information(Report). National Weather Service.Retrieved8 April2022.
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  47. ^Kansas Event Report: EF1 Tornado(Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. 2013.RetrievedFebruary 20,2017.{{cite report}}:Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help)
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  51. ^Iowa Event Report: EF0 Tornado(Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. 2016.RetrievedDecember 7,2016.{{cite report}}:Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help)
  52. ^Iowa Event Report: EF0 Tornado(Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. 2016.RetrievedDecember 7,2016.{{cite report}}:Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help)
  53. ^Oklahoma Event Report: EF1 Tornado(Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. 2016.RetrievedDecember 10,2016.{{cite report}}:Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help)
  54. ^Oklahoma Event Report: EFU Tornado(Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. 2016.RetrievedDecember 10,2016.{{cite report}}:Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help)
  55. ^Oklahoma Event Report: EFU Tornado(Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. 2016.RetrievedDecember 10,2016.{{cite report}}:Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help)
  56. ^Oklahoma Event Report: EFU Tornado(Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. 2016.RetrievedDecember 10,2016.{{cite report}}:Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help)
  57. ^Wyoming Event Report: EF3 Tornado(Report). National Centers for Environmental Mesonet. 2018.RetrievedMarch 2,2019.{{cite report}}:Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help)
  58. ^Wyoming Event Report: EF2 Tornado(Report). National Centers for Environmental Mesonet. 2018.RetrievedMarch 2,2019.{{cite report}}:Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help)
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  64. ^Oklahoma Event Report: EFU Tornado(Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. 2019.RetrievedDecember 21,2019.{{cite report}}:Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help)
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  66. ^NWS Damage Survey for 3/13/21 Tornado Event Update #3(Report). Iowa Environmental Mesonet. March 18, 2021.RetrievedMarch 18,2021.{{cite report}}:Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help)
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  69. ^Storm Events Database April 27, 2021(Report). National Centers for Environmental Information.RetrievedAugust 12,2021.{{cite report}}:Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help)
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  71. ^Storm Events Database May 19, 2021(Report). National Centers for Environmental Information.RetrievedAugust 28,2021.{{cite report}}:Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help)
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  76. ^Storm Events Database October 12, 2021(Report). National Centers for Environmental Information.RetrievedJanuary 24,2022.{{cite report}}:Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help)
  77. ^Kentucky Event Report: EF3 Tornado(Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. 2021.RetrievedMarch 20,2022.{{cite report}}:Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help)
  78. ^Kentucky Event Report: EF2 Tornado(Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. 2021.RetrievedMarch 20,2022.{{cite report}}:Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help)
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  82. ^ab"NWS Damage Survey for May 2 and May 4 Tornado Events".Iowa Environmental Mesonet. National Weather Service in Norman, Oklahoma. May 6, 2022.RetrievedMay 6,2022.
  83. ^"We assessed damage from the tornado that moved from SW of Cromwell to NW of Okemah yesterday, and found EF-1 damage associated with it. It was very large as it approached/crossed I-40. We will continue our damage surveys for the area today. More details late this evening".Twitter.National Weather Service Forecast Office in Tulsa, Oklahoma.Retrieved6 May2022.
  84. ^ab"...NWS Damage Survey for 12/14/22 Tornado Event...Update".Iowa Environmental Mesonet.National Weather Service.Retrieved29 December2022.
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