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Doctor of Science

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Not to be confused withDoctor of Sciences.

ADoctor of Science(Latin:Scientiae Doctor;most commonly abbreviatedDScorScD) is a sciencedoctorateawarded in a number of countries throughout the world.

Africa

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Algeria and Morocco

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In Algeria, Morocco, Libya and Tunisia, all universities accredited by the state award a "Doctorate" in all fields of science and humanities, equivalent to a PhD in the United Kingdom or United States.

Some universities in these four Arab countries award a "Doctorate of the State" in some fields of study and science. A "Doctorate of the State" is slightly higher in esteem than a regular doctorate, and is awarded after performing additional in-depth post-doctorate research or achievement.[citation needed]

Asia

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Japan

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Similarly to in the US and most of Europe, Japanese universities offer both the PhD and the ScD as initial doctorates in science.

India

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In India only a few prestigious universities offer ScD/DSc in science which is obtained in Graduate School after satisfactory evaluation of knowledge, research accomplishment, and a doctoral defence. The oldest institute to award aDScdegree in India isRajabazar Science College,University of Calcutta.[1]

Thailand

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Higher education institutes in Thailand generally grant PhD as a doctoral research degree, some universities includingChulalongkorn Universityaward DSc. In exception,Mahidol Universitycan grant both PhD and DSc. Doctoral students in Faculty of Science are always awarded PhD, but some other programs award DSc.[specify][citation needed]

Uzbekistan

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DSc or PhD degrees are awarded after dissertation and fulfilling the required publication number.[2]In order to qualify for DSc, one is required to have attained a PhD. The higher education institutes in Uzbekistan also grant DSc degrees. As an example, the National University of Uzbekistan and the Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences offer DSc in various fields.

Europe

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Austria, Germany, and Switzerland

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In Germany, Austria, and theGerman-speaking region of Switzerland,the most common doctoral degrees inNatural Sciencesare the following:

  • Dr. rer. nat.:Doctor rerum naturalium, literally "Doctor of the things of nature"
  • Dr. rer. medic.: Doctor rerum medicarum, Doctor of medical sciences
  • Dr. sc. med.: Doctor scientiarum medicarum, Doctor of science in medicine
  • Dr. sc. nat.: Doktor der Naturwissenschaften, Doctor ofNatural Sciences
  • Dr. sc. ETH: Doktor der Naturwissenschaften ETH, Doctor of Natural Sciences, awarded byETH Zurich,Switzerland.
  • Dr. phil. nat.: Doctor philosophiae naturalis, used only byGoethe University Frankfurtinstead of Dr rer. nat; Doctor of Natural Sciences, awarded by Swiss universities.
  • Dr.-Ing.:Doktor der Ingenieurwissenschaften (Doctor of Engineering), awarded by German universities in areas of technology and engineering.
  • Dr. mont.: Doctor rerum montanarum, awarded by theUniversity of Leobeninstead of Dr. techn.
  • Dr. techn.: Doctor technicae, awarded by Austrian technical universities.
  • Dr. nat. techn.: Doctor rerum naturalium technicarum, awarded by theUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Viennainstead of Dr. techn.

In these countries there are some related doctoral degrees with very similar names, these are the:

  • Dr. sc. agr.: Doctor scientiarum agrariarum, Doctor ofAgricultural science
  • Dr. sc. hum.: Doctor scientiarum humanarum, Doctor ofHumanisticSciences
  • Dr. sc. inf.: Doctor scientiarum informaticarum, Doctor of Science inInformatics
  • Dr. sc. inf. med.: Doctor scientiarum informaticarum medicæ, Doctor of Science inMedical Informatics
  • Dr. sc. inf. biomed.: Doctor scientiarum informaticarum biomedicæ, Doctor of Science inBiomedicalInformatics
  • Dr. sc. math.: Doctor scientiarum mathematicarum, Doctor ofMathematics
  • Dr. scient. med.: Doctor scientiæ medicæ, Doctor ofMedicalSciences
  • Dr. sc. mus.: Doctor scientiae musicae, Doctor ofMusicology
  • Dr. sc. oec.: Doctor scientiarum oeconomicarum, Doctor ofEconomics
  • Dr. sc. pol.: Doctor scientiarum politicarum, Doctor ofPolitical Sciences
  • Dr. rer. pol.: Doctor rerum politicarum, Doctor of economics, business administration, or political science
  • Dr. sc. soc.: Doctor scientiae socialis, Doctor ofSocial Sciences

All of these doctoral degrees are equivalent to the PhD or ScD of the American system. UntilGerman Reunification,universities in East Germany also awarded the Dr Sc. However, the East German Dr Sc was not equivalent to the PhD since it was adopted to replace the GermanHabilitationand therefore was equivalent to this higher-level qualification. After reunification the Habilitation was reintroduced at universities in Eastern Germany.

The procedure ofhabilitationis normally required to receive officially the "venia docendi", which entitles the candidate to lecture at universities (Privatdozent,for men, orPrivatdozentin,for women). The academic degree after the successful habilitation is e.g. Dr. rer. nat. habil., by adding the suffix "habil." to the earlier received Doctors degree.

In Switzerland, the Dr sc. is a doctoral degree awarded only by the twoSwiss Federal Institutes of Technology(EPFLandETHZ),[3]theUniversity of Fribourgand the Department of Informatics of theUniversity of Zurich.[4]The Swiss Dr sc., like the DSc in the US, is equivalent to the PhD. It is earned with the approval of a committee on the basis of original research, publications, and extensive applied professional contributions and is awarded in doctoral level science and technology programs. Since 2004 the Dr sc. is the only doctoral degree awarded by theETH Zurich.TheÉcole polytechnique fédérale de Lausanneawards the degreeDocteur ès sciences,abbreviatedDr ès sc.and translated into English as PhD.[5]

Poland

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In Poland "Doctor of Sciences" or "Habilitation" (doktor habilitowanyordr hab.in Polish) is the degree higher than PhD and it is awarded for substantial accomplishments in teaching, research and service after getting the PhD degree (usually up to 8 years after PhD). It is very similar to the equivalent habilitation degree in Germany and Austria. It is also very similar (in terms of requirements) to associate professor with tenure.

The highest scientific degree in Poland is "professorship" or "full professor" (tytuł naukowy profesora, profesor tytularny), which is called a scientific title of professor. "Habilitation" has been a mandatory requirement for many years to apply for full professorship in Poland.

United Kingdom, Ireland, India, Pakistan and the Commonwealth

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In Ireland, the United Kingdom and the countries of theCommonwealth,such as Australia and India (in theIndian Institute of Technology, Bombay), the degree of Doctor of Science (DSc or ScD) is one of theHigher Doctorates.In some older universities it typically has precedence after Divinity, Laws or Civil Law, Medicine, and Letters, and above Music. The degree is conferred on a member of the university who has a proven record of internationally recognised scholarship. A candidate for the degree will usually be required to submit a selection of their publications that follow a consistent theme to the board of the appropriate faculty, which will decide if the candidate merits this accolade.[6]Quite often they will need to be a doctoral graduate of at least ten years standing and have a substantial research association with the awarding university.[6]

The first University to admit an individual to this degree was theUniversity of Londonin 1860.[7]In 1893Maria Gordon(née Ogilvie), was the first woman to receive this degree.[8]

In former times the doctorate in science was regarded as a greater distinction than a professorial chair and hence a professor who was also a DSc would be known as Doctor. The Doctor of Science may also be awarded as an honorary degree, that is, given to individuals who have made extensive contributions to a particular field and not for specific academic accomplishments. It is usual to signify this by adding DSc h.c. (forhonoris causa).

Other European Union countries

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In the Czech Republic and Slovakia "Doctor of Sciences" (DrSc behind the name), established in 1953, is equivalent to the degree of Doctor of Science in the sense in which the DSc is used in the Commonwealth. It is the highest academic qualification, different from both PhD and PhDr. titles. In the Czech Republic, DrSc has not been awarded since 2001; instead, since 2006, a "Doctor of Sciences" degree (DSc behind the name) has been awarded, not by universities but by theCzech Academy of Sciencesmostly for research in the field of natural or formal science. In Slovakia, "Doctor of Sciences" (DrSc) is awarded by theSlovak Academy of Sciences.

In Hungary, "Doctor of Sciences" (DSc) is a higher doctorate degree and it is awarded by theHungarian Academy of Sciences.

In Finland, most doctoral degrees awarded in the fields of natural sciences, technology and economics are termed DSc degrees in English, with a suffix indicating the field of study. However, there is no translation of the termDoctor of Scienceto Finnish. For example, the proper translation for the doctorate in technology (tekniikan tohtori) would be DSc (Tech), whereas a doctorate in economics and business administration (kauppatieteiden tohtori) would be translated as DSc (Econ). When conversing or writing in English, the prefixDrmay be used to address a holder of a doctoral degree awarded in Finland. The degrees are equivalent tofilosofian tohtori(FT, English: PhD), but FT is usually awarded only in general sciences, not in specializations like engineering, economics or medicine.

In France, the Doctor of Sciences degree (doctorat ès sciencesalso calleddoctorat d'État) was ahigher doctoratein the fields of experimental and natural sciences, superseded in 1984 by thehabilitation.

In Denmark, Dr Scient. is a higher doctorate.

In Bulgaria, "Doctor" (PhD) is the highest education level and first science degree. Doctor of Sciences (DrSc) is the second and the highest science degree.

Other European countries

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In the formerYugoslavia,(Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Slovenia, North Macedonia),[9]titledoktor naukaordoktor znanosti(literally "doctor of science" ) is used in a much broader sense than DSc, simply referring to a field of academic study – from art history (doktor znanosti/nauka povijesti umjetnosti), philosophy (doktor znanosti/nauka filozofije), and literary studies (doktor znanosti/nauka književnosti) to hard sciences such as molecular biology (doktor znanosti/nauka molekularne biologije). It is therefore formally recognized as a PhD degree.

Starting in 2016,[10]inUkraineDoctor of Philosophy (PhD, Ukrainian:Доктор філософії) is the highest education level and first science degree. "Doctor of Sciences" (DSc Ukrainian:Доктор наук) is the second and the highest science degree, awarded in recognition of a substantial contribution to scientific knowledge, origination of new directions and visions in science. Since 2016, a PhD degree is one of the prerequisites for heading a university department in Ukraine.

InBelarus"Doctor of Sciences" (DSc, Belarusian:Доктар навук) is the highest level of education that follows a PhD. Is awarded byThe Higher Attestation Commissionunder the aegis of thePresident of the Republic of Belarus.

North America

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United States

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In the United States, the formally recognized traditionalDoctor of Scienceis an academic researchdoctoraldegree awarded by research universities. The academic research ScD (or DSc) is not higher than a PhD as is the case in some European countries.[11]

The first North American ScD was inaugurated byHarvard Universityin 1872, when graduate studies first began at Harvard, and where the PhD and ScD degrees were introduced in the same year.[12]The Doctor of Science research degree is earned with the formal dissertation defense and approval of a committee on the basis of original research and publications, and it is awarded predominantly in doctoral-level science programs, such as engineering, medical and health sciences, andhealth economics.[13]

Although rarer than the Doctor of Philosophy, the Doctor of Science is awarded by institutions including:

A few university doctoral research programs offer both the ScD and PhD degrees in the same academic field, such asJohns Hopkins UniversityandMassachusetts Institute of Technology,[18][19]with identical requirements for obtaining either. Research programs that offer the formal research ScD but not the PhD degree for a given field include several doctoral programs atHarvard University,[31]Boston University,Capitol Technology University,[32][33][34]Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center andDakota State University.[35]TheUniversity of Baltimore,School of Information Arts and Technologies offers an ScD degree in Information and Interaction Design, a program focused on usable design/user experience (UX) and Human Computer Interaction (HCI).[36]

There are programs where the ScD and PhD have different degree requirements, though the two degrees are officially considered equivalent. The Engineering school atWashington University in St. Louis,for example, requires four more graduate courses in the DSc program, which can be completed in one year in conjunction with research duties, while the PhD requires teaching assistance services. TheJohns Hopkins Universityalso offers both PhD and ScD in certain programs,[37]with only minor differences in university administration of the degrees. In some institutions, the ScD has been converted to the PhD.[38]For instance, the doctoral degree inbiostatisticsat Harvard recently converted from ScD to PhD, even though the doctoral degree structure and requirements have remained identical.[38]

Mexico

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See also:List of universities in Mexico

In Mexico the PhD level is considered a doctoral degree (level 8) similar to the doctorate degrees in Canada and the United States. TheDoctor of Sciencesdegree is instead recognized as aHigher Degree(Grado Propio).


Costa Rica

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In Costa Rica, doctorates are the highest academic degrees awarded by a university. They are focused on research and accessible only after the study of an academic Master's degree (as opposed to a professional Master's degree, intended for practical subjects).[39]TheUniversity of Costa Rica,for example, offers a generalDoctor of Sciencesdegree for students of all natural and exact sciences, aDoctor of Engineeringdegree for students of Engineering (in cooperation with theCosta Rica Institute of Technology), and a few other doctorate programs on applied sciences (for example, in Agricultural Sciences or Informatics).[40]

Russia and other post-communist states

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Main article:Doctor of Sciences

In Russia, the status of RussianDoktor Nauk(literally 'Doctor of Sciences') is considered a higher scientific degree. The equivalent to PhD is "Candidat Nauk"

South America

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Argentina

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See also:List of universities in Argentina

InArgentinathe formal titleDoctor of Sciencewould be attributed to different fields of the hard or soft sciences. To get into an Argentine PhD program the applicant must have experience in research and at least an Engineering,Licentiateor master's degree:[41]

Applied sciences

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Basic sciences

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Brazil

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In Brazil only the Doctor in Sciences (DSc) category is recognized as a higher doctorate,[42]generally followed by the concentration area (program field).

This kind of doctorate is obtained in Graduate School after satisfactory evaluation of knowledge, research accomplishment, and thesis defense. This doctorate is comparable to a PhD program found in other countries. In the state of São Paulo, the doctorate title is the second highest academic title given by the state's universities (University of São Paulo (USP), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP) and São Paulo State University (UNESP)) and most Federal Universities, such as the Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP). The highest academic title is theLivre-Docência,which is not equivalent to the German Habilitation, since "Livre-Docência" is not a requisite to be a professor in Brazilian universities, and German Habilitation is a requisite to be a professor in German universities. However, "Live-Docencia" is a requisite to be promoted to Associate Professor / "full" Professor (Professor Titular) at several of those public research Universities.

References

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  9. ^Yugoslavia
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  21. ^Information Technology Doctor of Science.Towson University.2013"Information Technology Doctor of Science(D.Sc.) - Towson University".Archivedfrom the original on 2013-09-21.Retrieved2013-09-19.
  22. ^"Tulane University Executive Doctor of Science (ScD)".Tulane University.Archived fromthe originalon 2010-06-11.Retrieved2010-05-25.
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