Second Revolution (Republic of China)
| Second Revolution | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of aftermath ofXinhai Revolution | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
|
|
 Beiyang Government | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
 Sun Yat-senHuang XingBai WenweiChen JiongmingHu HanminChen QimeiLi Liejun |
Yuan ShikaiZhang XunDuan QiruiLong JiguangLi ChunNi Sichong | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 10,000 | |||||||
TheSecond Revolution(Chinese:Lần thứ hai cách mạng;pinyin:Èrcì Gémìng), also known asthe Guichou Revolution,refers to a 1913 revolt by the governors of several southernChinese provincesas well as supporters ofSun Yat Senand theKuomintangagainst theBeiyang Governmentof theRepublic of Chinaled byYuan Shikai.It was quickly defeated by Yuan's armies and led to the continued consolidation of Yuan's powers asPresident of the Republic of China.
TheBai Lang Rebellionwas concurrent to the Second Revolution.
The failed revolution is namedGuichoubecause it occurred in 1913, the stem-branch year ofguǐ-chǒu( quý xấu ) in thesexagenary cycleof the traditionalChinese calendar,just as theXinhai Revolutionoccurred in 1911, the year ofxīn-hài( tân hợi ).
Background
[edit]Kuomintang leaderSong Jiaorenwas assassinated in March 1913. Some people believe that Yuan Shikai was responsible, and although it has never been proven, he had already arranged the assassination of several pro-revolutionist generals. Animosity towards Yuan grew. In April he secured a Reorganization Loan of 25 millionpounds sterlingfrom Great Britain, France, Russia, Germany and Japan, without consulting theparliamentfirst. The loan was used to finance Yuan'sBeiyang Army.[1]
On May 20, 1913, Yuan concludeda dealwith Russia that granted Russia special privileges inOuter Mongoliaand restricted Chinese right to station troops there.[2]Kuomintang members of the Parliament accused Yuan of abusing his rights and called for his removal. On the other hand, theProgressive Party(Chinese:Tiến bộ đảng;pinyin:Jìnbùdǎng), which was composed of constitutional monarchists and supported Yuan, accused the Kuomintang of fomenting an insurrection. Yuan then decided to use military action against the Kuomintang.[3]
There were several underlying reasons for the Second Revolution besides Yuan's abuse of power. First was that mostRevolutionary Armiesfrom different provinces were disbanded after the establishment of the Republic of China, and many officers and soldiers felt that they were not compensated for toppling the Qing Dynasty. These factors gave rise to much discontent against the new government among the military. Secondly, many revolutionaries felt that Yuan Shikai andLi Yuanhongwere undeserving of the posts of presidency and vice presidency, because they acquired the posts through political maneuvering rather than participation in the revolutionary movement. Lastly, Yuan's use of violence (such as Song's assassination) dashed the Kuomintang's hope of achieving reforms and political goals through electoral means.
Events
[edit]Yuan Shikai's actions against KMT supporters
[edit]In the beginning of MayLi Chunled the 8th Division fromBaodingtoWuhan,and also brought hiscrack troopsto reinforceShanghai.[4]: 122 On June 9, President Yuan removed KMT supporterLi LiejunasGovernor of Jiangxi,he was replaced by Vice PresidentLi Yuanhong.[4]: 122 Some modern scholars have rehabilitated Li Liejun in this light.[5]
June 13, Military Governor of GuangdongHu Hanmin(Kuomintang) was appointed to a position inTibet,he was replaced byChen Jiongming.[4]: 122 June 30, Anhui GovernorBai Wenwei(KMT) was also dismissed, on the same dayLi Yuanhongmade mass arrests of underground party leaders inWuhan.[4]: 122 At the behest of Jiu gian g garrison commander Chen Tingxun, on July 3, Yuan sent theBeiyang Army6th Division under command ofLi ChunintoJiangxi.[6]
Southern Provinces declare independence
[edit]On July 12Li Liejunreturned to Jiangxi and athukouProclaimed Jiangxi independent[7]
On July 15,Huang Xingarrived atNanjing,organized an anti-Yuan force, and announcedJiangsuindependence. Jiangsu Governor Cheng Dequan was named commander of southern forces, however Cheng declined the offer and fled to Shanghai.
On July 17,AnhuigovernorBai Wenwei,declared his province's independence. On the 18,Chen Qimeiannounced Shanghai independence. On July 18,Chen Jiongmingresponded to Sun's plea to declare Guangdong's independence.[8]On July 19, Sun Daoren and Xu Zhongzhi announcedFu gianindependence over telegram.
On July 22, anti-Yuan forces were defeated aroundXuzhouby theBeiyang Army2nd Division led byFeng GuozhangandZhang Xunand retreated to Nanjing. From the 22nd to 28th anti-Qing forces attempted to capture theManufactural Bureau of Jiangnanbut theBeiyang Armywas able to resist the attack with assistance from theBeiyang Navy.[9]
On July 26,Long Jiguang's forces headed towardsZhaoqingwhere Li Yaohan of the Zhaoqing army joined him on the 30th[10]and then on August 3, His army enteredSanshui District[11]
On July 31, Ni Sichong's Beiyang force attackedFengtaiand capturedHuaiyuan County.On August 2,Fengtaifell to Beiyang forces.[12]
On August 4 inChongqingXiong Kewu declaredSichuanindependent. Yuan Shikai orderedYunnan's general and warlordTang Jiyaoand his army into Sichuan to suppress the rebellion.Long Jiguangwould be successful in this and defeated Xiong Kewu's forces. On the 8th He Haiming declared independence in Nanjing a second time, however that evening Chen Juhe[who?]went to Nanjing's 8th Division headquarters and cancelled the declaration. The next day Sun Daoren cancelled Fu gian independence via telegram message.
On August 5 16:00, Beiyang forces capturedShou County.On August 7, Hu Wantai revolted against Anhui in support of Beiyang and On August 11 took control of the provincial capital ofAnqing.
On August 11, He Haiming again declared independence in Nanjing, and led 2000 soldiers in a bloody battle against theBeiyang Army.On August 11, Long Jiguang's forces began the attack on Guangzhou. August 13, the pro-YuanJi Armyled byLong Jiguangtook control ofGuangzhou.On the same day inHunan,Tan Yankaitook to telegram to cancel independence, also theBeiyang NavytookWusong,and later anti-Yuan forces inJiadingwere dispersed. On August 18, the Beiyang Army under command of Li Chun captured Nanchang. On August 19,Ni Sichong's Beiyang forces enteredHefei.He then reached Anqing on the 25th, TakingWuhuon the 28th, and sending Hu Wantai to enterHuizhou.on the 29th.[13]September 1Zhang Xun'sWuwei CorpscapturedNanjing.At this point every province had repealed independence, so Sun Yat Sen,Huang Xing,Chen Qimeiall fled toJapan.
On September 11, Xiong Kewu abandoned Chongqing, dispersed his forces, assumed an alias and fled. The next day,Tang Jiyaoand his Ji Army entered Chongqing and the Second Revolution was defeated in its entirety. After the failure of the Second Revolution, Sun Yat Sen again fled the country and re-established thesecret societyRevive China Society.In October 1913 an intimidated parliament formally elected Yuan ShikaiPresident of the Republic of China,and the major powers extended recognition to his government. Duan Qirui and other trusted Beiyang generals were given prominent positions in the cabinet. To achieve international recognition, Yuan Shikai had to agree to autonomy forOuter MongoliaandTibet.China was still to besuzerain,but it would have to allow Russia a free hand in Outer Mongolia andTanna TuvaandBritain continuation of its influence in Tibet.
Seeing the situation for his party worsen, Sun Yat-sen fled to Japan in November 1913. Subsequently, Yuan gradually took over the government, using the military as the base of his power. He dissolved the national and provincial assemblies, and the House of Representatives and Senate were replaced by the newly formed "Council of State", withDuan Qirui,his trusted Beiyang lieutenant, as Prime Minister. He relied on the American-educatedTsai Tingkanfor English translation and connections with western powers. Finally, Yuan had himself elected president to a five-year term, publicly labelled the KMT a seditious organization, ordered the KMT's dissolution, and evicted all its members from Parliament.
Aftermath
[edit]The KMT's "Second Revolution" ended in failure as Yuan's troops achieved complete victory over revolutionary uprisings. Provincial governors with KMT loyalties who remained willingly submitted to Yuan. Because those commanders not loyal to Yuan were effectively removed from power, the Second Revolution cemented Yuan's power.[14]
In January 1914,China's Parliamentwas formally dissolved. To give his government a semblance of legitimacy, Yuan convened a body of 66 men from his cabinet who, on 1 May 1914, produced a "constitutional compact" that effectively replaced China's provisional constitution. The new legal status quo gave Yuan, as president, practically unlimited powers over China's military, finances, foreign policy, and the rights of China's citizens. Yuan justified these reforms by stating that representative democracy had been proven inefficient by political infighting.[15]
After his victory, Yuan reorganized the provincial governments. Each province was supported by a military governor ( đô đốc ) as well as a civil authority, giving each governor control of their own army. This helped lay the foundations for thewarlordismthat crippled China over the next two decades.
During Yuan's presidency, a silver "dollar" (yuanin Chinese) carrying his portrait was introduced. This coin type was the first "dollar" coin of the central authorities of the Republic of China to be minted in significant quantities. It became a staple silver coin type during the first half of the 20th century and was struck for the last time as late as the 1950s. They were also extensively forged.[16]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^Hirata Koji, "Britain's Men on the Spot in China: John Jordan, Yuan Shikai, and the Reorganization Loan, 1912–1914."Modern Asian Studies47.3 (2013): 895–934.
- ^Jianyong, Feng. "The 1911 Revolution and the Frontier: The 'Political Game' and 'State-Building' in Outer Mongolia during the 1911 Revolution Cách mạng Tân Hợi とフロンティア ngoại モンゴルにおける chính trị の ゲームと quốc gia xây dựng." (2014).online
- ^In Search of Modern China.
When the other Guomindang delegates had assembled in Parliament, they pressed to gain control over Yuan, to develop a permanent constitution, and to hold a full and open presidential election. The Guomindang members, in particular, were intensely critical of Yuan's handling of national finances: instead of addressing tax-collection problems directly, he had taken out another huge loan—a so-called "reorganization loan" —of over £25 million (approximately $100 million) from a consortium of foreign banks. Yuan interpreted these bitter protests as personal attacks and resolved to strike back. In early May 1913, he dismissed the leading pro-Guomindang military governors. In heavy fighting that summer, troops loyal to the Guomindang were routed by Yuan's forces, and in September, Nanjing was taken for Yuan by the reactionary general Zhang Xun, whose troops still wore their Manchu queues. In October, Yuan forced the members of Parliament to elect him president for a five-year term. (It took three ballots before he won a majority, however.) Finally, calling the Guomindang a seditious organization, he ordered the dissolution of the party and the eviction of its remaining members from Parliament. At the end of November, Sun Yat-sen left China for Japan, driven once more into exile from his own country, his republican dreams in ruins.
- ^abcdĐường Đức mới vừa(2002).《 Viên thị đương quốc 》.Đài Bắc:Xa chảy ra bản.ISBN978-957-32-4680-0.
- ^Lý liệt quân ở Giang Tây vùng thực hành chính trị cùng kinh tế cải cách, chỉnh đốn tài chính, chọn phái đi lưu học sinh xuất ngoại, cũng bắt giữ Bành mộc hương chờ đạo tặc. Thấy:Lý trung phúc; chu vọng cao."Lý liệt quân đốc cống trong lúc được mất nghiên cứu thảo luận và phân tích".Hồ Nam đại học sư phạm.
Ngô hiểu bình, chu vọng cao."Dân sơ Lý liệt quân ở Giang Tây cải cách".Hoa Nam đại học sư phạm học báo. - ^Hướng Y hoa (2014-02-27)."1913 năm Giang Tây tiến vào quân phiệt Bắc dương hắc ám thống trị thời kỳ đô đốc Lý thuần bốn phía cướp đoạt ở Thiên Tân kiến".Giang Tây thần báo. Archived fromthe originalon 2014-07-15.
- ^"Lần thứ hai cách mạng trung Lý liệt quân".itaiwannews.cn.Retrieved2021-02-20.
- ^Bắc phạt bí sử, thượng sách trang 11, Lưu bỉnh vinh, tri thức nhà xuất bản, 1995 năm đệ 1 bản,ISBN978-7-5015-1296-6.[permanent dead link]
- ^《 Cambridge Trung Hoa dân quốc sử 》 chương 4 ( lần thứ hai cách mạng )
- ^Nói khách ba ba."Lần thứ hai cách mạng ở Quảng Đông".doc88.Retrieved2021-02-20.
- ^"Long tế quang trị Việt tìm tòi nghiên cứu".
- ^"Nghê tự hướng cùng An Huy lần thứ hai cách mạng".
- ^""Nghê tự hướng cùng An Huy lần thứ hai cách mạng"".
- ^Bonavia 36
- ^Spence, Jonathan D.(1999)The Search for Modern China,W.W. Norton and Company.p. 279.ISBN0-393-97351-4.
- ^Meyerhofer, Adi (2013)."Viên đầu to. Yuan Shi-kai Dollar: 'Fat Man Dollar' Forgeries and Remints"(PDF)(in German and English). Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2016-03-03.Retrieved2019-09-20.[self-published source?]
