Senna italica

Senna italica
Senegal senna with flower
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Fabales
Family:	Fabaceae
Subfamily:	Caesalpinioideae
Genus:	Senna
Species:	S. italica
Binomial name
Senna italica Mill.
Subspecies
S. i. arachoides S. i. italica S. i. micrantha
Synonyms
Cassia italica(Mill.)Spreng.(1800) Cassia obovataCollad.(1816)

Senna italica,thePort Royal senna,Italian senna,orSenegal sennais a legume tree in the genusSenna.It is recognized by many other common names based on the regions it grows in. In India, it is used to produce a powder for treating hair-related diseases which is known as “neutral henna”. Whereas, in some parts of the world, this species (along withCassia senna) is cultivated for the leaves which yield the drug senna, known commonly asSenna glycoside,which in turn is the base for alaxative.Senegal senna is easily distinguishable through its many distinctive features. There are 3 subspecies of this plant based on the size of the inflorescence and the length of the petiole. The subspecies areitalica,micrantha,andarachoides.In many regions, this plant is cultivated commercially and medicinally.

Description

Individuals of this species are deciduous, perennial herbs, and shrubs up to 60 cm tall. The plant is woody throughout. Taproots are present in this plant. Stems are solid, usually less than 2 m tall. These stems or young twigs are glabrous or sparsely glabrous and sparsely to densely hairy.This species has compound leaves with pinnate veination. There are approximately 4-6 leaflets per leaf, which are arranged spirally and alternately. The leaflets are elliptical, and shortly hairy on both sides. There is a small reddish gland between each leaflet pair on the rhachis ofarachoidessubspecies.The stipules are usually have lanceolate-triangular shape. They are approximately 3–9 mm long and early spreading –deflexed.

Flowers and fruit

Inflorescence ofSenna italica

Flowering usually takes place during rainy season, but flowers can appear throughout the year in moist conditions.Senna italicais usually propagated by seeds. Treating the seed by abrasion improves germination. Flowers ofSenna italica,are actinomorphic and the inflorescence takes the form of axillary racemes, which are about 2–25 cm long. Petals of these flowers are usually yellow or orange in color, up to 13 mm long and are of obovate shape. Rhombic to ovate bracts are conspicuously present, but very small in size (up to 5mm long).The flower of Senegal senna is bisexual, zygomorphic and 5-merous. It usually has 10 stamens (lower 2 are the largest; 5 are medium-sized; 3 are short and sterile), Style up to 6 mm long and a superior ovary with short and stiff hair. Senegal senna has freely dehiscent fruits. Fruits are oblong or ellipsoidal; they are strongly curved, falcate, bent or lunate shaped. The fruit may contain as many as 11 seeds. The seeds have elliptical line or depression and are wrinkled or rugose. Seeds are usually of olive, green or black color.

Distribution and habitat

Senegal senna is native to African countries from Cape Verde east to Somalia and south to South Africa. It is also native to Asia, from the Middle East to Iran, Iraq, Pakistan and India to Sri Lanka. Later, this plant has been introduced to Caribbean and Venezuela.This plant is also introduced to the United States and is currently located at New York Botanical Garden. The subspeciesitalicais often found in West Africa, North Africa, Sudan, the Horn of Africa and from Yemen to Northwest India. But it is naturalized in some parts of South Africa. Subspeciesmicranthais mostly seen from Southern Ethiopia and Somalia southwards to Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Mozambique.Micranthahas been introduced to India too.Arachoidesare limited to Namibia, Botswana and South Africa.

Ecology

Senna italicacan be seen in grassland of the drier regions of tropical Africa, from sea level up to 1850m altitude. Usually, it is found close to streams and in sandy and disturbed habitats, such as, waste places about towns and country dwellings, abandoned gardens, roadsides etc. This plant is adapted to warm temperature and may grow throughout the year.

Senna italicais known as the host of the root lesion nematode. Serious termite attacks are observed during perennial cultivation.

Uses

The leaves, pods and seeds ofSenna italicaare mostly used in traditional medicine. In Malawi, root infusion is used to treat diarrhea in infants.

In West African languages, this tree is called mbali or balibali inBambara,and laïdur inWolof.

Reports on the uses ofSenna italicais contradictory. In East Africa, it is eaten by most livestock, whereas in West Africa, it is often avoided. In Sahel regions, young seeds are eaten as snacks or a vegetable. On the other hand, the seeds are smoked in Mauritania. In India, the leaves are used as a hair treatment called neutral henna or “blonde henna”. This treatment coats the hair so that it looks glossy and thick for several weeks, but instead of being completely neutral, "neutral henna" appears to have a yellowish impact on hair rather than the reddish one produced byhenna.Fruit production of this plant is generally avoided, as their sennoside content is low.

Production and international trade

The dried leaves and pods of Senegal senna are traded for medicinal uses. Dried, powdered leaves are traded internationally from Egypt or India as hair conditioner.Senna italicahas lost its importance, asSenna alexandrinais the most popular for medicinal purposes. However, it is used widely within domestic markets for producing a mild laxative.

Genetic resources and breeding

There are collections ofSenna italicain thegene banksin Israel, the United Kingdom and Namibia. By far, there is no threat ofgenetic erosion.Selection and breeding of this plant is not attempted, but it would be worthwhile if commercial production is envisaged.

External links

• Cassia italicainWest African plants – A Photo Guide.