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Sex industry

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Several terms redirect here. For other uses, seeAdult entertainment (disambiguation)andSex trade (disambiguation).
Thefilm setfor an Americanporno

Thesex industry(also called thesex trade) consists of businesses that either directly or indirectly provide sex-related products and services oradult entertainment.The industry includes activities involving direct provision of sex-related services, such asprostitution,strip clubs,host and hostess clubs,and sex-related pastimes, such aspornography,sex-orientedmen's magazines,women's magazines,sex movies,sex toys,andfetishorBDSMparaphernalia. Sex channels for television andpre-paidsex movies forvideo on demand,are part of the sex industry, as areadult movie theaters,sex shops,peep shows,and strip clubs. The sex industry employs millions of people worldwide,[1]mainly women. These range from the sex worker, also calledadult service provider(ASP), who provides sexual services, to a multitude of support personnel.

Etymology

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The origins of the termsex industryare uncertain, but it appears to have arisen in the 1970s. A 1977 report by theOntario Royal Commission on Violence in the Communications Industry(LaMarsh Commission) quoted authorPeter McCabeas writing inArgosy:"Ten years ago the sex industry did not exist. When people talked of commercial sex they meantPlayboy."[2]A 1976 article inThe New York Timesby columnistRussell Bakerclaimed that "[M]ost of the problems created byNew York City's booming sex industry result from the city's reluctance to treat it as an industry ", arguing why sex shops constituted an" industry ", and should be treated as such by concentrating them in a single neighborhood,[3]suggesting the "sex industry" was not yet commonly recognized as such.

Types

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Prostitution

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Main article:Prostitution
Aprostituteadvertises to a passerby in thered-light districtinAmsterdam

Prostitution is a main component of the sex industry and may take place in abrothel,at a facility provided by the prostitute, at a client's hotel room, in a parked car, or on the street. Often this is arranged through apimpor anescort agency.Prostitution involves aprostituteorsex workerproviding commercial sexual services to a client.[4]In some cases, the prostitute is at liberty to determine whether she or he will engage in a particular type of sexual activity, butforced prostitutionandsexual slaverydoes exist in some places around the world.[5]Reasons as to why an individual may enter into prostitution are varied. Socialist and radical feminists have cited poverty, oppressive capitalistic processes, and patriarchal societies that marginalizes people based on race and class as reasons for the continued presence of prostitution, as these aspects all work together to maintain oppression.[6]Other reasons include displacement due to conflict and war.[7][6][8][9][10]Institutionalized racism in the United States has been cited as a reason for the prevalence of sex workers who are Black or other people of color, as this leads to inequality and a lack of access to resources.[6]

The legality of prostitution and associated activities (soliciting, brothels, procuring) varies by jurisdiction. Yet even where it is illegal, a thriving underground business usually exists because of high demand and the high income that can be made by pimps, brothel owners, escort agencies, and traffickers.[11]

Abrothelis a commercial establishment where people may engage insexual activitywith a prostitute,[12]though for legal or cultural reasons they may describe themselves asmassage parlors,bars,strip clubsor by some other description.Sex workin a brothel is considered safer thanstreet prostitution.[13]

Prostitution and the operation of brothels are legal in some countries, but illegal in others. For instance, there are legal brothels inNevada, US,due to the legalization of prostitution in some areas of the state.[14]In countries where prostitution and brothels are legal, brothels may be subject to many and varied restrictions. Forced prostitution is usually illegal as is prostitution by or withminors,though the age may vary. Some countries prohibit particular sex acts. In some countries, brothels are subject to strict planning restrictions and in some cases are confined to designatedred-light districts.Some countries prohibit or regulate how brothels advertise their services, or they may prohibit the sale or consumption of alcohol on the premises. In some countries where operating a brothel is legal, some brothel operators may choose to operate illegally.

Some men and women may travel away from their home to engage with local prostitutes, in a practice calledsex tourism,and can have a variety of different socio-economic effects on the destinations.[15]Male sex tourism can create or augment demand for sex services in the host countries, whilefemale sex tourismtends not to use facilities that are specifically devoted to that purpose.[15]Like tourism in general, sex tourism can make a significant contribution to local economies, especially in popular urban centers and places particularly known as sex tourism destinations. Sex tourism may arise as a result of stringent anti-prostitution laws in a tourist's home country, and although it may contribute to the destination economy, it can create social problems in the host country.

Prostitution is extremely prevalent in Asia, particularly inSoutheast Asiannations such as Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, and Thailand.[16]Due to the longstanding economic instability of many of these nations, increasing numbers of women have been forced to turn towards the sex industry there for work. According to Lin Lim, anInternational Labour Organizationofficial who directed a study on prostitution in Southeast Asia, "it is very likely that women who lose their jobs in manufacturing and other service sectors and whose families rely on their remittances may be driven to enter the sex sector."[16]The sex industry of some destinations has consequently grown to become their dominant commercial sector. Conversely, the sex industry inChinahas been revived by the nation's recent economic success. The nation's liberal economic policies in the early 1980s have been credited with revitalizing the sex industry as rural communities rapidly expand into highly developed urban centers.[17]A typical example of this can be found in the city ofDalian.The city was declared a special economic zone in 1984; by the twenty-first century what had been a small fishing community developed an advanced commercial sector and a correspondingly large sex industry.[17]A large portion of China's sex workers are immigrants from other Asian nations, such asKoreaandJapan.[18]In spite of these circumstances, most Asian countries do not have strong policies regarding prostitution. Their governments are challenged in this regard because of the differing contexts that surround prostitution, from voluntary and financially beneficial labor to virtual slavery. The increasing economic prominence of China and Japan have made these issues a global concern.[16]As a result of Southeast Asia's lax policies regarding prostitution,[16]the region has also become a hotbed for sex tourism, with a significant portion of this industry's clients being North American or European.[19]

Pornography

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Main article:Pornography
Twoporn actorspreparing to shoot an outdoor scene for an adult film

Pornography is theexplicitportrayal of explicitsexualsubject matter for the purposes ofsexual arousalanderotic satisfaction.Apornographic modelposes for pornographic photographs. Apornographic film actororporn starperforms in pornographic films. In cases where only limited dramatic skills are involved, a performer in pornographic films may be called apornographic model.Pornography can be provided to the consumer in a variety of media, ranging frombooks,magazines,postcards,photos,videos,sound recording,sculptures,drawing,painting,animation,films,orvideo games.However, when sexual acts are performed for a live audience, by definition it is not pornography, as the term applies to the depiction of the act, rather than the act itself. Thus, portrayals such as sex shows andstripteaseare not classified as pornography.

The first home-PCscapable ofnetwork communicationprompted the arrival of online services for adults in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The wide-open early days of theWorld Wide Webquickly snowballed into thedot-com boom,in-part fueled by an incredible global increase in the demand for andconsumptionof pornography anderotica.Around 2009, the U.S. porn industry's revenue of $10–15 billion a year was more than the combined revenue of professional sports and live music combined and roughly on par or above Hollywood's box office revenue.[20][21]

There is mixed evidence on the social impact of pornography. Some insights come frommeta-analysessynthesizing data from prior research. A 2015 meta-analysis indicated that pornography consumption is correlated with sexual aggression.[22]However, it is unknown if pornography promotes, reduces or has no effect on sexual aggression at an individual level, because this correlation may not be causal. In fact, counter intuitively, pornography has been found to reduce sexual aggression at a societal level. A 2009 review stated that all scientific investigations of increases in the availability of pornography show no change or a decrease in the level of sexual offending.[23]The question of whether pornography consumption affects consumers' happiness was addressed by a 2017 meta-analysis. It concluded that men who consume pornography are less satisfied with some areas of their lives, but pornography consumption does not make a significant difference in other areas, or to the lives of women.[24]Additionally, a sample of Americans revealed in 2017 that those who had viewed pornography were more likely to experience romantic relationship breakup than their non-pornography watching counterparts, and that the effect was more pronounced with men.[25]

Other types

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Adult entertainment isentertainmentintended to be viewed by adults only, and distinguished from family entertainment. The style of adult entertainment may beribaldryor bawdry. Any entertainment that normally includes sexual content qualifies as adult entertainment, including sex channels for television andpre-paidsex films for "on demand", as well asadult movie theaters,sex shops,andstrip clubs.It also includes sex-orientedmen's magazines,sex movies,sex toysandfetishandBDSMparaphernalia. Sex workers can be prostitutes,call girls,pornographic film actors,pornographic models,sex showperformers,erotic dancers,stripteasedancers,bikini baristas,telephone sexoperators,cybersexoperators,erotic massagers,or amateur porn stars for online sex sessions and videos. Other specialists in the wider industry includecourtesansanddominatrixes,some of whom may hope to earn more by specialising in theseniche markets.

Other members of the sex industry include the hostesses that work in many bars in China. These hostesses are women who are hired by men to sit with them and provide them with company, which entails drinking and making conversation, while the menflirtand make sexual comments.[26]A number of these hostesses also offer sexual services at offsite locations to the men who hire them. Although this is not done by every woman who works as a hostess in the bars of China, the hostesses are all generally labeled as "grey women". This means that while they are not seen as prostitutes, they are not considered suitable marriage partners for many men. Other woman who are included in the "grey women" category are the permanent mistresses or "second wives" that many Chinese businessmen have.[26]The Chinese government makes efforts to keep secret the fact that many of these hostesses are also prostitutes and make up a significant part of the sex industry. They do not want China's image in the rest of the world to become sullied. Hostesses are given a significant degree of freedom to choose whether or not they would like to service a client sexually, although a refusal does sometimes spark conflict.[27]

In addition, like any other industry, there are people who work in or service the sex industry as managers, film crews, photographers, website developers andwebmasters,sales personnel, book and magazine writers and editors, etc. Some create business models, negotiate trade, make press releases, draw up contracts with other owners, buy and sell content, offer technical support, run servers, billing services, or payroll, organize trade shows and various events, do marketing and sales forecasts, provide human resources, or provide tax services and legal support. Usually, those in management or staff do not have direct dealings with sex workers, instead hiring photographers who have direct contact with the sex workers.

Perspectives

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Further information:Opposition to pornographyandSexual ethics

The sex industry is controversial, and there are people, organizations and governments that have objections to it, and, as a result, pornography, prostitution, striptease and other similar occupations are illegal in many countries. This is typically the case in countries with strong religious traditions.

The termanti-pornography movementis used to describe those who argue that pornography has a variety of harmful effects on society, such as encouragement ofhuman trafficking,desensitization,pedophilia,dehumanization, exploitation,sexual dysfunction,and inability to maintain healthy sexual relationships.

Feminist views

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Main articles:Feminist views on prostitution,Feminist views on pornography,Sex-positive feminism,andFeminist sex wars
See also:Individualist feminism
British feminist and political theoristCarole Pateman,who has condemned the commodification of women caused by the sex industry

Feminism is divided on the issue of the sex industry. In her essay "What is wrong with prostitution",Carole Patemanmakes the point that it is literally the objectification of woman. They are making their bodies an object that men can buy for a price. She also makes the point that prostitution and many other sex industries reinforce the idea of male ownership of a woman. On the other hand, some other feminists see the sex industry as empowering women. They could be seen as simply jobs. The woman who is working them are breaking free fromsocial normsthat would previously keep their sexuality under wraps as immoral.[28] Based on these arguments,Sweden,NorwayandIcelandhave criminalized the buying of sexual services, while decriminalizing the selling of sexual services.[29](In other words, clients and pimps can be prosecuted for moneyed sexual transactions, but not prostitutes). Supporter of this model of legislation claim reduced illegal prostitution and human trafficking in these countries.[30]Opponents dispute these claims.[31]Women's rightsorganisations and sex workers have opposed the Nordic model and attempts to criminalise those paying for sex, saying that it pushes the industry underground and makes work more dangerous for sex workers and increasesviolence against women,instead supporting the fulldecriminalisationor legalisation of sex work.[32][33][34][35][36]

Somefeminists,such asGail Dines,are opposed to pornography, arguing that it is an industry which exploits women and which is complicit in violence against women, both in its production (where they charge that abuse and exploitation of women performing in pornography are rampant) and in its consumption (where they charge that pornography eroticizes the domination, humiliation, and coercion of women, and reinforces sexual and cultural attitudes that are complicit inrapeandsexual harassment). They charge that pornography contributes to the male-centered objectification of women and thus to sexism. However, other feminists are opposed to censorship, and have argued against the introduction of anti-porn legislation in the United States—among themBetty Friedan,Kate Millett,Karen DeCrow,Wendy KaminerandJamaica Kincaid.[37]

Socio-economic issues

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Use of children

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While the legality of adult sexual entertainment varies by country, the use of children in the sex industry is illegal nearly everywhere in the world.

Commercial sexual exploitation of children(CSEC) is the "sexual abuse by the adult and remuneration in cash or kind to the child or a third person or persons. The child is treated as a sexual object and as a commercial object".[38]

CSEC includes theprostitution of children,child pornography,child sex tourismand other forms oftransactional sexwhere a child engages in sexual activities to have key needs fulfilled, such as food, shelter or access to education. It includes forms of transactional sex where the sexual abuse of children is not stopped or reported by household members, due to benefits derived by the household from the perpetrator. CSEC is prevalent inAsiaand parts ofLatin America.

Thailand,Cambodia,India,Brazil,andMexicohave been identified as the primary countries where the commercial sexual exploitation of children takes place.[39]Certain places around the world are recognized for child sex tourism.[7]

Low socio-economic status

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Caste-based prostitution

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See also:Caste in the sex industry

Castes are largely hereditary social classes often emerging around certain professions. Lower castes are associated with professions considered "unclean", which has often included prostitution. In pre-modern Korea, theKisaengwere women from thelower casteCheonminwho were trained to provide entertainment, conversation, and sexual services to men of the upper class.[40]In South Asia,casteswhose females are involved in prostitution by tradition, sometimes calledIntergenerational prostitution,include theBedias,[41]thePerna caste,[42]theBanchhada,[43]theNat casteand, inNepal,theBadi people.[44][45]

Migrants

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Main articles:Migrant sex workandSex tourism

Some researchers have claimed that sex workers can benefit from their profession in terms of immigration status. In her essay "Selling Sex for Visas: Sex Tourism as a Stepping-Stone to International Migration" anthropologist Denise Brennan cited an example of prostitutes in theDominican Republicresort town ofSosúa,where some female prostitutes marry their customers in order to immigrate to other countries and seek a better life.[46]The customers are, however, the ones that hold the power in this situation as they can withhold or revoke the sex worker's visa, either denying them the ability to immigrate or forcing them to return to their country of origin.[46]Sex workers are also at risk of judgement from family members and relatives for having been associated with the sex tourism industry. Migrant sex work happens due to globalization. Globalization has produced growth both in sex tourism and in the migration of women to places where the sex industry thrives.[47]

Effect on crime

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Additionally, some researchers claim that pornography causes unequivocal harm to society by increasing rates ofsexual assault,[48][49]a line of research which has been critiqued in "The effects of Pornography: An International Perspective" on external validity grounds,[50]while others claim there is a correlation between pornography and a decrease ofsex crimes.[51][52][53]

Discrimination and exoticization

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Some customers see sex workers from other countries as exotic commodities that can be fetishized or exploited.[46]Many producers and proponents of pornography featuring gay actors claim that this work is liberating and offers them a voice in popular media while critics view it as a degradation of the eroticization of inequality and that advocates for this new line of cinema are only creating a new barrier for gay people to contend with.[54]

Spread of diseases

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The sex industry also raises concerns about the spread ofsexually transmitted infections.

See also

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References

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  1. ^"Sex Worker Myths vs Reality"(PDF).Sex Workers Project.Urban Justice Center. 24 April 2007. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2009-12-28.Retrieved28 December2022.
  2. ^Report of the Royal Commission on Violence in the Communications Industry, Volumes 4-5.Ontario Royal Commission on Violence in the Communications Industry. 1977. p. 210.Retrieved31 October2018.
  3. ^Russell Baker(14 December 1976)."No Biz Like Sex Biz".The New York Times.Archived fromthe originalon 2018-10-31.Retrieved28 December2022.
  4. ^"Prostitution Reform Act 2003 No 28 (as at 26 November 2018), Public Act – New Zealand Legislation".legislation.govt.nz.Retrieved2019-01-26.
  5. ^Hornin, Amber; Thomas, Christopher; Marcus, Anthony; Sriken, Julie (2020)."Risky Business: Harlem Pimps' Work Decisions and Economic Returns".Deviant Behavior.78(2): 12–27.doi:10.1080/01639625.2018.1556863.S2CID150273170.Retrieved2019-05-24.
  6. ^abcMonroe, Jacquelyn (27 September 2005)."Women in Street Prostitution: The Result of Poverty and the Brunt of Inequity".Journal of Poverty.9(3): 69–88.doi:10.1300/J134v09n03_04.S2CID143535787.
  7. ^abLee, Janet; Shaw, Susan M. (March 2010). "Sex Tourism".Women Worldwide: Transnational Feminist Perspectives on Women.Oregon State University: McGraw Hill. p. 200.ISBN978-0073512297.
  8. ^Edlund, Lena; Korn, Evelyn (1 February 2002)."A Theory of Prostitution".Journal of Political Economy.110:181–214.doi:10.1086/324390.S2CID15862773.
  9. ^Hood Brown, Marcia (22 June 1998). "Trading for a Place".Journal of Poverty.2(3): 13–33.doi:10.1300/J134v02n03_02.ISSN1087-5549.
  10. ^Poudel, Meena; Smyth, Ines (1 March 2002)."Reducing poverty and upholding human rights: a pragmatic approach".Gender and Development.10(1): 80–86.doi:10.1080/13552070215889.S2CID153703237.
  11. ^Horning, A.; et al. (2019)."Harlem Pimps' Accounts of their Economic Pathways and Feelings of Insiderness and Outsiderness".Journal of Qualitative Criminal Justice and Criminology.7(3): 69–94.
  12. ^"Prostitution Reform Act 2003 No 28 (as at 26 November 2018), Public Act – New Zealand Legislation".legislation.govt.nz.Retrieved2019-01-27.
  13. ^Carroll, Janell (2006).Sexuality Now: Embracing Diversity.Cengage Learning. p. 527.ISBN978-0-495-09108-0.
  14. ^Hayes-Smith, Rebecca; Shekarkhar, Zahra (March 2010). "Why is prostitution criminalized? An alternative viewpoint on the construction of sex work".Contemporary Justice Review.13:43–55.doi:10.1080/10282580903549201.S2CID146238757.
  15. ^abOppermann, Martin (1999). "Sex tourism".Annals of Tourism Research.26(2): 251–266.doi:10.1016/S0160-7383(98)00081-4.
  16. ^abcd"Sex industry assuming massive proportions in Southeast Asia".ILO News. 19 August 1998.
  17. ^abZheng, Tiantian (2009).Red Lights: The Lives of Sex Workers in Postsocialist China.U of Minnesota Press. p. 2.ISBN978-0-8166-5902-9.
  18. ^Zheng, Tiantian (2009).Red Lights: The Lives of Sex Workers in Postsocialist China.U of Minnesota Press. p. 3.ISBN978-0-8166-5902-9.
  19. ^FRANCE 24 English (17 June 2010)."Asia's sex industry"– via YouTube.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  20. ^Geisler, Erin (2009-02-11)."Pornography: A Mirror of American Culture?".University of Texas.Retrieved2014-07-08.While statistics vary, watchdog organizations estimate the pornography industry generates between $10 and $15 billion a year in the United States. By comparison, the Hollywood box office generates about $10 billion a year.
  21. ^Porndemic — Sex in the Digital Age(at 6.35), a 2009 documentary by Christopher Sumpton and Robin Benger in association with theCanadian Broadcasting Corporation.
  22. ^Wright, Paul J.; Tokunaga, Robert S.; Kraus, Ashley (February 2016). "A Meta-Analysis of Pornography Consumption and Actual Acts of Sexual Aggression in General Population Studies".Journal of Communication.66(1): 183–205.doi:10.1111/jcom.12201.
  23. ^Diamond, Milton(September–October 2009). "Pornography, public acceptance and sex related crime: A review".International Journal of Law and Psychiatry.32(5): 304–314.doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2009.06.004.PMID19665229.
  24. ^Wright, Paul J.; Tokunaga, Robert S.; Kraus, Ashley; Klann, Elyssa (March 2017)."Pornography Consumption and Satisfaction: A Meta-Analysis: Pornography and Satisfaction".Human Communication Research.43(3): 315–343.doi:10.1111/hcre.12108.
  25. ^Perry, Samuel L.; Davis, Joshua T. (December 2017). "Are Pornography Users More Likely to Experience a Romantic Breakup? Evidence from Longitudinal Data".Sexuality and Culture.21(4): 1157–1176.doi:10.1007/s12119-017-9444-8.S2CID148782744.
  26. ^abOsburg, John (2013).Anxious Wealth: Money and Morality Among China's New Rich.Stanford University Press.ISBN978-0-8047-8535-8.
  27. ^Zheng, Tiantian (2009).Red Lights: The Lives of Sex Workers in Postsocialist China.U of Minnesota Press.ISBN978-0-8166-5902-9.
  28. ^Bell, Kelly J. (4 April 2018)."A Feminist's Argument On How Sex Work Can Benefit Women".Inquiries Journal.1(11).
  29. ^"What is the Nordic Model?".Nordic Model Now!.27 March 2016.Retrieved30 March2018.
  30. ^Joan Smith (26 March 2013)."Why the Game's Up for Sweden's Sex Trade".The Independent.Archived fromthe originalon 2022-03-20.Retrieved28 December2022.
  31. ^Mudde, Cas(8 April 2016)."The Paternalistic Fallacy of the" Nordic Model "of Prostitution".Huffington Post.Retrieved30 March2018.
  32. ^Oppenheim, Maya (9 December 2020)."Labour MP fiercely criticised for proposing legislation which would criminalise buying sex".The Independent.Retrieved8 July2021.
  33. ^Parsons, Vic (9 December 2020)."Labour MP tables controversial bill to criminalise buying sex. Sex workers say it would put their lives in danger".PinkNews.Retrieved18 December2020.
  34. ^McIntyre, Niamh (18 March 2017)."SNP back prostitution law changes condemned by sex workers".The Independent.Retrieved8 July2021.
  35. ^Marsh, Sarah (28 February 2019)."Decriminalise sex work to protect us from crime, prostitutes say".The Guardian.Retrieved8 July2021.
  36. ^Boseley, Sarah (11 December 2018)."Criminalisation of sex work normalises violence, review finds".The Guardian.Retrieved8 July2021.
  37. ^"The Harm of Porn: Just Another Excuse to Censor".Fiawol.demon.co.uk. Archived fromthe originalon 2014-02-09.Retrieved2014-07-07.
  38. ^Clift, Stephen; Simon Carter (2000).Tourism and Sex.Cengage Learning EMEA. pp. 75–78.ISBN978-1-85567-636-7.
  39. ^Emilio Godoy (2007-08-13)."Rights-Mexico: 16,000 Victims of Child Sexual Exploitation"(Press release).Inter Press Service.Retrieved2014-07-07.
  40. ^Cho, Grace (2008).Haunting the Korean Diaspora: Shame, Secrecy, and the Forgotten War.University of Minnesota Press.p. 103.ISBN978-0816652754.
  41. ^Rana, U., Sharma, D. & Ghosh, D. Prostitution in northern Central India: an ethnographical study of Bedia community. Int. j. anthropol. ethnol. 4, 2 (2020).[1]
  42. ^"This Road Leads to Sex Work".Pacific Standard. 12 March 2018.Retrieved2 January2021.
  43. ^"The Indian village where child sexual exploitation is the norm".The Guardian.14 January 2019.Retrieved2 January2021.
  44. ^"Nepal's Badi community finds itself in a bottomless pit of despair".Kathmandu Post. 23 January 2020.Retrieved2 January2021.
  45. ^"Caste System Binds Nepalese Prostitutes".The New York Times.11 April 2004.Retrieved2 January2021.
  46. ^abcDenise Brennan (2002). Ehrenreich, Barbara; Hochschild, Arlie Russell (eds.).Global Woman: Nannies, Maids, and Sex Workers in the New Economy.Metropolitan Books. pp.243–248.ISBN978-0805075090.Retrieved1 June2017.
  47. ^Lee, Janet; Shaw, Susan M.; Pereira, Charmaine; Kandaswamy, Priya (March 2010). "Sexualities Worldwide".Women WorldWide.Oregon State University. p. 171.ISBN978-0073512297.
  48. ^"Report of the Surgeon General's Workshop on Pornography and Public Health: Background Papers: 'Effects of Prolonged Consumption of Pornography' (August 4, 1986)".1986-08-04.Retrieved3 May2016.
  49. ^Malamuth, Neil M."Do Sexually Violent Media Indirectly Contribute to Antisocial Behavior?".p. 10.
  50. ^"The effects of Pornography: An International Perspective".Archived fromthe originalon 2008-01-15.
  51. ^"Pornography, rape and the internet"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2006-11-02.Retrieved2006-10-25.
  52. ^D'Amato, Anthony (2006-06-23). "Porn Up, Rape Down".SSRN913013.
  53. ^Diamond, Milton(1998)."The Effects of Pornography: An International Perspective".University of Hawaii.Archived fromthe originalon 2012-02-03.
  54. ^Kendall, C.N. (2003). "Gay Males Pornography's" Actors ": When" Fantasy "Isn't".Journal of Trauma Practice.2(3–4): 93–114.doi:10.1300/J189v02n03_05.S2CID141304973.
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