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Shtora-1

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Shtora-1
AT-90main battle tankfitted with the Shtora system; note the two dazzler "boxes" to each side of the main gun
TypeActive protection system
Place of originSoviet Union
Service history
In service1988–present
Production history
DesignerNII Transmash in St.Petersburg in cooperation with Elers-Elektron in Moscow[1]
Designed1980[2]
Specifications
Mass350 kg (770 lb)[3]

Shtora-1(Russian:Штора,"curtain" ) is an electro-opticalactive protection systemor suite for tanks, designed to disrupt thelaser designatorandlaser rangefindersof incominganti-tank guided missiles(ATGMs). The system is mounted on the RussianT-80andT-90seriestanksand the UkrainianT-84.The existence ofShtorawas revealed in 1980 by spyAdolf Tolkachev.[2]

Description[edit]

Shtora-1[4]is anelectro-opticaljammerthat disrupts semiautomatic command to line of sight (SACLOS) ATGMs,laser rangefindersandtarget designators.Shtora-1 is asoft kill countermeasure system.The system was shown fitted to a Russianmain battle tankduring the International Defense Exposition, held inAbu Dhabiin 1995. The first known application of the system is the Russian T-90 main battle tank, which entered service in the Russian Army in 1993.[a]It is also available on theBMP-3Minfantry fighting vehicle.

Components[edit]

Infrared light emitter, with its opening protected by a round cover

The Shtora-1 has four key components: two electro-optical/infrared (EO/IR) "dazzlers"mounted on both turret cheeks, aninfrared jammer,amodulator,and acontrol panelin the fighting compartment.

  • Banks of forward firinggrenade launcherson each side of the turret that lay anaerosolsmoke screenopaque to IR light.
  • Alaser warning systemconsisting of four angle sensors with two higher precision sensors covering the frontal 90° arc and two lower precision sensors covering the sides and rear.[5]
  • A control system comprising control panel,microprocessor,and manual screen-laying panel. This processes the information from thesensorsand activates the aerosol screen-laying system.
  • Two IR lights, one on each side of the main gun, continuously emit coded pulsed-IR jamming when an incoming ATGM has been detected.

Shtora-1 has twelve smoke grenade launchers and weighs 400 kg. It can lay a 15 meter high and 20 meter wide smoke screen in three seconds that lasts about twenty seconds at ranges from 50 to 70 meters.[5]The Shtora-1 can also automatically slew the main gun towards a detected threat, so that the tank crew can return fire and so that the stronger frontal turret armour is facing it.[4]

Shtora-1 can operate in fully automatic or semi-automatic modes, continuously for six hours against ATGM attack.[6]

Operational history[edit]

The Shtora-1 can effectively jam obsolete SACLOS missiles such as theTOW,HOT,MILAN,Dragon,andMalyutkaand laser guided weapons such as theCopperheadand some variants of theMaverickandHellfire.[3]Newer missiles such as the TOW 2 (which encodes the tracking beacon signals to reject interference) andimaging infraredguided missiles such as theJavelinare unaffected by it. This has resulted in a number of Shtora-1 protected T-90s being lost to such weapons in Syria and Ukraine.[7][8]The jammers have been removed from many currently serving T-90s and the more modern S and M variants did not include them.[9]

Specifications[edit]

  • Laserillumination sensors:[3][10]
    • 2x TShU-1-1 coarse precisionsensorsand 2x TShU-1-11 fine sensors
    • Field of view (each): 138° azimuth (coarse) 45° (fine) and −5 to +25° elevation
    • Field of view (total): 360° azimuth
    • Angular resolution: 7.5° (coarse) 3.75° (fine)
  • EO interference emitters:
    • 2x OTShU-1-7
    • Operating band: 0.7-2.7 μm
    • Protected sector: 4° elevation and 20° azimuth
    • Energy consumption: 1 kW
    • Light intensity: 20mcd
  • IRsmoke grenades:
    • 12x 81 mm 3D17
    • Obscured band: 0.4-14 μm
    • Bloom time: 3 s
    • Cloud persistence: 20 s

Notes[edit]

  1. ^Though an early version of the system was apparently fitted to the pre-production T-80 model.

References[edit]

  1. ^Zaloga, Steven (February 1997). "T-90: the standard of Russian expediency".Jane's Intelligence Review:58–64.
  2. ^abThe Billion Dollar Spy: A True Story of Cold War Espionage and Betrayal,David E. Hoffman,location 3142, Kindle edition.
  3. ^abcTom J. Meyer (March 1998)."Active Protective Systems: Impregnable Armor or Simply Enhanced Survivability?"(PDF).Armor Active Protection Systems.pp. 7–11. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2016-08-07.
  4. ^ab"Shtora-1 Active Protection System".Defense-update.Retrieved2010-09-10.
  5. ^ab"Liên Xô / Nga Shtora-1/-2 xe tăng quang điện quấy nhiễu hệ thống tóm tắt".Xiaomao Research Institute.20 December 2017.Retrieved6 April2023.
  6. ^Antal, John (January 2020)."Surviving the City Fight 21st Century Armour in the Urban Canyon"(PDF).European Security & Defense.Retrieved6 April2023.
  7. ^Murakhovsky, Victor (1 March 2016)."Т90 в Сирии: «Экипаж танка был слабо подготовлен»".gazeta.ru.Retrieved6 April2023.
  8. ^Brent M., Eastwood (31 March 2022)."Why Russia's Feared T-90 Tank Keeps Getting Killed In Ukraine".1945.Retrieved6 April2023.
  9. ^"T-90M MODEL 2017 PRORYV-3 MBT".Army Recognition.5 April 2023.Retrieved6 April2023.
  10. ^A. Tarasenko."Комплекс оптико-электронного подавления «Штора-1»".
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