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Siddi

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the South Asian ethnic group. For other uses, seeSiddi (disambiguation).
"Habshi" redirects here. For the ethnic group in Ethiopia, seeHabesha peoples.For other uses, seeHabash (disambiguation).
"Afro-Indian" and "Afro Indian" redirect here. For other ethnic groups and people of both African and Indian origin or people of Indian descent in Africa, seeIndo-African (disambiguation).For people of both African and Indigenous American (i.e. "Indian" ) origin, seeBlack Indians in the United StatesandZambo.

Siddi, Sheedi
Siddi community in India
Total population
1,300,000 (estimated)[citation needed]
Regions with significant populations
Pakistan250,000 to 1 million[1][2][3]
India25,000–70,000[4]
Karnataka10,477 (2011 census)[5]
Gujarat8,661[5]
Daman and Diu193[5]
Goa183[5]
Languages
Currently spoken:
Various South Asian languagesandEnglish
Traditional:
Sidi language
Religion
Predominantly:Sunni Islam;minority:Hinduism,Christianity(Catholic)

TheSiddi(pronounced[sɪdːiː]), also known as theSheedi,Sidi,orSiddhi,are an ethnic minority group inhabitingPakistanandIndia.They are primarily descended from theBantu peoplesof theZanjcoast inSoutheast Africa,most of whom came to the Indian subcontinent through theArab Slave Trade.[6]Others arrived as merchants, sailors,indentured servants,and mercenaries.[7]

Etymology[edit]

A Siddi girl from the town ofYellapurinUttara Kannadadistrict, Karnataka, India.

There are conflicting hypotheses on the origin of the nameSiddi.One theory is that the word derives fromsahibi,anArabicterm of respect in North Africa, similar to the wordsahibin modern India and Pakistan.[8]A second theory is that the termSiddiis derived from the title borne by the captains of the Arab vessels that first brought Siddi settlers to India; these captains were known asSayyid.[9]A different name occasionally used for the Siddi is the term "Habshi". While originally used to refer specifically to theHabesha peoples,Ethio-Semitic-speakers fromAbyssinia,the term later became more broadly used to refer to Africans of any ethnicity, but not necessarily referring to the Siddi specifically.[10][11]

Siddis are also sometimes referred to as Afro-Indians.[12][13][14]Siddis were referred to asZanjiby Arabs; in China, varioustranscriptionsof this Arabic word were used, includingXinji( tân cát ) andJinzhi( tân chi ).[15][16][17][18]

History[edit]

The Siddi population derived primarily fromBantu peoplesofSoutheast Africawho were brought to theIndian subcontinentas slaves.[7]Most of these migrants were or else becameMuslims,while a small minority becameHindu.[8]TheNizam of Hyderabadalso employed African-origin guards and soldiers.[19][20]

The first Siddis are thought to have arrived inIndiain 628 CE at theBharuchport. Several others followed with the firstArab Islamic conquest of the subcontinentin 712 CE.[21]The latter group are believed to have been soldiers withMuhammad bin Qasim's Arab army, and were calledZanjis.

Some Siddis escaped slavery to establish communities in forested areas. Siddis were also brought as slaves by theDeccan Sultanates.These Siddis embracedDeccani Muslim culture,and identified with the DeccaniIndian Muslimpolitical faction against the Iranian Shia immigrants.[22]Several former slaves rose to high ranks in the military and administration, the most prominent of which wasMalik Ambar.[23]

Geographical distribution[edit]

India[edit]

Sidis of Madras

Harris (1971) provides a historical survey of the eastward dispersal of slaves from Southeast Africa to places like India.[24]Hamilton (1990) argues that Siddis in India, their histories, experiences, cultures, and expressions, are integral to theAfrican Diasporaand thus, help better understand the dynamics of dispersed peoples.[citation needed]More recent focused scholarship argues that although Siddis are numerically a minority, their historic presence in India for over five hundred years, as well as their self-perception, and how the broader Indian society relates to them, make them a distinct Bantu/Indian.[25]Historically, Siddis have not existed only within binary relations to the nation state and imperial forces[clarification needed].They did not simply succumb to the ideologies and structures of imperial forces[clarification needed],nor did they simply rebel against imperial rule.[26]The Siddi are recognized as ascheduled tribein 3 states and 1 union territory:Goa,Gujarat,Maharashtra,KarnatakaandDaman and Diu.[27]

Hyderabad[edit]

In the 18th century, a Siddi community arrived with theArab,and frequently served ascavalryguards to the Asif JahiNizam of Hyderabad's army. TheAsif Jahi rulerspatronised them with rewards and the traditionalMarfa musicgained popularity and would be performed during official celebrations and ceremonies.[28][29][30]

Gujarat[edit]

See also:Sachin State
Siddi Folk dancers, at Devaliya Naka,Sasan Gir,Gujarat.

Supposedly presented as slaves by thePortugueseto the local Prince,Nawab of Junagadh,the Siddis also live aroundGir Forest National Parkand Wildlife sanctuary.[31]On the way to Deva-dungar is the village of Sirvan, inhabited entirely by Siddis. They were brought 300 years ago from Portuguese colonial territories for the Nawab of Junagadh. Today, they follow very few of their original customs, with a few exceptions like the traditional Dhamal dance.[32]

Although Gujarati Siddis have adopted the language and many customs of their surrounding populations, some of their Bantu traditions have been preserved. These include theGomamusic and dance form, which is sometimes calledDhamaal(Gujarati: ધમાલ, fun).[33]The term is believed to be derived from theNgoma drummingand traditional dance forms of the Bantu people inhabiting Central, East and Southern Africa.[34]The Goma also has a spiritual significance and, at the climax of the dance, some dancers are believed to be vehicles for the presence of Siddi saints of the past.[35]

Gomamusic comes from theKiswahiliword "ngoma", which means a drum or drums. It also denotes any dancing occasion where traditional drums are principally used.

The majority of the Siddis in Gujarat are Muslims (98.7%), with very few followingHinduism(1%).[36]

Karnataka[edit]

Main article:Siddis of Karnataka

TheSiddis of Karnataka(also spelledSiddhis) are an ethnic minority group of mainly Bantu descent that has madeKarnatakatheir home for the last 400 years.[7]There is a 50,000-strong Siddhi population across India, of which more than a third live inKarnataka.[37]In Karnataka, they are concentrated aroundYellapur,Haliyal,Ankola,Joida,MundgodandSirsitaluks ofUttara Kannadaand inKhanapurofBelgaumandKalaghatagiofDharwad district.Many members of the Siddis community of Karnataka had migrated toPakistanafter independence and have settled inKarachi,Sindh.

A plurality of the Siddis in Karnataka followHinduism(41.8%), followed by Islam (30.6%) and Christianity (27.4%).[38]

Pakistan[edit]

In Pakistan, locals of Bantu descent are called "Sheedi". They live primarily along theMakraninBalochistan,and lowerSindh.[39]The estimated population of Sheedis in Pakistan is 250,000.[3]In the city ofKarachi,the main Sheedi centre is the area ofLyariand other nearby coastal areas. Technically, the Sheedi are a brotherhood or a subdivision of the Siddi. The Sheedis are divided into four clans, or houses: Kharadar Makan, Hyderabad Makan, Lassi Makan and Belaro Makan.[40]TheSufisaintPir Manghois regarded by many as an importantWaliof the Sheedis, and the annualSheedi Melafestival, is the key event in the Sheedi community's cultural calendar.[40]Some glimpses of the rituals at Sidi/Sheedi Festival 2010 include visit to sacred alligators at Mangho pir, playing music and dance.[41]Clearly, the instrument, songs and dance appear to be derived from Africa.[42]

InSindh,the Sheedis have traditionally intermarried only with people such as theMallaahs(fisherpeople),Khaskheli(laborers), Khatri (dyeing community) and Kori (clothmakers). The children of interracial marriage of a Sindhi man and a Sheedi woman are called Gadra/Guda.[43][44]Most Sheedis today are of mixed heritage and can be found in Sindh where the main language is Sindhi.

Sindh[edit]

Sheedis are largely populated in different towns and villages in lowerSindh.They are very active in cultural activities and organise annual festivals, like, Habash Festival, with the support of several community organisations. In Sindh Sheedi men perform a unique dance on "mugarman" an ancestral traditional musical instrument of Sheedis, dressed in their traditional attire with markings on face, they also perform dangerous stunts while performing like spitting fire out of mouth, the dance is generally called as Sheedi dance.[45][46]The Sheedi community in southern Sindh are also known for performing and singing at weddings and other events in Sindh.

Sheedis inSindhalso proudly call themselves the Qambranis, in reverence toQambar,the freed slave ofAli,the fourthRashid Caliph.[7][47]Tanzeela Qambranibecame the first Sheedi woman to be elected as the member ofProvincial Assembly of Sindhin2018 Pakistani general election.[48][49]

Genetics[edit]

Recent advances in genetic analyses have helped shed some light on theethnogenesisof the Siddi.Genetic genealogy,although a novel tool that uses the genes of modern populations to trace their ethnic and geographic origins, has also helped clarify the possible background of the modern Siddi.

Y DNA[edit]

AY-chromosomestudy by Shah et al. (2011) tested Siddi individuals in India for paternal lineages. The authors observed theE1b1a1-M2haplogroup, which is frequent amongBantu peoples,in about 42% and 34% of Siddis fromKarnatakaandGujarat,respectively. Around 14% of Siddis from Karnataka and 35% of Siddis from Gujarat also belonged to the Sub-SaharanB-M60.The remaining Siddis had Indian associated or Near Eastern-linked clades, including haplogroupsP,H,R1a-M17,J2andL-M20.[50]

Thangaraj (2009) observed similar, mainly Bantu-linked paternal affinities amongst the Siddi.[51]

Qamar et al. (2002) analysed Makrani Sheedis in Pakistan and found that they instead predominantly carried Indian-associated or Near Eastern-linked haplogroups.R1a1a-M17(30.30%),J2(18.18%) andR2(18.18%) were their most common male lineages.[52]Only around 12% carried Africa-derived clades, which mainly consisted of the archaichaplogroup B-M60,of which they bore the highest frequency of any Pakistani population Underhill et al. (2009) likewise detected a relatively high frequency ofR1a1a-M17(25%) subclade among Makrani Sheedis.[53]

mtDNA[edit]

According to anmtDNAstudy by Shah et al. (2011), the maternal ancestry of the Siddi consists of a mixture of Bantu-associated haplogroups and Indian-associated haplogroups, reflecting substantial female gene flow from neighbouring Indian populations. About 53% of the Siddis from Gujarat and 24% of the Siddis from Karnataka belonged to various Bantu-derivedmacro-haplogroup Lsubclades. The latter mainly consisted ofL0andL2asublineages associated with Bantu women. The remainder possessed Indian-specific subclades of the Eurasian haplogroupsMandN,which points to recent admixture with autochthonous Indian groups.[7]

Autosomal DNA[edit]

Narang et al. (2011) examined theautosomalDNAof Siddis in India. According to the researchers, about 58% of the Siddis' ancestry is derived from Bantu peoples. The remainder is associated with locals North and Northwest Indian populations, due to recent admixture events.[54]

Similarly, Shah et al. (2011) observed that Siddis in Gujarat derive 66.90%–70.50% of their ancestry from Bantu forebears, while the Siddis in Karnataka possess 64.80%–74.40% such Southeast African ancestry. The remaining autosomal DNA components in the studied Siddi were mainly associated with local South Asian populations. According to the authors, gene flow between the Siddis' Bantu ancestors and local Indian populations was also largely unidirectional. They estimate this admixture episode's time of occurrence at within the past 200 years or eight generations.[7]

Siddi tribal dance performance in Delhi

Culture[edit]

National dress for Siddis is Sari, Kameez and their own traditional African clothing for women, for the men they wear kameez and their unique clothing. While they have assimilated in many ways to the dominant culture,[55]they have also kept some ancestral practices especially in music and dance.[56]Like other ethnic groups separated by geography, there are both differences and similarities in cultural practices among the Siddi.

Generally, the Siddi primarily associate and marry members of their own communities.[57]It is rare for the Siddi to marry outside of their communities although in Pakistan a growing number of the Sheedi intermarry as a way to dilute their African lineage and reduce racial discrimination and prejudice.[58]

Siddi communities, although classified as a tribe by the Indian government, primarily live in agricultural communities where men are responsible for the farming and women are responsible for the home and children.[56]Outside of their communities, men also tend to be employed as farm hands, drivers, manual laborers, and security guards.[55]

When it comes to dress, women and men dress in typical Indian fashion. Siddi women wear the garments predominant in their locale, which can be colorfulsarisaccessorised withbindis.[59]Men wear what is generally appropriate for men in their communities.[55]

As in other aspects of life, the Siddi have adopted the common dietary practices of the dominant society. An example of a staple meal would be a large portions of rice with dal and pickles.[57]

Athletics has been an important part of the Siddi community and has been a means to uplift youth and a means of escape from poverty and discrimination.[60][61][62]

Religion[edit]

Siddis are primarily Muslims, although some areHindusand others belong to theCatholic Church.[63]

Films and books[edit]

  • From Africa...To Indian Subcontinent: Sidi Music in the Indian Ocean Diaspora(2003) by Amy Catlin-Jairazbhoy, in close collaboration withNazir Ali Jairazbhoyand the Sidi community.
  • Mon petit diable (My Little Devil)(1999) was directed by Gopi Desai.Om Puri,Pooja Batra,Rushabh Patni,Satyajit Sharma.
  • Razia Sultan(1983), an Indian Urdu film directed byKamal Amrohi,is based on the life ofRazia Sultan(played byHema Malini) (1205–1240), the only femaleSultan of Delhi(1236–1240), and her speculated love affair with the Abyssinian slaveJamal-ud-Din Yakut(played byDharmendra). He was referred to in the movie as ahabshee.
  • A Certain Grace: The Sidi, Indians of African Descentby Ketaki Sheth, Photolink, 2013.[64]
  • Shaping Membership, Defining Nation: The Cultural Politics of African Indians in South Asia(2007) by Pashington Obeng.
  • Inside a Lost African Tribe Still Living in India Today(2018) by Asha Stuart
  • #unfair(2019) a film produced byPublic Service Broadcast Trustdirected by Wenceslaus Mendes,Paranjoy Guha Thakurta,Anushka Matthews, Mohit Bhalla

Notable Siddis[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^"First African-Pakistani Lawmaker Fights to Claim Power".2 September 2020.
  2. ^"Sheedis in Pakistan".16 October 2023.
  3. ^abParacha, Nadeem (26 August 2018),"Smokers' corner: Sindh's African roots",Dawn.
  4. ^"The Siddis: Discovering India's little known African-origin community".The New Indian Express.2 March 2018.Retrieved13 August2021.
  5. ^abcd"A-11 Individual Scheduled Tribe Primary Census Abstract Data and its Appendix".Census of India 2011.Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.Retrieved24 March2017.
  6. ^Ewald, Janet (November 2008)."No Objection to a Wandering Unsettled Life:" Bondsmen and Freedmen in the Ports and at Sea of the Indian Ocean World, c. 1500-1900 "(PDF).10th Annual Gilder Lehrman Center International Conference, Yale University.
  7. ^abcdefShah, Anish M.; et al. (15 July 2011)."Indian Siddis: African Descendants with Indian Admixture".American Journal of Human Genetics.89(1): 154–161.doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.05.030.PMC3135801.PMID21741027.
  8. ^abAlbinia, Alice(2012).Empires of the Indus: The Story of a River.UK: Hachette.ISBN978-0393063226.
  9. ^Vijay Prashad (2002),Everybody Was Kung Fu Fighting: Afro-Asian Connections and the Myth of Cultural Purity,Beacon Press,ISBN978-0-8070-5011-8,...since the captains of the African and Arab vessels bore the title Sidi (from Sayyid, or the lineage of Muhammad), the African settlers on the Indian mainland came to be called Siddis...
  10. ^"Ḥabshī | African and Abyssinian enslaved persons | Britannica".britannica.Retrieved11 June2023.
  11. ^Péquignot, Sofia (16 September 2021),"Siddi (of Karnataka)",Brill's Encyclopedia of the Religions of the Indigenous People of South Asia Online,Brill,retrieved11 June2023
  12. ^Ali Al'Amin Mazrui, Toby Kleban Levine (1986),The Africans: a reader,Praeger,ISBN978-0-03-006209-4,...continue to exist in three main communities. These Afro-Indians, known as 'Siddis'...
  13. ^Joseph E. Harris (1971),The African presence in Asia: consequences of the East African slave trade,Northwestern University Press,ISBN978-0-8101-0348-1,In fact, it is frequently said that Afro-Indians in western Gujarat are descendants of escaped slaves....
  14. ^Ruth Simms Hamilton (2007),Routes of Passage: Rethinking the African Diaspora,Michigan State University Press,ISBN978-0-87013-632-0
  15. ^David Brion Davis,Challenging the Boundaries of Slavery(Harvard University Press, 2006), p. 12.
  16. ^Ci Hai7(1):125.
  17. ^Roland Oliver,Africa in the Iron Age: c.500 BC-1400 AD,(Cambridge University Press, 1975), p. 192.
  18. ^F. R. C. Bagley et al.,The Last Great Muslim Empires,(Brill: 1997), p. 174.
  19. ^"Hyderabad's African old guard".4 August 2003.Retrieved11 January2020.
  20. ^"Another face of Hyderabad".The Times of India.4 May 2007.Retrieved11 January2020.
  21. ^Yatin Pandya, Trupti Rawal (2002),The Ahmedabad Chronicle: Imprints of a Millennium,Vastu Shilpa Foundation for Studies and Research in Environmental Design,The first Muslims in Gujarat to have arrived are the Siddis via the Bharuch port in 628 CE... The major group, though, arrived in 712 CE via Sindh and the north.... With the founding of Ahmedabad in 1411 CE it became the concentrated base of the community....
  22. ^Eaton (2007).Slavery and South Asian History.Indiana University Press. p. 8.ISBN978-0253116710.
  23. ^"Malik Ambar: The African slave who built Aurangabad and ruined the game for Mughals in the Deccan".The Indian Express.15 May 2020.Retrieved12 May2021.
  24. ^Harris, J. E. (1971).The African Presence in Asia: Consequences of the East African Slave Trade.
  25. ^Obeng, P. (2007).Shaping Membership, Defining Nation: The Cultural Politics of African Indians in South India,p. xiii.
  26. ^Obeng P (2003). "Religion and empire: Belief and identity among African Indians in Karnataka, South India".Journal of the American Academy of Religion.71(1): 99–120.doi:10.1093/jaar/71.1.99.
  27. ^"List of notified Scheduled Tribes"(PDF).Census India. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 7 November 2013.Retrieved15 December2013.
  28. ^"'Marfa' band of the Siddis 'losing' its beat ".The Hindu.Hyderabad, India. 10 July 2011.Retrieved19 September2011.
  29. ^Yimene, Ababu Minda (2004).An African Indian Community in Hyderabad: Siddi Identity, Its Maintenance and Change.Cuvillier Verlag.ISBN978-3-86537-206-2.
  30. ^Ali, Shanti Sadiq(1996).The African Dispersal in the Deccan: From Medieval to Modern Times.Orient Blackswan.ISBN978-81-250-0485-1.
  31. ^"Siddis stray from tradition".The Times of India.Archived fromthe originalon 11 July 2012.Retrieved5 December2004.
  32. ^Shekhawat, Rahul Singh (n.d.),"Black Sufis: Preserving the Siddi's and its age old culture in India"
  33. ^Journal of the Indian Anthropological Society,vol. 28, Indian Anthropological Society, 1993,The word goma is derived from the Swahili word for dance, ngoma, which in the East African... Siddi servants used to perform goma dances with drums....
  34. ^Stuart Sillars, ed. (2017).The Shakespearean International Yearbook: Volume 13.Routledge. p. 22.ISBN978-1351963497.Retrieved16 February2018.
  35. ^Shihan de S. Jayasuriya, Richard Pankhurst (2003),The African Diaspora in the Indian Ocean,Africa World Press,ISBN978-0-86543-980-1,At the climax, when large numbers of people are simultaneously possessed, the presence of Sidi saints among the living is experienced through the bodies chosen by the saints as vehicle. This happens during dancing sessions called damal or goma...
  36. ^Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner."Gujerat: ST-14 Scheduled Tribe Population by Religious Community".Census of India 2011.Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India.Retrieved13 August2021.Statistics spreadsheet
  37. ^Samuel, Richard (20 January 2020)."How the Siddi community has been thriving through music and dance".The Hindu.Retrieved13 August2021.
  38. ^Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner."Karnataka: ST-14 Scheduled Tribe Population by Religious Community".Census of India 2011.Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India.Retrieved13 August2021.Statistics spreadsheet
  39. ^Abbas, Zaffar (13 March 2002)."Pakistan's Sidi keep heritage alive".BBC.Retrieved26 December2016.One of the Pakistan's smallest ethnic communities is made up of people of African origin, known as Sidi. The African-Pakistanis live in Karachi and other parts of the Sindh and Baluchistan provinces in abject poverty, but they rarely complain of discrimination. Although this small Muslim community is not on the verge of extinction, their growing concern is how to maintain their distinct African identity in the midst of the dominating South Asian cultures.
  40. ^abSheedi Mela begins with ritual aplomb[dead link],The News International,7 July 2008.
  41. ^"شیدی میلہ"(in Urdu). Archived fromthe originalon 16 June 2010.Retrieved4 October2009.,BBC Urdu,18 June 2010.
  42. ^"Manghopir urs a living tribute to Sheedi culture",Dawn16 July 2007.
  43. ^Balfour, Edward (1873).Cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia, Commercial, Industrial and Scientific: Products of the Mineral, Vegetable and Animal Kingdoms, Useful Arts and Manufactures.Scottish and Adelphi Presses. p. 390.
  44. ^Khair Mohammad Buriro Sewhani (2005).ذاتين جي انسائيڪلوپيڊيا(in Sindhi). p. 312.
  45. ^Bhurgari, M. Hashim (24 October 2009)."Sheedi basha hum basha: black people dance away sorrows".Dawn.Retrieved16 October2012.
  46. ^Salman, Peerzada (12 February 2023)."Art and culture workshop under way at Frere Hall".DAWN.COM.Retrieved20 March2024.
  47. ^"Sheedis have been hurt most by attitudes".Dawn.23 June 2008.Retrieved30 December2013.Sindhi Sheedis call themselves Qambrani, out of reverence for Hazrat Qambar, a servant of Hazrat Ali (AS).
  48. ^Tanzeela Qambrani: First Sheedi woman to become member of Sindh Assembly
  49. ^Tanzeela to be first Sheedi woman to enter Sindh Assembly
  50. ^Shah, AM; Tamang, R; Moorjani, P; Rani, DS; Govindaraj, P; Kulkarni, G; Bhattacharya, T; Mustak, MS; Bhaskar, LV; Reddy, AG; Gadhvi, D; Gai, PB; Chaubey, G; Patterson, N; Reich, D; Tyler-Smith, C; Singh, L; Thangaraj, K (2011)."Indian Siddis: African Descendants with Indian Admixture".Am. J. Hum. Genet.89(1): 154–61.doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.05.030.PMC3135801.PMID21741027.
  51. ^Mishra, Rakesh K. (2009).Chromosomes To Genome.I. K. International Pvt Ltd. p. 183.ISBN978-9380026213.
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  54. ^Narang, Ankita; et al. (15 July 2011)."Recent Admixture in an Indian Population of African Ancestry".American Journal of Human Genetics.89(1): 111–120.doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.06.004.PMC3135806.PMID21737057.
  55. ^abcVallangi, Neelima."India's forgotten African tribe".BBC.Retrieved2 June2021.
  56. ^ab"Filmmaker Inspired to Make Documentary About Siddi Tribe".Culture.13 April 2018. Archived fromthe originalon 4 March 2021.Retrieved2 June2021.
  57. ^ab"I Met The Siddi People of India And It Widened My Perception of What It Means To Be 'Indian'".The Better India.30 March 2017.Retrieved2 June2021.
  58. ^Chari, Mridula (20 June 2015)."Meet the fast disappearing community of Indians and Pakistanis of African origin".Quartz India.Retrieved13 August2021.
  59. ^Staff writer (5 March 2008)."Africa's lost tribe, the Siddis face poverty in India".The Economic Times.Retrieved13 August2021.
  60. ^Bhat, Prajwal (31 March 2019)."Racing for a better future: The African-origin tribe in K'taka that's turning to sports".The News Minute.Retrieved11 January2020.
  61. ^Dabas, Maninder (14 March 2019)."How These African-Indians Can Bring Gold Medals for the Country in Next Olympics".indiatimes.Retrieved11 January2020.
  62. ^"Bengaluru Man Helps Karnataka's Siddi Tribe Smash Stigma with Sports!".The Better India.17 June 2019.Retrieved11 January2020.
  63. ^Shanti Sadiq Ali (1996),The African dispersal in the Deccan,Orient Blackswan,ISBN978-81-250-0485-1,Among the Siddi families in Karnataka there are Catholics, Hindus and Muslims... It was a normal procedure for the Portuguese to baptise African slaves... After living for generations among Hindus they considered themselves to be Hindus.... The Siddi Hindus owe allegiance to Saudmath...
  64. ^"Sidi lights".Mint.8 March 2013.Retrieved17 March2013.

External links[edit]

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