Siege of Kimberley
Siege of Kimberley | |||||||
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Part of theSecond Boer War | |||||||
![]() BritishRML 2.5-inch mountain gunemployed in the defence of Kimberley during the Second Boer War | |||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||
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Commanders and leaders | |||||||
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Strength | |||||||
>1,600 |
3,000–6,500[1] Several guns | ||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||
42 killed 135 wounded[2] | Heavy |
Thesiege of Kimberleytook place during theSecond Boer WaratKimberley,Cape Colony(present-day South Africa), whenBoerforces from theOrange Free Stateand theTransvaalbesieged the diamond mining town. The Boers moved quickly to try to capture the area when war broke out between the British and the two Boer republics in October 1899. The town was ill-prepared, but the defenders organised an energetic and effective improvised defence that was able to prevent it from being taken.
Outside Kimberley, the Boers treated the occupied territory as part of one of the republics, appointing a 'landdrost' (magistrate) and changing the name of the neighbouring town of Barkly West to Nieu Boshof.
Cecil Rhodes,who had made his fortune in the town, and who controlled all the mining activities, moved into the town at the onset of the siege. His presence was controversial, as his involvement in theJameson Raidmade him one of the primary protagonists behind war breaking out. Rhodes was in constant disagreement with the military, but he was nonetheless instrumental in organising the defence of the town. The Boers shelled the town with their superior artillery in an attempt to force the garrison to capitulate. Engineers of theDe Beerscompany manufactured a one-off gun namedLong Cecil;however the Boers soon countered with a much larger siege gun that terrified the residents, forcing many to take shelter in theKimberley Mine.
The British military had to change its strategy for the war as public opinion demanded that the sieges of Kimberley,LadysmithandMafekingbe relieved before the Boer capitals were assaulted. The first attempt at relief of Kimberley underLord Methuenwas stopped at the battles ofModder RiverandMagersfontein.The 124-day siege was finally relieved on 15 February 1900 by a cavalry division underLieutenant-General John French,part of a larger force underLord Roberts.The battle against the Boer generalPiet Cronjécontinued atPaardebergimmediately after the town itself was relieved.
Background[edit]
Prior to the onset of theSecond Boer War,Kimberley was the second-biggest city in theCape Colony,[3]and vibrant and prosperous as the centre of diamond mining operations of the De Beers Mining Company, who supplied 90% of the world's diamonds.[4]The town had a population of 40,000, of which 25,000 were white.[5]It was one of a handful of British outposts in the far north east of the colony, located just a few kilometres from the borders of the Boer republics of the Transvaal and Orange Free State;Cape Townwas 1,041 kilometres (647 mi) away by rail, whilePort Elizabethwas 780 kilometres (480 mi).[5]The closest Boer settlements wereJacobsdalto the south andBoshofto the east.
Preparation[edit]
The De Beers company was concerned about the defence of Kimberley some years before the outbreak of the war, particularly its vulnerability to attack from the neighbouring Orange Free State. In 1896, an arms depot was formed, a plan of defence sent to the authorities and a local defence force set up. As it began to look more likely that war would break out, the nervous citizens of Kimberley appealed to the premier of the Cape Colony,William Philip Schreiner,for additional protection, but he did not believe the town to be under serious threat and declined to arm it further.[6]His reply to an appeal for arms in September 1899 stated: “There is no reason whatever for apprehending that Kimberley is or will be in any danger of attack and your fears are therefore groundless.”[7]
![Portraint of Lt. Col. Robert Kekewich](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Robert_Kekewich.jpg/170px-Robert_Kekewich.jpg)
The town next appealed to the high commissioner, this time with more success.[7]On 4 October 1899, Major Scott-Turner was permitted to summon volunteers to join the town guard and raise the Diamond Fields Artillery.[8]Three days later, the town was placed under the command ofColonel Robert Kekewichof the 1st Battalion,Loyal Regiment (North Lancashire),[1]and secured against acoup de main,but not against sustained siege.[6]
Colonel Kekewich's troops consisted of fourcompaniesof the Loyal North Lancashire Regiment, someRoyal Engineers,sixRML 2.5-inch mountain gunsand two machine guns. Also at his disposal were 120 men of the Cape Police (recalled from various outposts along the railway line), 2,000irregular troops,the Kimberley Light Horse, and a battery of obsolete seven-pounder guns. EightMaxim machine gunswere mounted onredoubtsbuilt atoptailing heapsaround the town.[1][9]
Cecil John Rhodes, the founder of De Beers, was contemplating moving into the town. The citizens feared that his presence there, given his prominent role in thebreakdown of Anglo-Boer relationsleading up to the war, would antagonise the Boers. Consequently, the mayor of Kimberley, as well as various associates of Rhodes, tried to discourage him.[8][10]However, Rhodes ignored the advice and moved into the town just prior to the onset of the siege, very narrowly evading capture when the Boer ultimatum expired at 5 pm on 11 October while he was stillen route.It was a calculated move to raise the political stakes and thereby force the British government to divert war resources to lifting the siege on his mining operation. Since most of the resources in the garrison were owned by De Beers, Rhodes inevitably became an important factor in the defence organised by Colonel Robert Kekewich. As head of the mining company that owned most of the assets in the town, the military felt that Rhodes proved to be more of a hindrance as he did not co-operate fully with them;[11]civil and military authorities were not always working together, especially after the death of the second in command of the garrison, Major Scott-Turner.[8]The military took the following view of Rhodes:[6]
Rhodes had come into his own Kimberley and for the first time he was not master in it. He found himself a sterilized dictator acting in an atmosphere too tenuous to support his vitality but sufficient to preserve it from extinction. He was subject to the authority of the military commandant, a galling position for a distinguished statesman who had not a high opinion of the professional capacity of the British officer.
In practice, unlikeBaden PowellatMafeking,Kekewich did not havefree reinto conduct the defence as he saw fit.
Kekewich decided to include the neighbouring municipality ofBeaconsfieldas well as the outlying suburb of Kenilworth inside the 22-kilometre (14 mi) defensive perimeter he established around the town.[1]Rhodes sponsored the raising of a new regiment called the Kimberley Light Horse,[12]but Lord Methuen advised Kekewich that “Rhodes is to leave Kimberley the day after I arrive. Tell him he is not to interfere in military matters.”[13]
Siege[edit]
![Soup ration ticket from the siege of Kimberley with the text "Kimberley Siege Soup: Town Hall Depot: Two Pints"](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/77/Kimberley-ticket.jpg/220px-Kimberley-ticket.jpg)
The conflict at Kimberley started on 14 October 1899.Colonel Baden-Powell,anticipating the inevitable onset of hostilities, encouraged all the women and children to leave the town.[14]Some civilians left in a special train, escorted as far asVryburgby anarmoured train.[15]On the return journey, the armoured train was captured in the first action of the war between Kimberley andMafekingatKraaipanby Boers under the command of fighting generalDe la Rey,the hero of the western Transvaal. On 12 October, theJacobsdalCommando severed the railway line at the bridge over theModder Riversouth of Kimberley,[16]whereafter the Boers entrenched themselves in the hills at Spytfontein.[Note 2][15]Meanwhile, theBoshofCommando severed the railway line 16 kilometres (10 mi) north of the town at Riverton Road, then shut off the primary water supply at Riverton on theVaal River.[Note 3][14][16]For the first time, water in the mines became more precious than the diamonds in them. On 14 October the Boers cut the telephone line to the Cape.[17]Heliographanddispatch ridersconsequently had to make hazardous journeys through Boer lines to the Orange River and then to Cape Town and Port Elizabeth. On 15 October,martial lawwas declared in the town.[18]
The cattle that usually grazed on the outskirts of the town presented a problem; if they were left, they would be lost to the Boers, but if they were slaughtered, the meat would perish quickly in the summer heat. The De Beers chief engineer,George Labram,provided a solution by building an industrial refrigeration plant underground in the Kimberley mine to preserve the meat.[19]
The Boer commander, Commandant Cornelius Wessels, presented Kekewich with an ultimatum on 4 November, demanding the town's surrender.[20]Kekewich replied the same day, stating: “...you are hereby invited to effect the occupation of this town as an operation of war by the employment of the military forces under your command”.[21]When the siege of Kimberley itself began in earnest on 6 November, the situation favoured an attack. The Boers were in control of the railway from theOrange Riverto Mafeking, while arms and ammunition were in short supply in Kimberley. On 7 November, the Boers started shelling the town.[22]Communication with the outside world was not seriously impeded however. The Boer strategy was not to attack the town in a full battle, but rather to wait for the defenders to capitulate, all the time wearing them down with shelling.[23]The defenders tried to send the large contingent of migrant native labourers that was working in the mines home, but twice the Boers drove them back into the town in an apparent attempt to put pressure on the limited food and water supply.[17]
![The "Long Cecil" gun in the workshops of the De Beers company showing a large gun on a carriage with a workman casually looking on in the background.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Long_Cecil.jpg/220px-Long_Cecil.jpg)
Rhodes had his own agenda, which differed from the greater war goal of redressing wrongs in the Transvaal that hadtriggeredthe conflict. He used his position and influence to demand relief of the siege vociferously in both the press and directly of the government.[12][23][24]However, Kekewich was a more cool-headed man, and was careful to let the authorities in Cape Town know that the situation was by no means desperate and that he would be able to hold out for several weeks.[6]The feud between the two men escalated when theDiamond Fields Advertiser,the local newspaper which was under Rhodes's control, ignored the military censor and printed information that compromised the military.[25][26]Kekewich obtained permission from his superior to place Rhodes under arrest if necessary.[Note 4][27][28][29]
![Boer Long Tom gun packed for travel on board a train with the barrel removed from the carriage.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Long_Tom_en_route_to_Kimberley.jpg/220px-Long_Tom_en_route_to_Kimberley.jpg)
The food and water supply was managed closely by the military authorities. Rationing was imposed as the food supply dwindled, with the inhabitants eventually resorting in the final states of the siege to eating horse meat. Vegetables could not be grown easily because of a shortage of water. The scarcity of vegetables took the hardest toll on the poorest people, notably the 15,000-strong indigenous population; a local doctor suggested that they eataloeleaves to avoid contractingscurvy,[30]while Rhodes organised asoup kitchen.[31]
On 25 November, the British garrison launched an attack on the Boerredoubtat Carter's Ridge, west of the town.[Note 5]Kekewich's men held the belief that the action would assist Methuen's relief column atMagersfonteinby keeping more Boers occupied at Kimberley. A detachment of 40 members of Cape Police and Light Horse under the command of Major Scott-Turner of theBlack Watchset out at midnight and completely surprised their enemy in the early hours of the morning. Thirty-three Boers were captured at the cost of four killed.[20]Scott-Turner tried to repeat the successful raid three days later, but it was a disaster for the British the second time round, with Scott-Turner among those killed.[20][32]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Le_Rire_issue_276_1900-02-17_cph.3b48494.jpg/170px-Le_Rire_issue_276_1900-02-17_cph.3b48494.jpg)
The engineers of Rhodes's company, under Chief Mechanical Engineer George Labram, were instrumental in the defence of the town. They manufactured fortifications, an armoured train, a watch tower, shells, and a gun, known asLong Cecil,for the defenders in order to supplement their inadequate weapons.[33]Long Cecilwas rifled with a bore of 100 millimetres (3.9 in) capable of propelling a 13-kilogram (29 lb) shell 6,000 metres (6,600 yd).[34]The gun was completed on 21 January 1900, and successfully test fired against a previously untouchable Boer position north of the town.[35][36]
![Rhodes's message to residents stating: "Sunday. I recommend women and children who desire complete shelter to proceed to Kimberley and De Beers shafts. They will be lowered at once in the mines from 8 O'clock throughout the night. Lamps and guides will be provided. C.J. Rhodes"](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Rhodes_message.jpg/220px-Rhodes_message.jpg)
The Boers countered on 7 February with a much heavier 100-pounder named"Long Tom";it had been disabled by British saboteurs atLadysmith,before being repaired at Pretoria, and brought to Kimberley.[37]In addition to having larger shells than any of the siege guns used up to that point, its longer range meant that it could also target any location in Kimberley. The town's inhabitants had become accustomed to shelling by smaller guns and were to some extent able to take shelter and to carry on their daily lives. The new gun immediately changed the status quo, as terrified residents were no longer able to find sanctuary anywhere at ground level.[6]Rhodes published a notice inviting people to take shelter in the Kimberley Mine in order to avoid its lethal shelling.[38]Fortunately for the defenders, the gun did not usesmokeless powder,so observers were able to give residents up to 17 seconds warning to take cover when a shell was incoming.[39]Labram was the most notable civilian casualty, when he was killed within a week of the end of the siege, ironically by a Boer shell from the Long Tom gun brought to counter his own gun.[38][40]Kekewich arranged a fullmilitary funeralfor him, which was well attended, but took place after dark for safety reasons;[41]the procession was targeted by Boer shelling with the help of a traitor inside the town who lit the area with a flare.[42]
The Boersbesiegedthe town for 124 days, shelling it on most days, except Sundays.[12]Shelling abated somewhat during theBattle of Magersfonteinwhen the Boer siege guns were temporarily brought to bear there.[17]Throughout the siege, Kekewich mounted numerous armedreconnaissancemissions outside the town's defences, sometimes using the armoured train. Some of these engagements were fierce, with casualties on both sides, however they did not change the status quo.[17]In January 1900, the local Boer command passed from Commandant Wessels to General Ignatius Stephanus Ferreira.[43]
Relief[edit]
![Portrait of Major-General French](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Major-General_Sir_J.D.P._French.jpg/170px-Major-General_Sir_J.D.P._French.jpg)
The British commander-in-chief in South Africa, General SirRedvers Bullerinitially planned to march with a single large force on the Boer capitals ofBloemfonteinandPretoria.However public opinion demanded relief of the sieges of Kimberley, Ladysmith and Mafeking — pressure that was attributable in part to Rhodes's presence in Kimberley and lobbying in London.[13]Buller therefore had to change his plans and divide his forces:[44]Lord Methuen was sent north by theWar Officein December 1899 with the objective of relieving Kimberley and Mafeking, while Buller himself went to Natal.[45]On 1 December 1899, communications were established between Methuen's relief column and the defenders in the town.[46]However, Methuen's advance ground to a halt after the Boers inflicted heavy casualties on his force at theBattle of Modder Riverand defeated him resoundingly at theBattle of Magersfontein.These, and other defeats elsewhere, came to be called "Black Week"by the British. Thus, for two of the four months of the siege, the 10,000 British troops at Modder River who were within 12 miles (19 km) of the town, were unable to reach it.[47]
Field MarshalLord Robertsreplaced Buller as British Commander-in-Chief in South Africa in January 1900. Within a month Roberts assembled 30,000 infantry, 7,501 cavalry and 3,600 mounted infantry, together with 120 guns, in the area between the Orange and Modder Rivers.[48]The largest British mounted division ever assembled was created under the command ofMajor-General John Frenchthrough the amalgamation of virtually all the cavalry in the area.[49][50]News of the shelling by the Boer Long Tom gun had reached Lord Roberts, whose parting words to his officers on 9 February were that "You must relieve Kimberley if it costs you half your forces."[50]
Piet Cronjé believed that Roberts would attempt to attack him in a flanking manoeuvre from the west,[51]and that the advance would largely continue as before along the railway line.[52][53]With this mind, Roberts ordered theHighland Brigade20 miles (32 km) west to Koedoesberg,[Note 6][49]thereby encouraging Cronjé's forces to believe that the attack would occur there. However, the bulk of the force initially headed south toGraspan,[Note 7][49]then east deep into the Orange Free State with the cavalry division guarding the British right flank by securingdriftsacross theRiet River.On 13 February, Roberts activated the second part of his plan, that involved French's cavalry separating from the slower main force and piercing forward quickly by swinging northwards, just east ofJacobsdal,to cross the Modder River at Klip Drift.[Note 8]
![French's cavalry at Klip Drift on the Modder River, showing men, horses and guns crossing the river.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/French%27s_Cavalry_at_Klip_Drift.jpg/220px-French%27s_Cavalry_at_Klip_Drift.jpg)
As French's column neared the Modder River on 13 February, a force of about 1,000 Boers made contact with his right flank.[54]French wheeled his right and centre brigades towards their enemy, thereby allowing the brigade on the left to hold course for Klip Drift, while giving the enemy the false impression that he was headed for Klipkraal Drift.[55]The whole force then wheeled left at the last minute and charged the Klip Drift crossing at full gallop. The Boers at Klip Drift, who were taken completely by surprise, left their camp and provisions behind, which French's exhausted men and horses were glad to seize.[56]Although speed was important, the cavalry had to wait for the infantry to catch up to secure the lines of communication before moving forward to relieve Kimberley. The cavalry's route had taken them deep inside the Free State over Cronjé'sline of communication,thereby cutting off any Boer forces who did not immediately fall back. Meanwhile, Roberts led the main force in an easterly direction with the objective of capturing the Orange Free State capital, Bloemfontein.[48]
![Lord Roberts's entry into Kimberley, showing jubilant crowds outside the town hall as Roberts takes the salute on horseback](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Roberts_Enters_Kimberley.jpg/170px-Roberts_Enters_Kimberley.jpg)
French's flanking manoeuvre took a very high toll on horses and men in the blazing summer heat, with about 500 horses either dying en route or no longer fit to ride.[57]When Cronjé became aware of French's cavalry on his left flank at Klip Drift, he concluded that the British were trying to draw him eastwards away from his prepared defences. He dispatched 900 men with guns to stop the British push northwards. French's men set out from Klip Drift at 9:30 am on 15 February on the last stage of their journey to Kimberley, and were soon engaged by the Boer force sent to block them. Rifle fire came from the river in the east while artillery shells rained from the hills in the north west; the route to Kimberley lay straight ahead through the crossfire, so French ordered a bold cavalrychargedown the middle.[51][58][59]As waves of horses galloped forward, the Boers poured down fire from the two sides. However, the speed of the attack, screened by a massive cloud of dust, proved successful and the Boer force was defeated. British casualties during this day's fighting were five dead and 10 wounded, with roughly 70 horses lost through exhaustion.[48]However, the route to Kimberley was open; by that evening, General French and his men passed through the recently abandoned Boer lines, and relieved the town of Kimberley after some initial difficulty in convincing the defenders via heliograph that they were not Boers.[51][60]The cavalry had covered 120 miles (190 km) in four days at the height of summer to reach the town.[61]When French arrived in town, he snubbed Kekewich, the local military authority, by presenting himself to Rhodes instead.[62]
French's men did not have much opportunity to relax when they reached the town, as they were roused during their first night in the town first to make yet another dash to try to capture the Long Tom gun[63]and, in the early hours of 17 February, to cut off Cronjé's main force, who had abandoned Magersfontein and were heading east towards Bloemfontein along the Modder River.[51][64]Kitchener directed French to cut off the Boers' escape; of French's original strength of 5,000, only 1,200 of his cavalrymen were still fit, while the horses were depleted. At first light, the cavalry headed towards the Boer dust clouds; soon they were overlooking a whole valley full of Boers, with cattle, 400 wagons and women and children in tow. The surprise was complete when the British started shelling the Boer column just as it started crossing the Modder River at Paardeberg Drift, causing considerable confusion and panic.[64]Cronjé elected to sit tight rather than escape, giving French the opportunity to summon reinforcements before the Boers realised how small and depleted the force was that was harassing them. TheBattle of Paardebergensued over the next week, resulting in the defeat of Cronjé, but at the expense of a considerable amount of British blood.[65]
Aftermath[edit]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Kimberley_Star.jpg/220px-Kimberley_Star.jpg)
On 17 February, Kekewich was promoted to the rank of fullcolonelwhile French was promoted tomajor general.[66]A number of medals were issued to combatants, notably theKimberley Star,which was instituted by Mayor H. A. Oliver. Since the medal was not an official one, it could not be worn with military uniforms. The official awards for the siege and relief of Kimberley were, respectively, the "Defence of Kimberley" and "Relief of Kimberley" clasps to theQueen's South Africa Medal.[67][68]
The British established aconcentration campat Kimberley to holdinternedBoer women and children, as well as black refugees.[69][70]A memorial outside the Newton Dutch Reformed Church commemorates those that died in the camp.[71]
![The Honoured Dead Memorial, a tall, brown sandstone building with multiple Grecian-type pillar and the Long Cecil gun at its base](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Dead_Memorial%2C_Kimberley.jpg/170px-Dead_Memorial%2C_Kimberley.jpg)
TheHonoured Dead Memorial,a sandstone edifice commissioned byCecil Rhodesand designed bySir Herbert Baker,was erected to commemorate the defenders who fell during the siege.[72]Twenty-seven soldiers are entombed in the memorial, which was made from stone quarried in theMatopo Hillsin Rhodesia (today Zimbabwe). It bears an inscription byRudyard Kipling:[72]“This for a charge to our children in sign of the price we paid, The price that we paid for freedom that comes unsoiled to your hand; Read, revere and uncover, here are the victors laid, They who died for their City, being sons of the land”.[73]Long Cecil,the gun manufactured in theDe Beersworkshops during the siege, is mounted on thestylobate(facing theFree State), surrounded by shells from the BoerLong Tom.[72]
The Sanatorium Hotel, in which Cecil Rhodes stayed during the siege, is the present-day site of theMcGregor Museum.The stone that he used to mount his horse is still in the gardens, while the story of the siege is covered extensively in the permanent exhibitions of the museum.[74]
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^Rhodes was a civiliande factocommander
- ^Spytfontein is located immediately south of Kimberley at28°52′56″S24°41′00″E/ 28.882230°S 24.683372°E
- ^Riverton is located north of Kimberley on the Vaal River at28°30′51″S24°42′02″E/ 28.51417°S 24.70056°E
- ^Magnus says Lord Kitchener granted permission to arrest Rhodes, while Van Hartesveldt says it was Lord Roberts.
- ^Carters Ridge is located West of Kimberley at28°45′01″S24°42′13″E/ 28.7503°S 24.7036°E
- ^Koedoesberg is at28°55′00″S24°25′00″E/ 28.91667°S 24.41667°E
- ^Graspan is located south of Kimberley at29°19′08″S24°26′51″E/ 29.31889°S 24.44750°E
- ^Klip Drif is south-east of Kimberley on the Modder River at29°02′30.5″S24°53′41.4″E/ 29.041806°S 24.894833°Eone of the few crossings in the area
References[edit]
Citations[edit]
- ^abcdPeddle, 1977
- ^Ameryet al,p. 24
- ^Morris & Linnegar 2004, p. 110
- ^Fremont-Barnes, p. 18
- ^abAshe, Introduction, p. 17
- ^abcdeA Handbook of the Boer War
- ^abMichell (1900), p. 265
- ^abcMichell (1900), pp. 267–269
- ^Conan-Doyle, Chapter VIII
- ^Le Sueur, p. 237
- ^Jourdan, p. 108
- ^abcSaunders, pp. 27–28
- ^abMiller, p. 183
- ^abAshe, pp. 3–4
- ^abPhelan, p. 13
- ^abWilson, p. 53
- ^abcdRalf, pp. 267–275
- ^Lewis, p. 269
- ^"An American Engineer"(PDF).Atlantic City: May's Landing. 15 September 1906. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 25 July 2011.Retrieved22 July2009.
- ^abcConan-Doyle, Chapter 18
- ^Heberden, 1976
- ^Ashe, p. 32
- ^abThompson, p. 153
- ^Gilman, 1976
- ^"Siege of Kimberley—Mr. Rhodes and Colonel Kekewich".Parliamentary Debates (Hansard).22 March 1900.Archivedfrom the original on 5 October 2012.Retrieved29 August2009.
- ^"Censorship—Diamond Fields Advertiser—Mr. Rhodes and Col. Kekewich".Parliamentary Debates (Hansard).11 June 1901.Archivedfrom the original on 28 August 2009.Retrieved29 August2009.
- ^Magnus, p. 162
- ^Van Hartesveldt, p. 19
- ^Gardner, pp. 170–171
- ^Ashe, p. 80
- ^Jourdan, pp. 114–115
- ^"Hard Fight at Kimberley; Major Scott-Turner Killed Leading a Fierce Sortie".New York Times.7 December 1899.Archivedfrom the original on 8 November 2012.Retrieved23 August2009.
- ^Ashe, p. 85
- ^Ashe, p. 113
- ^Ashe, p. 150
- ^Jourdan, p. 121
- ^De Souza, p. 82
- ^abJourdan, p. 122
- ^Jourdan, p. 123
- ^Phelan, p. 162
- ^Williams, p. 655
- ^Ashe, p. 199
- ^De Wet, Chapter VII
- ^Gooch, p. 15
- ^Thompson, p. 157
- ^Williams, p. 638
- ^Danes, p. 431
- ^abcCoulthard-Clark, pp. 66–68
- ^abcRalph 1900, p. 261
- ^abGoldman, pp. 73–75
- ^abcdCassar, pp. 47–49
- ^Fremont-Barnes, p. 56
- ^Goldman, pp. 70–72
- ^Goldman, p. 79
- ^Cassar, p. 47
- ^Ralf, p. 262
- ^Cassar, p. 48
- ^Chisholm, p. 75
- ^Goldman, pp. 82–84
- ^Phelan, pp. 195–197
- ^Ashe, p. 230
- ^Robbins, 2001
- ^Jourdan, p. 126
- ^abGoldman, pp. 98–105
- ^Goldman, Chapter IV
- ^"French and Kekewich Promoted"(PDF).New York Times.17 February 1900.Retrieved29 August2009.
- ^Johnson, pp. 159–160
- ^Duxbury, 1972
- ^Sessional Papers By Great Britain Parliament.House of Commons. 1902.Archivedfrom the original on 14 February 2018.Retrieved23 August2009.
- ^"British Concentration Camps of the South African War 1900-1902".
- ^"Kimberley, The Capital of the Northern Province".City of Kimberley Tourism. 9 March 2009. Archived fromthe originalon 23 July 2008.Retrieved3 September2009.
- ^abcRoberts, p. 338
- ^Westby-Nunn p. 399
- ^Maylam, p. 56
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- Goldman, Charles Sydney (1902).With General French and the Cavalry in South Africa.London: Macmillan and co.
- Gooch, John (2000).The Boer War: Direction, Experience, and Image.Routledge.ISBN0-7146-5101-X.
- Heberden, Winifred (June 1976)."The Diary of a Doctor's Wife (Part 2)".Military History Journal.3(5). The South African Military History Society.Retrieved23 August2009.
- Johnson, Stanley Currie (1921).The Medal Collector; A Guide to Naval, Military, Air-force and Civil Medals and Ribbons.London: H. Jenkins.
- Jourdan, Philip (1911).Cecil Rhodes, His Private Life.John Lane Company.
- Kruger, Rayne (1960).Good-bye Dolly Grey: The story of the Boer War.Lippincott.
- Le Sueur, Gordon (1913).Cecil Rhodes; The Man and His Work.London: J. Murray.
- Magnus, Sir Philip Montefiore (1958).Kitchener: Portrait of an Imperialist.London: J. Murray.ISBN9780719507670.
- Maylam, Paul (2005).The Cult of Rhodes: Remembering an Imperialist in Africa.New Africa Books.ISBN0-86486-684-4.
- Michell, Lewis, () (1910).The Life of the Right Hon. Cecil John Rhodes, 1853–1902 (1910).Vol. 2. London: E. Arnold.
{{cite book}}
:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Miller, Stephen M. (1999).Lord Methuen and the British Army: Failure and Redemption in South Africa.London: Cass.ISBN0-7146-4904-X.
- Morris, Michael & John Linnegar (2004).Every Step of the Way: The Journey to Freedom in South Africa.Ministry of Education.ISBN0-7969-2061-3.
- Peddle, Colonel D.E. (June 1977)."Long Cecil: The Gun Made in Kimberley During the Siege".Military History Journal.4(1). The South African Military History Society.Retrieved23 August2009.
- Phelan, T. (1913).The Siege of Kimberley.Dublin: M.H. Gill & Son, Ltd.
- Ralph, Julian (1900).Towards Pretoria; A Record of the War Between Briton and Boer, to the Relief of Kimberley.Frederick A. Stokes company.
- Robbins, David (2001).The siege of Kimberley and the battle of Magersfontein.Ravan Press.ISBN0-86975-532-3.
- Roberts, Brian (1976).Kimberley: Turbulent City.Cape Town: D. Philip in association with the Historical Society of Kimberley and the Northern Cape.ISBN0-949968-62-5.
- Saunders, Frederick & Phillip Thurmond Smith (1995).Mafeking Memories.Fairleigh Dickinson University Press.ISBN0-8386-3635-7.Retrieved2 July2008.
- Snow, Richard F. (April–May 1981)."George Labram".American Heritage.32(3).Retrieved23 August2009.
- Thompson, J. Lee (2007).Forgotten Patriot.Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press.ISBN978-0-8386-4121-7.
- Van Hartesveldt, Fred R. (2000).The Boer War: Historiography and Annotated Bibliography.Vol. 24 of Bibliographies of Battles and Leaders. Greenwood Publishing Group.ISBN0-313-30627-3.
- Westby-Nunn, Tony (2000).A Tourist Guide to the Anglo-Boer War, 1899-1902.Westby-Nunn Publishers.ISBN978-0620249782.
- Williams, Gardner Fred (1902).The Diamond Mines of South Africa; Some Account of Their Rise and Development.London: The Macmillan Company.
- Wilson, Herbert Wrigley (1900).With the Flag to Pretoria: A History of the Boer War of 1899–1900.Harmsworth Brothers, limited.
Further reading[edit]
- Harris, David (1931).Pioneer, Soldier and Politician.S. Low, Marston & Co., ltd.
- Meyer, Carl (1999).Days of Horror During the Siege of Kimberley, 1899–1990.Kimberley Africana Library under the auspices of the Friends of the Library.ISBN978-0-620-24573-9.
- Pakenham, Thomas(1979).The Boer War.Random House.ISBN0-380-72001-9.
External links[edit]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- With French to Kimberleypoem byBanjo Paterson
- The Siege of Kimberleyat BritishBattles
- Henry Symonds's Kimberley Siege Letter