Silesian language

This article is about the West Slavic lect. For the German dialect, seeSilesian German.For the ethnic group/nation, seeSilesians.

Not to be confused withSicilian language.

Silesian
Upper Silesian
ślōnskŏ gŏdka ślůnsko godka
Pronunciation	[ˈɕlonskɔˈɡɔtka]
Native to	Poland(Silesian Voivodeship,Opole Voivodeship) Czech Republic(Moravia–Silesia,Jeseník)
Region	Silesia
Ethnicity	Silesians
Native speakers	457,900 (2021 census)
Language family	Indo-European Balto-Slavic Slavic West Slavic Lechitic Silesian
Dialects	Cieszyn Sulkovian Texan Prudnik Niemodlin
Writing system	Latin script(Steuer's Alpha betandślabikŏrzowy szrajbōnek)
Language codes
ISO 639-3	szl
Glottolog	sile1253
ELP	Upper Silesian
Linguasphere	53-AAA-cck,53-AAA-dam

Range of Silesian on a map ofEast-Central Europe(marked asG1andG2,in southern Poland and the eastern Czech Republic).

Distribution area of the Silesian language

A Silesian speaker, recorded in Poland

Silesian,occasionally calledUpper Silesian,is anethnolectof theLechiticgroup spoken by part of people inUpper Silesia.Its vocabulary was significantly influenced byCentral Germandue to the existence of numerousSilesian Germanspeakers in the area prior to World War II and after.The first mentions of Silesian as a distinctlectdate back to the16th century,and the first literature with Silesian characteristics to the17th century.

Linguistic distinctiveness of Silesian has long been a topic of discussion among Poland'slinguists,especially after all of Upper Silesia was included within the Polish borders, following World War II.Some regard it as one of thefour major dialectsofPolish,while others classify it as a separate regional language, distinct from Polish.According to the official data from the2021 Polish census,about 500 thousand people consider Silesian as theirnative language.Internationally, Silesian has been fully recognized as a language since 2007, when it was accorded the ISO 639-3 registration codeszl.

Several efforts have been made to gain recognition for Silesian as an officialregional languagein Poland. In April 2024, the PolishSejmtook a significant step by passing abillrecognizing it as such,however, the bill was vetoed by PresidentAndrzej Dudaon 29 May 2024.

Distribution

Silesian speakers currently live in the region ofUpper Silesia,which is split between southwestern Poland and the northeasternCzech Republic.At present Silesian is commonly spoken in the area between the historical border of Silesia on the east and a line fromSycówtoPrudnikon the west as well as in theRawiczarea.

Until 1945, Silesian was also spoken in enclaves inLower Silesia,where the majority spokeLower Silesian,a variety ofCentral German.The German-speaking population was either evacuated en masse by German forces towards the end of the war or deported by the new administration upon the Polish annexation of the SilesianRecovered Territoriesafter its end. BeforeWorld War II,mostSlavic-languagespeakers also knew German and, at least in eastern Upper Silesia, many German speakers were acquainted with Slavic Silesian.

According to the lastofficial census in Poland in 2021,about 460,000people declared Silesian as theirnative language,whereas in thecountry's census of 2011,the figure was about 510,000.In the censuses in Poland, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia, nearly 900,000 people declaredSilesian nationality;Upper Silesia has almost five million inhabitants, with the vast majority in the Polish part speaking Polish and Czech in the Czech part and declaring themselves to be Poles in the former and Czechs in the latter.

Grammar

Main article:Silesian grammar

Although the morphological differences between Silesian and Polish have been researched extensively, other grammatical differences have not been studied in depth.

A notable difference is in question-forming. In standard Polish, questions which do not containinterrogative wordsare formed either by using intonation or the interrogative particleczy.In Silesian, questions which do not contain interrogative words are formed by using intonation (with a markedly different intonation pattern than in Polish) or inversion (e.g.Je to na karcie?); there is no interrogative particle.

Example

According toJan Miodek,standard Polish has always been used by Upper Silesians as a language of prayers. TheLord's Prayerin Silesian, Polish, Czech, and English:

Silesian	Polish	Czech	English
Fatrze nŏsz, kery jeżeś we niebie, bydź poświyncōne miano Twoje. Przińdź krōlestwo Twoje, bydź wola Twoja, jako we niebie, tak tyż na ziymi. Chlyb nŏsz kŏżdodziynny dej nōm dzisiŏk. A ôdpuś nōm nasze winy, jako a my ôdpuszczōmy naszym winnikōm. A niy wōdź nŏs na pokuszyniy, nale zbŏw nŏs ôde złygo. Amyn.	Ojcze nasz, któryś jest w niebie, święć się imię Twoje, przyjdź królestwo Twoje, bądź wola Twoja jako w niebie tak i na ziemi. Chleba naszego powszedniego daj nam dzisiaj. I odpuść nam nasze winy, jako i my odpuszczamy naszym winowajcom. I nie wódź nas na pokuszenie, ale nas zbaw od złego. Amen.	Otče náš, jenž jsi na nebesích, posvěť se jméno Tvé Přijď království Tvé. Buď vůle Tvá, jako v nebi, tak i na zemi. Chléb náš vezdejší dej nám dnes A odpusť nám naše viny, jako i my odpouštíme naším viníkům a neuveď nás v pokušení, ale zbav nás od zlého. Amen.	Our Father who art in heaven, hallowed be thy name. Thy kingdom come, thy will be done, on earth, as it is in heaven. Give us this day ourdailybread, and forgive us our trespasses, as we forgive those who trespass against us. And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil. Amen.

Dialects of Silesian

Map showing the distribution of the Silesian dialects

Silesian has many dialects:

• Dialects spoken in areas which are now part of Poland, formerPrussian Silesia:
  • Kluczbork Silesian dialect(1)
  • Opole Silesian dialect(2)
  • Niemodlin Silesian dialect(3)
  • Prudnik Silesian dialect(4)
  • Gliwice Silesian dialect(5)
  • Sulkovian Silesian dialect
  • Borderland Silesian-Lesser Polish dialect (6a & 6b)
  • Borderland Silesian-Lach dialect (9)
• Dialects spoken on both sides of the Czech–Polish border, formerAustrian Silesia:
  • Cieszyn Silesian dialect(7)
  • Jabłonków Silesian dialect(8)
• Lach dialectsspoken in areas which are now part of theCzech Republic,often considered linguistically apart from the ones mentioned above:
  • Opava subdialect
  • Ostrava subdialect
  • Frenštát subdialect

Dialect vs. language

Grave inscriptionat Lutheran cemetery inStřítežnearČeský Těšín.The inscription, which says "Rest in Peace", is in the Cieszyn Silesian dialect.

The Silesian language in public space: a banner at the 2022 gay pride inKatowice."We want Silesia, where every boy can take a vow to his chosen one in the Silesian language."

The Silesian language in public space: a warning sign "Watch for trams" on the sidewalk inChorzów

Goral Silesian lect and Czech inCieszyn,Poland. The text notifies readers that people under the age of 18 will not be served alcohol.

Politicization

Opinions are divided amonglinguistsregarding whether Silesian is a distinct language, a dialect of Polish, or, in the case ofLach,a variety of Czech. The issue can be contentious, because some Silesians consider themselves to be a distinct nationality within Poland. When Czechs, Poles, and Germans each made claims to substantial parts of Silesia as constituting an integral part of their respectivenation-statesin the 19th and 20th centuries, the language of Slavic-speaking Silesians became politicized.

Some, likeÓndra Łysohorsky(a poet and author inCzechoslovakia), saw theSilesiansas being their own distinct people, which culminated in his effort to create aliterary standardwhich he called the "Lachian language". Silesian inhabitants supporting the cause of each of these ethnic groups had their own robust network of supporters across Silesia's political borders which shifted over the course of the 20th century prior to the large-scaleethnic cleansingin the aftermath ofWorld War II.

Views

Some linguists from Poland, such as Jolanta Tambor,Juan Lajo,Tomasz Wicherkiewicz,philosopher Jerzy Dadaczyński,sociologist Elżbieta Anna Sekuła,and sociolinguistTomasz Kamusella,support its status as a language. According to Stanisław Rospond, it is impossible to classify Silesian as a dialect of the contemporary Polish language because he considers it to be descended fromOld Polish.Other Polish linguists, such asJan MiodekandEdward Polański,do not support its status as a language.Jan Miodek andDorota Simonides,both of Silesian origin, prefer to see the preservation of the entire range of Silesian dialects rather thanstandardization. The German linguistReinhold Oleschwas greatly interested in the "Polish vernaculars" of Upper Silesia and other Slavicvarietiessuch asKashubianandPolabian.

The United States Immigration Commission in 1911 classified it as one of the dialects of Polish.

In their respective surveys of Slavic languages, most linguists writing in English, such as Alexander M. Schenker,Robert A. Rothstein,and Roland Sussex and Paul Cubberleylist Silesian as a dialect of Polish, as doesEncyclopædia Britannica.

On the question of whether Silesian is a separate Slavic language,Gerd Hentschelwrote that "Silesian... can thus... without doubt be described as a dialect of Polish" ( "Das Schlesische... kann somit... ohne Zweifel als Dialekt des Polnischen beschrieben werden").

In Czechia, disagreement exists concerning theLach dialectswhich rose to prominence thanks toÓndra Łysohorskyand his translatorEwald Osers.While some have considered it a separate language, most now view Lach as a dialect of Czech.

Phonology

Main article:Silesian orthography

Vowels

Oral Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Close-mid	ɪ		o
Open-mid	ɛ		ɔ
Open		a

Nasal Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Open-mid			ɔ̃
Open		ã

Consonants

Consonants

		Labial	Dental/ Alveolar	Retroflex	(Alveolo-) palatal	Velar
Nasal		m	n		ɲ
Plosive	voiceless	p	t			k
	voiced	b	d			ɡ
Affricate	voiceless		t͡s	t͡ʂ	t͡ɕ
	voiced		d͡z	d͡ʐ	d͡ʑ
Fricative	voiceless	f	s	ʂ	ɕ	x
	voiced	v	z	ʐ	ʑ
Trill			r
Approximant		(w)	l		j	w

Writing system

Main article:Silesian orthography

There have been a number of attempts at codifying the language spoken by Slavophones in Silesia. Probably the most well-known was undertaken by Óndra Łysohorsky when codifying theLachian dialectsin creating the Lachian literary language in the early 20th century.

Ślabikŏrzowy szrajbōnek is the relatively newAlpha betcreated by thePro Loquela Silesianaorganization to reflect the sounds of all Silesian dialects. It was approved by Silesian organizations affiliated inRada Górnośląska.Ubuntutranslation is in this Alpha betas is some of theSilesian Wikipedia,although some of it is in Steuer's Alpha bet. It is used in a few books, including the SilesianAlpha bet book.

Letters:A,Ã,B,C,Ć,D,E,F,G,H,I,J,K,L,Ł,M,N,Ń,O,Ŏ,Ō,Ô,Õ,P,R,S,Ś,T,U,W,Y,Z,Ź,Ż.

One of the firstAlpha betscreated specifically for Silesian wasSteuer's Silesian Alpha bet,created in theInterwar periodand used byFeliks Steuerfor his poems in Silesian. The Alpha bet consists of 30graphemesand eightdigraphs:

Letters:A,B,C,Ć,D,E,F,G,H,I,J,K,L,Ł,M,N,Ń,O,P,R,S,Ś,T,U,Ů,W,Y,Z,Ź,Ż

Digraphs:Au,Ch,Cz,Dz,Dź,Dż,Rz,Sz

Based on the Steuer Alpha bet, in 2006 theSilesian Phonetic Alphabetwas proposed:

Letters:A,B,C,Ć,Č,D,E,F,G,H,I,J,K,L,M,N,Ń,O,P,R,Ř,S,Ś,Š,T,U,Ů,W,Y,Z,Ź,Ž.

Silesian's phonetic Alpha bet replaces the digraphs with single letters (SzwithŠ,etc.) and does not include the letterŁ,whose sound can be represented phonetically withU.It is therefore the Alpha bet that contains the fewest letters. Although it is the most phonetically logical, it did not become popular with Silesian organizations, with the argument that it contains too manycarondiacritics and hence resembles theCzech Alpha bet.Large parts of the Silesian Wikipedia, however, are written in Silesian's phonetic Alpha bet.

Sometimes other Alpha bets are also used, such as the "Tadzikowy muster" (for theNational Dictation Contest of the Silesian language) or the Polish Alpha bet, but writing in this Alpha bet is problematic as it does not allow for the differentiation and representation of all Silesian sounds.

Culture

Silesian has recently seen an increased use in culture, for example:

• Wachtyrz.eu,online news and information platform (founded in January 2018)
• YouTube personalities such as Niklaus Pieron
• TV and radio stations (for example: TV Silesia, Sfera TV, TVP Katowice, Slonsky Radio,Radio Piekary, Radio Silesia, Radio Fest);
• Music groups (for example:Jan Skrzek,Krzysztof Hanke, Hasiok,Dohtor Miód,FEET);
• Theatre(for example:PolterabendinSilesian Theatre);
• Plays
• Film (for example:The Sinful Life of Franciszek Buła( "Grzeszny żywot Franciszka Buły")
• Books (for example, the so-calledSilesian Bible;poetry: "Myśli ukryte" byKarol Gwóźdź)
• Teaching aides (for example, a Silesianbasal reader)

Recognition

Examples of books in Silesian, e.g. translations ofThe Hobbit,The Little PrinceorA Christmas Carol

Bilingual sign inKatowice(Katowicy): PolishKwiaciarnia( "florist" ) and SilesianBlumy i Geszynki( "flowers and gifts" ). The latter also exemplifies the Germanisms in Silesian (cf. GermanBlumen und Geschenke).

In 2003, the National Publishing Company of Silesia (Narodowa Oficyna Śląska) commenced operations.This publisher was founded by the Alliance of the People of the Silesian Nation (Związek Ludności Narodowości Śląskiej) and it prints books about Silesia and books in Silesian language.

In July 2007, the Slavic Silesian language was given theISO 639-3codeszl.

On 6 September 2007, 23 politicians of thePolish parliamentmade a statement about a new law to give Silesian the official status of aregional language.

The first official NationalDictation Contestof the Silesian language (Ogólnopolskie Dyktando Języka Śląskiego) took place in August 2007. In dictation as many as 10 forms of writing systems and orthography have been accepted.

On 30 January 2008 and in June 2008, two organizations promoting Silesian language were established:Pro Loquela SilesianaandTôwarzistwo Piastowaniô Ślónskij Môwy "Danga".

On 26 May 2008, theSilesian Wikipediawas founded.

On 30 June 2008 in the edifice of theSilesian ParliamentinKatowice,a conference took place on the status of the Silesian language. This conference was a forum for politicians, linguists, representatives of interested organizations and persons who deal with the Silesian language. The conference was titled "Silesian – Still a Dialect or Already a Language?" (Śląsko godka – jeszcze gwara czy jednak już język?).

In 2012, theMinistry of Administration and Digitizationregistered the Silesian language in Annex 1 to the Regulation on the state register of geographical names;however, in a November 2013 amendment to the regulation, Silesian is not included.

On 26 April 2024, theSejmvoted 236-186 with five abstentions to recognise Silesian as a regional language.On 29 May 2024, PresidentAndrzej Dudavetoed the bill.

On 26 June 2024, Silesian was added to the languages offered in theGoogle Translateservice.

See also

• List of Silesian-language films
• Silesian German
• Texas Silesian
• Wymysorys,West Germanic language inWilamowice,Silesian Voivodeship
• Alzenau,East Central German dialect spoken in the former village of Hałcnów, which is now a district of Bielsko-Biała, Silesian Voivodeship
• Cieszyn Silesian

Literature

• Paul Weber. 1913.Die Polen in Oberschlesien: eine statistische Untersuchung.Verlagsbuchhandlung von Julius Springer in Berlin (in German)
• Norbert Morciniec.1989.Zum Wortgut deutscher Herkunft in den polnischen Dialekten Schlesiens.Zeitschrift für Ostforschung, Bd. 83, Heft 3 (in German)
• Joseph Partsch.1896.Schlesien: eine Landeskunde für das deutsche Volk. T. 1., Das ganze Land(die Sprachgrenze 1790 und 1890; pp. 364–367). Breslau: Verlag Ferdinand Hirt. (in German)
• Joseph Partsch.1911.Schlesien: eine Landeskunde für das deutsche Volk. T. 2., Landschaften und Siedelungen.Breslau: Verlag Ferdinand Hirt. (in German)
• Lucyna Harc et al. 2013.Cuius Regio? Ideological and Territorial Cohesion of the Historical Region of Silesia (c. 1000–2000) vol. 1., The Long Formation of the Region Silesia (c. 1000–1526).Wrocław: eBooki.plISBN978-83-927132-1-0
• Lucyna Harc et al. 2014.Cuius regio? Ideological and Territorial Cohesion of the Historical Region of Silesia (c. 1000–2000) vol. 2., The Strengthening of Silesian Regionalism (1526–1740).Wrocław: eBooki.plISBN978-83-927132-6-5
• Lucyna Harc et al. 2014.Cuius regio? Ideological and Territorial Cohesion of the Historical Region of Silesia (c. 1000–2000) vol. 4., Region Divided: Times of Nation-States (1918–1945).Wrocław: eBooki.plISBN978-83-927132-8-9
• Tomasz Kamusella.2014.Ślōnsko godka / The Silesian Language.Zabrze: NOS, 196 pp.ISBN9788360540220
• Tomasz Kamusella and Motoki Nomachi. 2014. The Long Shadow of Borders: The Cases of Kashubian and Silesian in Poland (pp 35–60).The Eurasia Border Review.Vol 5, No 2, Fall.
  • Review: Mark Brüggemann. 2013. Ślōnsko godka. The Silesian language
  • Review: Michael Moser (uk). 2013.Zeitschrift für Slawistik(pp 118–119). Vol 58, No 1. Potsdam: Universität Potsdam.
• Tomasz Kamusella. 2014.Warszawa wie lepiej Ślązaków nie ma. O dyskryminacji i języku śląskim[Warsaw Knows Better – The Silesians Don't Exist: On Discrimination and the Silesian Language]. Zabrze, Poland: NOS, 174 pp.ISBN9788360540213.
  • Review:Michael Mose.2013.Zeitschrift für Slawistik(pp 118–119). Vol 58, No 1. Potsdam: Universität Potsdam.
• Tomasz Kamusella. 2013. The Silesian Language in the Early 21st Century: A Speech Community on the Rollercoaster of Politics (pp 1–35).Die Welt der Slaven.Vol 58, No 1.
• Tomasz Kamusella. 2011. Silesian in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: A Language Caught in the Net of Conflicting Nationalisms, Politics, and Identities (pp 769–789). 2011.Nationalities Papers.No 5.
• Kamusella, Tomasz (2011)."Language: Talking or trading blows in the Upper Silesian industrial basin?".Multilingua – Journal of Cross-Cultural and Interlanguage Communication.30(1): 3–24.doi:10.1515/mult.2011.002.ISSN1613-3684.S2CID144109393.
• Tomasz Kamusella. 2009. Échanges de paroles ou de coups en Haute-Silésie: la langue comme 'lieu' de contacts et de luttes interculturels [Exchange of Words or Blows in Upper Silesia: Language as a "Place" of Contacts and Intercultural Struggles] (pp 133–152).Cultures d'Europe centrale. No 8: Lieux communs de la multiculturalité urbaine en Europe centrale,ed by Delphine Bechtel and Xavier Galmiche. Paris: CIRCE.
• Tomasz Kamusella. 2007.Uwag kilka o dyskryminacji Ślązaków i Niemców górnośląskich w postkomunistycznej Polsce[A Few Remarks on the Discrimination of the Silesians and Upper Silesia's Germans in Postcommunist Poland]. Zabrze, Poland: NOS, 28 pp.ISBN978-83-60540-68-8.
• Tomasz Kamusella. 2006.Schlonzsko: Horní Slezsko, Oberschlesien, Górny Śląsk. Esej o regionie i jego mieszkańcach[Schlonzsko: Upper Silesia. An Essay on the Region and Its Inhabitants] (2nd, corrected and enlarged edition). Zabrze, Poland: NOS, 148 pp.ISBN978-83-60540-51-0.
  • Review: Anon. 2010.The Sarmatian Review.Sept. (p 1530).
  • Review: Svetlana Antova. 2007.Bulgarian Ethnology / Bulgarska etnologiia.No 4 (pp 120–121).
• Tomasz Kamusella. 2009. Codzienność komunikacyjno-językowa na obszarze historycznego Górnego Śląska [The Everyday Language Use in Historical Upper Silesia] (pp 126–156). In: Robert Traba, ed.Akulturacja/asymilacja na pograniczach kulturowych Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej w XIX i XX wieku[Acculturation/Assimilation in the Cultural Borderlands of East-Central Europe in the 19th and 20th Centuries] (vol 1: Stereotypy i pamięć [Stereotypes and memory]). Warsaw: Instytut Studiów Politycznych PAN and Niemiecki Instytut Historyczny.
• Tomasz Kamusella. 2009. Czy śląszczyzna jest językiem? Spojrzenie socjolingwistyczne [Is Silesian a Language? A Sociolinguistic View] (pp 27–35). In: Andrzej Roczniok, ed.Śląsko godka – jeszcze gwara czy jednak już język? / Ślōnsko godko – mundart jeszcze eli już jednak szpracha.Zabrze: NOŚ.
• Tomasz Kamusella. 2006.Schlonzska mowa. Język, Górny Śląsk i nacjonalizm(Vol II) [Silesia and Language: Language, Upper Silesia and Nationalism, a collection of articles on various social, political and historical aspects of language use in Upper Silesia]. Zabrze, Poland: NOS, 151 pp.ISBN83-919589-2-2.
• Tomasz Kamusella. 2005.Schlonzska mowa. Język, Górny Śląsk i nacjonalizm(Vol I) [Silesia and Language: Language, Upper Silesia and Nationalism, a collection of articles on various social, political and historical aspects of language use in Upper Silesia]. Zabrze, Poland: NOS, 187 pp.ISBN83-919589-2-2.
  • Review: Kai Struve. 2006.Zeitschrift für Ostmitteleuropa-Forschung.No 4. Marburg, Germany: Herder-Institut (pp 611–613).
  • Review: Kai Struve. 2007. Recenzyjo Instituta Herdera [Herder-Institute’s Review] (pp 26–27).Ślůnsko Nacyjo.No 5, Jul. Zabrze: NOŚ.
  • Review:Jerzy Tomaszewski.2007. Czy istnieje naród śląski? [Does the Silesian Nation Exist] (pp 280–283).Przegląd Historyczny.No 2. Warsaw: DiG and University of Warsaw.
  • Review: Jerzy Tomaszewski. 2007. Czy istnieje naród śląski? [Does the Silesian Nation Exist] (pp 8–12). 2007.Ślůnsko Nacyjo.No 12, Dec. Zabrze: NOŚ.
• Tomasz Kamusella. 2004. The Szlonzokian Ethnolect in the Context of German and Polish Nationalisms (pp. 19–39).Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism.No 1. London: Association for the Study of Ethnicity and Nationalism.doi:10.1111/j.1754-9469.2004.tb00056.x.
• Tomasz Kamusella. 2001.Schlonzsko: Horní Slezsko, Oberschlesien, Górny Śląsk. Esej o regionie i jego mieszkańcach[Schlonzsko: Upper Silesia. An Essay on the Region and Its Inhabitants]. Elbląg, Poland: Elbląska Oficyna Wydawnicza, 108 pp.ISBN83-913452-2-X.
  • Review: Andreas R Hofmann. 2002.Zeitschrift für Ostmitteleuropa-Forschung.No 2. Marburg, Germany: Herder-Institut (p 311).
  • Review: Anon. 2002. Esej o naszym regionie [An Essay on Our region] (p 4).Głos Ludu. Gazeta Polaków w Republice Czeskiej.No 69, 11 June.Ostrava,Czech Republic: Vydavatelství OLZA.
  • Review:Walter Żelaznyeo:Walter Żelazny.2003. Niech żyje śląski lud [Long Live the Silesian People] (pp 219–223). Sprawy Narodowościowe. No 22. Poznań, Poland: Zakład Badań Narodowościowych PAN.
• Tomasz Kamusella. 1999. Język a Śląsk Opolski w kontekście integracji europejskiej [Language and Opole Silesia in the Context of European Integration] (pp 12–19).Śląsk Opolski.No 3. Opole, Poland: Instytut Śląski.
• Tomasz Kamusella. 1998. Das oberschlesische Kreol: Sprache und Nationalismus in Oberschlesien im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert [The Upper Silesian Creole: Language and Nationalism in the 19th and 20th Centuries] (pp 142–161). In: Markus Krzoska und Peter Tokarski, eds..Die Geschichte Polens und Deutschlands im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert. Ausgewählte Baiträge.Osnabrück, Germany: fibre.
• Tomasz Kamusella. 1998. Kreol górnośląski [The Upper Silesian Creole] (pp 73–84).Kultura i Społeczeństwo.No 1. Warsaw, Poland: Komitet Socjologii ISP PAN.
• Andrzej Roczniokand Tomasz Kamusella. 2011. Sztandaryzacyjo ślōnski godki / Standaryzacja języka śląskiego [The Standardization of the Silesian Language] (pp 288–294). In: I V Abisigomian, ed.Lingvokul’turnoe prostranstvo sovremennoi Evropy cherez prizmu malykh i bolshikh iazykov. K 70-letiiu professora Aleksandra Dimitrievicha Dulichenko(Ser: Slavica Tartuensis, Vol 9). Tartu: Tartu University.
• Robert Semple. London 1814.Observations made on a tour from Hamburg through Berlin, Gorlitz, and Breslau, to Silberberg; and thence to Gottenburg(pp. 122–123)

External links

• (in Silesian)Jynzyk S'loonski