Sindhi transliteration
Sindhiis a language broadly spoken by the people of thehistorical Sindh regionin theIndo subcontinent.Modern Sindhi is written in an extendedPerso-Arabic scriptinSindh province of Pakistan[1]and (formally) in extended-DevanagaribySindhis in partitioned India.[2]Historically, Sindhi was written in various forms ofLanda scriptsand various otherIndic scripts.[3]
Sindhi Transliterationis essential to convert between Arabic and Devanagari so that speakers of both the countries can read the text of each other.[4]In modern day,Sindhi scriptcolloquially just refers to the Perso-Arabic script since majority ofSindhisare fromPakistan.It is also important to note that the Sindhi script is not same as theUrdu-Shahmukhiscript,[5]hence one cannot use script conversions likeHindi-Urdu Transliteration.
Technically, a direct one-to-one mapping or rule-based script conversion is not possible between Pakistani and Indian Sindhi, majorly since Devanagari is anabugidascript and Arabic-Sindhi is anabjadscript, and also other constraints like multiple similar characters from Perso-Arabic which map onto a single character in Devanagari.[6]Hence it is preferred to use dictionary-based or machine learning-based transliteration between the Sindhi scripts.[7]For colloquial usage in the digital space where writing Sindhi inLatin scriptis prevalent,Romanisation of Sindhiis used.[8]
In addition to Sindhi, there have been attempts to design Indo-Pakistani transliteration systems fordigraphiclanguages likePunjabi(written inGurmukhiinEast PunjabandShahmukhiinWest Punjab),Saraiki(written in anextended-Shahmukhi scriptinSaraikistanand unofficially in Sindhi-Devanagari script in India) andKashmiri(written in extended Perso-Arabic byKashmiri Muslimsand extended-Devanagari byKashmiri Hindus).[9][10] [11]
Consonants
[edit]The following table provides an approximate one-to-one mapping for modern Sindhi consonants,[12]especially for computational purposes (lossless script conversion). Note that this direct script conversion will not yield correct spellings, but rather a readable text for both the readers.[13]
| Sindhi Abjad | Urdu-Shahmukhi[14] | Roman | Devanagari[15] |
|---|---|---|---|
| ڪ | ک | k | क |
| ک | کھ | kh | ख |
| ق | ق | q | क़ |
| خ | خ | k͟h | ख़ |
| گ | گ | g | ग |
| غ | غ | g͟h | ग़ |
| ڳ | ڳ | g̤ | ॻ |
| گھ | گھ | gh | घ |
| چ | چ | c | च |
| ڇ | چھ | ch | छ |
| ج | ج | j | ज |
| جھ | جھ | jh | झ |
| ڄ | ڄ | j̈ | ॼ |
| ز | ز | z | ज़ |
| ذ | ذ | z | ज़ |
| ض | ض | z | ज़ |
| ظ | ظ | z | ज़ |
| ژ | ژ | zh | झ़ |
| ٽ | ٹ | ṭ | ट |
| ٺ | ٹھ | ṭh | ठ |
| ڏ | ݙ | d̤ | ॾ |
| ڊ | ڈ | ḍ | ड |
| ڍ | ڈھ | ḍh | ढ |
| ڙ | ڑ | ṛ | ड़ |
| ڙھ | ڑھ | ṛh | ढ़ |
| ت | ت | t | त |
| ٿ | تھ | th | थ |
| ط | ط | t | त |
| د | د | d | द |
| ڌ | دھ | dh | ध |
| ن | ن | n | न |
| ڻ | ݨ | ṇ | ण |
| ڱ | ن٘ | ṅ | ङ |
| ڃ | ݩ | ñ | ञ |
| پ | پ | p | प |
| ڦ | پھ | ph | फ |
| ف | ف | f | फ़ |
| ب | ب | b | ब |
| ٻ | ٻ | ḇ | ॿ |
| ڀ | بھ | bh | भ |
| م | م | m | म |
| ي | ی | y | य |
| ر | ر | r | र |
| ل | ل | l | ल |
| ݪ | لؕ | ḷ | ळ |
| و | و | v | व |
| ش | ش | sh | श |
| ݜ | سؕ | ṣh | ष |
| س | س | s | स |
| ص | ص | s | स |
| ث | ث | s | स |
| ه | ہ | h | ह |
| ح | ح | h | ह |
| ۃ | ۃ | h | ह |
| ع | ع | ʿ | ʿ |
Single-letter Word Ligatures
[edit]| Sindhi | Urdu | Roman | Devanagari |
|---|---|---|---|
| ۽ | اَیں | a͠i | ऐं |
| ۾ | میں | mẽ | में |
Numerals
[edit]| Usage | Numeral System | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pakistan | Arabic numerals | ۰ | ۱ | ۲ | ۳ | ۴ | ۵ | ٦ | ۷ | ۸ | ۹ |
| International | Hindu-Arabic | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
| India | Modern Devanagari | ० | १ | २ | ३ | ४ | ५ | ६ | ७ | ८ | ९ |
Punctuations & Symbols
[edit]| Script | Period | Question Mark | Comma | Semi-colon | Slash | Percent | End of verse |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Perso-Arabic | ۔ | ؟ | ، | ؛ | ؍ | ٪ | |
| Modern Devanagari | । | ? | , | ; | / | % | ॥ |
Web Application for Sindhi Translitration
[edit]This Program is about auto Translitration of Sindhi script into asian Languages. with Artificial Intelligence features, actually transliteration programs may be on bases like letter based transliteration in which multiple alternates of any letter in second languages die and one remains..... some are word base transliterations in which as more as half million words should be first vowel-led and then would be written an other language, this is also time taken work. now this is A I time so this program called sindhi transliteration is one click solution to all multiple alternate letters.... for example if someone writes <khokhar khoraka khae tho> the program wil transliterate it accurately as کوکر خوراڪ کائي ٿو. Sindhi has three vowels which also are used as consonants like ا، و، ي. For example alif has two sounds like in ada ادا has two sounds one is of alif and an other is vowel of aa. Also, if someone writes سنڌ without zer zabar and peshu the program will convert it with vowels like <sindh>.
Sindhi Trans[16]literation سنڌي ٽرانسلٽريشن
References
[edit]- ^"Sindhi gains national status".The Express Tribune.2016-10-03.Retrieved2021-07-02.
- ^"Languages Included in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constution [sic]".Department of Official Language,Ministry of Home Affairs.Retrieved2018-04-09.
- ^Lakhani, Rakesh (2013-06-06)."Forgotten Sindhi Script – Waranki".Indigenous Sindhis.Retrieved2021-07-02.
- ^"Transcending barriers: Software to break down the wall within the Sindhi language".The Express Tribune.2014-09-18.Retrieved2021-07-02.
- ^"The Imposition Of Urdu".NAWAIWAQT GROUP OF NEWSPAPERS. September 10, 2015.Retrieved12 September2015.
- ^Leghari, Mehwish; U Rahman, Mutee (2015-10-30)."Towards Transliteration between Sindhi Scripts Using Roman Script".Linguistics and Literature Review.1(2): 95–104.doi:10.32350/llr.12.03.SSRN3820433.
- ^Lehal, Gurpreet Singh; Saini, Tejinder Singh (December 2014)."Sangam: A Perso-Arabic to Indic Script Machine Transliteration Model":232–239.
{{cite journal}}:Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^Sodhar, Irum Naz; Jalbani, Akhtar Hussain; Channa, Muhammad Ibrahim; Hakro, Dil Nawaz (2021-04-01)."Romanized Sindhi Rules for Text Communication".Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering and Technology.40(2): 298–304.Bibcode:2021MURJE..40..298S.doi:10.22581/muet1982.2102.04.ISSN2413-7219.
- ^"Perso-Arabic To Indic Script Transliteration".sangam.learnpunjabi.org.Retrieved2021-04-07.
- ^"Saraiki - Devanagari Machine Transliteration System - SDMTS".sanlp.org.Retrieved2021-08-09.
- ^Lawaye, Aadil; Kak, Aadil; Mehdi, Nali (January 2010)."Building a Cross Script Kashmiri Converter: Issues and Solutions".Proceedings of Oriental COCOSDA.
- ^NC, Gokul (2021-05-07),GokulNC/Indic-PersoArabic-Script-Converter,retrieved2021-05-28
- ^Pedersen, Thomas T."Sindhi: Transliteration of Non-Roman Scripts"(PDF).Transliteration of Non-Roman Scripts.
- ^Carefully note the differences. List also includes 4 implosive consonants fromSaraiki Alpha bet(ڳ, ڄ, ݙ, ٻ)
- ^All the consonants with nuqta sign (dots below) denote adaptation for PersoArabic consonants
- ^"Sindhi Translitration سنڌي ٽرانسلٽريشن، Sindhi Script Converter سنڌي لپي مٽائيندڙ".fahad-memon /sindhi_transliteration.Retrieved2022-04-18.