SkySat
SkySatis a constellation of sub-meter resolutionEarth observation satellitesowned byPlanet Labs,providing imagery, high-definition video and analytics services.[1][2]Planet acquired the satellites with their purchase ofTerra Bella(formerlySkybox Imaging), aMountain View, California-based company founded in 2009 by Dan Berkenstock, Julian Mann, John Fenwick, and Ching-Yu Hu,[3]from Google in 2017.[4]
Overview
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Apple_Park_satellite_view_May_2017.jpg/220px-Apple_Park_satellite_view_May_2017.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Monte_Fitz_Roy_19Mar2018_SkySat.jpg/220px-Monte_Fitz_Roy_19Mar2018_SkySat.jpg)
The resolution of the SkySat satellite imagery and videos is high enough to observe objects that impact the global economy such as terrain, cars and shipping containers. The satellites can capture video clips lasting up to 90 seconds at 30 frames per second.[5]The high-definition satellite video from SkySat satellites "could help us understand our world better by analyzing movement of goods and people, providing visual data about supply chains, shipping, industrial plant activity, and even humanitarian relief efforts".[5]
The constellation's goal is to be able to provide high-resolution satellite imagery of any place on Earth multiple times a day.[6]When Skybox originally developed the satellites, they planned to "change the nature" of the satellite industry by building satellites with "off-the-shelf" electronics that cost underUS$50 million.[7]
History
[edit]By April 2012, Skybox Imaging had raised a total of$91 million(equivalent to about $121M in 2023) ofprivate capitalfromKhosla Ventures,Bessemer Venture Partners,Canaan PartnersandNorwest Venture Partnersto develop the SkySat constellation.[6]
On 21 November 2013, the first satellite, SkySat-1, was launched on aDnepr rocketfromDombarovsky Air Base, Russia.[8]Less than a month later, on 11 December 2013, the first images captured by the SkySat-1 satellite, ofPerth,Abu Dhabi,and the coast ofSomalia,were released.[9]The second satellite, SkySat-2, launched on aSoyuz-2/Fregat rocket fromBaikonur,Kazakhstanon 8 July 2014.[10]The company plans to eventually launch a fleet of 24 satellites.[11]and released its first images within 48 hours of launch.[12]
On 10 February 2014,SSLannounced that Skybox had awarded it a contract to build 13 more satellites based on a revised "SkySat C" design.[13][14]The first of these, Skysat-3, also referred to as SkySat-C1, was launched on 22 June 2016 byIndian Space Research Organisation(ISRO) onPolar Satellite Launch VehiclePSLV-C34.[15][16]
On 10 June 2014, Skybox Imaging announced that it had entered into an agreement to be acquired byGooglefor$500 million(equivalent to about $644M in 2023).[17][18]The acquisition was completed on 1 August 2014.[18][4]Skybox Imaging changed its name to "Terra Bella" on 8 March 2016, to indicate its focus on image analytics.[19]The new name was partially based on the Terra Bella Avenue inMountain View, California,where the company's headquarters are located.[20]Terra bella is Italian for "beautiful Earth". The name change was also partially due to perceived trademark infringement that came to light in the Google acquisition.
Four more SkySat units were launched on 16 September 2016, by theVega rocket's seventh flight fromKourou.[21]
In 2017, Google sold Terra Bella and its SkySat satellite constellation toPlanet Labs,adding to their existing fleet of around 50 satellites,[22]for an undisclosed price and entered into a multi-year agreement to purchase SkySat imaging data.[23]Planet Labs launched six more SkySat satellites, along with fourDoveCubeSats,on aMinotaur-Crocket fromVandenberg Air Force Baseon 31 October 2017.[24][25]An additional two SkySat satellites and three Dove CubeSats were launched on aFalcon 9rocket from Vandenberg on 3 December 2018.[26][27]
Satellite constellation
[edit]The SkySat satellites are based on theCubeSatconcept, using inexpensive automotive grade electronics and fast commercially available processors,[28]but scaled up to approximately the size of aminifridge.[29]The satellites are approximately 80 centimetres (31 in) long, compared to approximately 30 centimetres (12 in) for a 3U CubeSat, and weigh 220 pounds (100 kg).[29]
The first three prototype satellites (SkySat-1, 2 and 3) were produced by Skybox Imaging in-house. SkySats 1 & 2 did not have a propulsion system, SkySat 3 had a propulsion system built by ECAPS in Sweden.[30]
The other 13 satellites are manufactured bySSL,[31]the optical payloads are built byL3 Technologies,[32][25]and the satellite thrusters are provided byECAPS.[33]The 13 SkySat-C satellites are slightly larger and heavier (with mass about 120 kg or 264 lbs) than the prototypes. They have a planned operational life of 6 years.[34]
The SkySat-C satellites were put on a 500-kilometre (310 mi)Sun-synchronous orbit.[34]
Three of Planet's commercial SkySat (SkySat-16, -17 and -18) Earth-imaging spacecraft launched on top of a stack of 58 SpaceX Starlink-8 satellites on 13 June 2020 aboard a Falcon 9 rocket,[35]and three more (SkySat-19, -20 and -21) hitched a ride on another SpaceX mission on August 18, 2020. Built byMaxar Technologies,each of the SkySat satellites weighs around 110 kilograms (240 lb) at launch. The SkySats are about the size of a mini-refrigerator, and their optical instruments produce images of Earth with a resolution of 50 cm, according to Planet.[36]
List of satellites
[edit]There have been 21 satellites launched.
Name | Alt name | COSPAR ID | Date of launch | Rocket | Launch site | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SkySat-1 | 2013-066C | 21 November 2013 | Dnepr | Dombarovsky Air Base,Russia | [30] | |
SkySat-2 | 2014-037D | 8 July 2014 | Soyuz-2.1b | Baikonur,Kazakhstan | [30] | |
SkySat-3 | SkySat-C1 SkySat Gen2-1 |
2016-040C | 22 June 2016 | PSLV-XLC34 | SHAR, Sriharikota,India | [34] |
SkySat-4 | SkySat-C2 | 2016-058D | 16 September 2016 | Vega | Centre Spatial Guyanais,Kourou | [34] |
SkySat-5 | SkySat-C3 | 2016-058E | 16 September 2016 | Vega | Centre Spatial Guyanais,Kourou | [34] |
SkySat-6 | SkySat-C4 | 2016-058B | 16 September 2016 | Vega | Centre Spatial Guyanais,Kourou | [34] |
SkySat-7 | SkySat-C5 | 2016-058C | 16 September 2016 | Vega | Centre Spatial Guyanais,Kourou | [34] |
SkySat-8 | SkySat-C6 | 2017-068F | 31 October 2017 | Minotaur-C 3210 | Vandenberg Air Force Base | [34] |
SkySat-9 | SkySat-C7 | 2017-068E | 31 October 2017 | Minotaur-C 3210 | Vandenberg Air Force Base | [34] |
SkySat-10 | SkySat-C8 | 2017-068D | 31 October 2017 | Minotaur-C 3210 | Vandenberg Air Force Base | [34] |
SkySat-11 | SkySat-C9 | 2017-068C | 31 October 2017 | Minotaur-C 3210 | Vandenberg Air Force Base | [34] |
SkySat-12 | SkySat-C10 | 2017-068B | 31 October 2017 | Minotaur-C 3210 | Vandenberg Air Force Base | [34] |
SkySat-13 | SkySat-C11 | 2017-068A | 31 October 2017 | Minotaur-C 3210 | Vandenberg Air Force Base | [34] |
SkySat-14 | SkySat-C12 | 2018-099AR | 3 December 2018 | Falcon 9 Block 5 | Vandenberg Air Force Base | [34] |
SkySat-15 | SkySat-C13 | 2018-099AW | 3 December 2018 | Falcon 9 Block 5 | Vandenberg Air Force Base | [34] |
SkySat-16 | SkySat-C14 | 2020-038BL | 13 June 2020 | Falcon 9 Block 5 | Cape Canaveral Air Force Station,SLC-40 | [34] |
SkySat-17 | SkySat-C15 | 2020-038BM | 13 June 2020 | Falcon 9 Block 5 | Cape Canaveral Air Force Station,SLC-40 | [34] |
SkySat-18 | SkySat-C16 | 2020-038BN | 13 June 2020 | Falcon 9 Block 5 | Cape Canaveral Air Force Station,SLC-40 | [34] |
SkySat-19 | SkySat-C17 | 2020-057BQ | 18 August 2020 | Falcon 9 Block 5 | Cape Canaveral Air Force Station,SLC-40 | [34] |
SkySat-20 | SkySat-C18 | 2020-057BR | 18 August 2020 | Falcon 9 Block 5 | Cape Canaveral Air Force Station,SLC-40 | [34] |
SkySat-21 | SkySat-C19 | 2020-057BS | 18 August 2020 | Falcon 9 Block 5 | Cape Canaveral Air Force Station,SLC-40 | [34] |
References
[edit]- ^"Ten things you must know about Isro's record launch of 20 satellites".Hindustan Times.21 June 2016.Retrieved5 June2018.
- ^"Terra Bella Officially Joins Planet".planet.Retrieved18 April2017.
- ^Perry, Tekla S. (1 May 2013)."Start-up Profile: Skybox Imaging".IEEE Spectrum.Retrieved12 May2014.
- ^abHenry, Caleb (5 August 2014)."Google Closes Skybox Imaging Purchase".Via Satellite.Retrieved10 August2014.
- ^abWogan, David (30 December 2013)."High-definition video from space is available for purchase finally".Scientific American.Retrieved12 May2014.
- ^abBurns, Matt (17 April 2012)."Skybox Imaging Raises US$70 million To Launch Two High-Resolution Imaging Microsatellites".TechCrunch.Retrieved12 May2014.
- ^Truong, Alice (11 December 2013)."Proof That Cheaper Satellites Still Can Take Incredibly Detailed Photos of Earth".Fast Company.Retrieved12 May2014.
- ^Clark, Stephen."Silo-launched Dnepr rocket delivers 32 satellites to space".Website.Spaceflight Now.Retrieved12 May2014.
- ^Truong, Alice (11 December 2013)."Proof That Cheaper Satellites Still Can Take Incredibly Detailed Photos Of Earth".Website.Fast Company.Retrieved11 December2013.
- ^Hearn, Mark (8 July 2014)."Skybox Imaging successfully launches its SkySat-2 Earth observation satellite".Website.9to5Google.Retrieved8 July2014.
- ^Eisenberg, Anne (10 August 2013)."Microsatellites: What Big Eyes They Have".The New York Times.Retrieved12 May2014.
- ^Henry, Caleb (11 July 2014)."Skybox Imaging Releases First Images from SkySat 2".Website.Satellite Today.Retrieved11 July2014.
- ^"Skybox Imaging Selects SSL To Build 13 Low Earth Orbit Imaging Satellites".sslmda.10 February 2014.Retrieved11 August2016.
- ^"Terra Bella Evaluating Launches for Eight SkySats by 2017".Satellite Today.Access Intelligence. 6 April 2016.Retrieved11 August2016.
- ^"SkySat-3 First Light".Terra Bella Blog.Google, Inc. 28 June 2016.Retrieved11 August2016.
- ^"International Assortment of Satellites lifted by Indian PSLV Rocket".Spaceflight101.22 June 2016.Retrieved11 August2016.
- ^"Alphabet Investor Relations".google.9 June 2014.Retrieved11 August2016.
- ^ab"Skybox Imaging + Google".8 June 2014.Retrieved29 June2016.
- ^Lardinois, Frederic (8 March 2016)."Google renames its satellite startup, Skybox Imaging, to Terra Bella and adds focus on image analysis".TechCrunch.AOL Inc.Retrieved8 March2016.
- ^Protalinski, Emil (8 March 2016)."Google rebrands Skybox as Terra Bella, will launch" more than a dozen satellites "over the next few years".VentureBeat.Retrieved8 March2016.
- ^Clark, Stephen (16 September 2016)."Vega rocket hauls up quintet of Earth observation satellites".Spaceflight Now.
- ^"Google selling Terra Bella satellite imaging business to Planet".TechCrunch.3 February 2017.Retrieved12 December2019.
- ^"Google sells satellite imaging business Terra Bella to Planet Labs".Reuters. 3 February 2017.Retrieved3 February2017.
- ^Graham, William (31 October 2017)."Orbital ATK Minotaur-C launches SkySat mission out of Vandenberg".NASASpaceFlight.
- ^ab"Planet Doubles Sub-1 Meter Imaging Capacity With Successful Launch of 6 SkySats".planet(Press release). Planet Labs Inc.
- ^Safyan, Mike (22 October 2018)."Two SkySat Satellites, Three Doves, and a Record-Breaking Launch on Spaceflight's SSO-A".Planet Labs, Inc.
- ^Wall, Mike (3 December 2018)."SpaceX Rocket Makes Historic 3rd Launch Into Space with 64 Satellites On Board".Space.
- ^"High-Performance Satellites".Skybox Imaging.Archived fromthe originalon 17 March 2015.Retrieved17 March2017.
- ^abSamuels, David."Inside a Startup's Plan to Turn a Swarm of DIY Satellites Into an All-Seeing Eye".Wired.Retrieved4 November2017.
- ^abc"SkySat 1, 2".
- ^"High Resolution Smallsats Built by SSL Arrive at Vandenberg AFB for Launch".sslmda(Press release). Space Systems/Loral, LLC. 5 September 2017.Retrieved1 November2017.
- ^"REQUEST OF SKYBOX IMAGING, INC. FOR DETERMINATION OF COMPLIANCE WITH SATELLITE IMPLEMENTATION MILESTONES".Federal Communications Commission.4 March 2013.Retrieved1 November2017.
- ^Henry, Caleb (5 August 2016)."Terra Bella's SkySat 3 Green Propulsion System Declared Operational - Via Satellite".Via Satellite.Retrieved1 November2017.
- ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstu"SkySat 3,..., 21 (SkySat C1,..., 19)".Gunter's Space Page.6 June 2013.Retrieved16 March2021.
- ^"Launch Schedule".Spaceflight Now.Retrieved13 June2020.
- ^https://spaceflightnow /2020/06/13/starlink-satellite-deployments-continue-with-successful-falcon-9-launch/- 15 June 2010
External links
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