Leiognathidae

Leiognathidae; Temporal range:56–0Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Eoceneto Present
	Eubleekeria splendens
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	Perciformes
Suborder:	Percoidei
Family:	Leiognathidae; T. N. Gill,1893
Type species
	Leiognathus argenteus; Lacépède, 1802
Genera
	see text

Leiognathidae,theponyfishes,slipmouthsorslimys / slimies,are a small family of fishes in the orderPerciformes.^[4]They inhabit marine and brackish waters in the Indian and West Pacific Oceans. They can be used in the preparation ofbagoong.

Characteristics

Ponyfishes are small and laterally compressed in shape, with a bland, silvery colouration. They are distinguished by highly extensible mouths, and the presence of a mechanism for locking the spines in thedorsalandanal fins.They also possess a highly integrated light organ in their throats that houses symbiotic bioluminescent bacteria that project light through the animal's underside.^[5]^[6]^[7]Typically, the harbored bacterium is onlyPhotobacterium leiognathi,but in the two ponyfish speciesPhotopectoralis panayensisandPhotopectoralis bindus,Photobacterium mandapamensisis also present.^[8]Two of the most widely studied uses for luminescence in ponyfish are camouflage by ventral counterillumination^[9]^[10]and species-specific sexual dimorphism.^[6]^[7]^[11]^[12] The light organ systems of ponyfishes are highly variable across species and often between sexes.^[11]^[12]

Taxonomy

Leiognathidae is classified within thesuborder Percoideiby the 5th edition ofFishes of the World,but they are placed in an unnamedcladewhich sits outside thesuperfamily Percoidea.This clade contains 7 families which appear to have some relationship toAcanthuroidei,Monodactylidae,andPriacanthidae.^[13]Other authorities have placed the family in the orderChaetodontiformesalongside the familyChaetodontidae.^[14]

Timeline of genera

Genera

The following genera are classified within the Leiognathidae:^[4]^[3]

AurigequulaFowler,1918
DeveximentumFowler,1904 (previously as replacement nameSecutorGistel,1848)
EquulitesFowler, 1904
EubleekeriaFowler, 1904
GazzaRüppell,1835
KarallaChakrabarty&Sparks,2008
LeiognathusLacepède,1802
NuchequulaWhitley,1932
PhotolateralisSparks & Chakrabarty, 2015^[15]
PhotopectoralisSparks,Dunlap&Smith,2005

References

^Sepkoski, J. (2002)."A compendium of fossil marine animal genera".Bulletins of American Paleontology.364:560. Archived fromthe originalon 2011-07-23.
^Richard van der Laan; William N. Eschmeyer & Ronald Fricke (2014)."Family-group names of Recent fishes".Zootaxa.3882(2): 001–230.doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1.PMID 25543675.
^^a ^bEschmeyer, William N.;Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.)."Genera in the family Leiognathidae".Catalog of Fishes.California Academy of Sciences.Retrieved18 November2020.
^^a ^bFroese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2015)."Leiognathidae"inFishBase.February 2015 version.
^Johnson, G.D. & Gill, A.C. (1998). Paxton, J.R. & Eschmeyer, W.N. (eds.).Encyclopedia of Fishes.San Diego: Academic Press. p. 186.ISBN 978-0-12-547665-2.
^^a ^bHaneda, Y.; Tsuji, F.I. (1976). "Luminescent systems of pony fishes".Journal of Morphology.150(2): 539–552.doi:10.1002/jmor.1976.150.2.539.S2CID 91711575.
^^a ^bMcFall-Ngai, M.J.; Dunlap, P.V. (1984). "External and internal sexual dimorphism in leiognathid fishes: Morphological evidence for sex-specific bioluminescent signaling".Journal of Morphology.182(1): 71–83.doi:10.1002/jmor.1051820105.ISSN 1097-4687.PMID 6492170.S2CID 23956409.
^Kaeding, A.J.; Ast, J.C.; Pearce, M.M.; Urbanczyk, H.; Kimura, S.; Endo, H.; Nakamura, M.; Dunlap, P.V. (2007)."Phylogenetic Diversity and Cosymbiosis in the Bioluminescent Symbioses of" Photobacterium mandapamensis "".Applied and Environmental Microbiology.73(10): 3173–3182.Bibcode:2007ApEnM..73.3173K.doi:10.1128/AEM.02212-06.ISSN 0099-2240.PMC1907103.PMID 17369329.
^Hastings, J.W. (1971). "Light to Hide by: Ventral Luminescence to Camouflage the Silhouette".Science.173(4001): 1016–1017.Bibcode:1971Sci...173.1016W.doi:10.1126/science.173.4001.1016.ISSN 0036-8075.PMID 17796582.S2CID 5680392.
^McFall-Ngai, M.J.; Morin, J.G. (1991)."Camouflage by Disruptive Illumination in Leiognathids, a Family of Shallow-Water, Bioluminescent Fishes".Journal of Experimental Biology.156(1): 119–137.doi:10.1242/jeb.156.1.119.ISSN 0022-0949.
^^a ^bSparks, J.S.; Dunlap, P.V.; Smith, W.L. (2005)."Evolution and diversification of a sexually dimorphic luminescent system in ponyfishes (Teleostei: Leiognathidae), including diagnoses for two new genera"(PDF).Cladistics.21(4): 305–327.doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2005.00067.x.hdl:2027.42/72092.ISSN 1096-0031.PMID 34892969.S2CID 53063530.
^^a ^bChakrabarty, P.; Davis, M.P.; Smith, W.L.; Berquist, R.; Gledhill, K.M.; Frank, L.R.; Sparks, J.S. (2011). "Evolution of the light organ system in ponyfishes (Teleostei: Leiognathidae)".Journal of Morphology.272(6): 704–721.doi:10.1002/jmor.10941.ISSN 1097-4687.PMID 21433053.S2CID 9331522.
^J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016).Fishes of the World(5th ed.). Wiley. p. 453.ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6.
^R. Betancur-Rodriguez; E. Wiley; N. Bailly; A. Acero; M. Miya; G. Lecointre; G. Ortí (2017)."Phylogenetic Classification of Bony Fishes – Version 4".BMC Evolutionary Biology.17(162): 162.Bibcode:2017BMCEE..17..162B.doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3.PMC5501477.PMID 28683774.
^Sparks, J.S.; Chakrabarty, P. (2015). "Description of a new genus of ponyfishes (Teleostei: Leiognathidae), with a review of the current generic-level composition of the family".Zootaxa.3947(2): 181–190.doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3947.2.2.PMID 25947728.

[1] Sepkoski, J. (2002)."A compendium of fossil marine animal genera".Bulletins of American Paleontology.364:560. Archived fromthe originalon 2011-07-23.

[VDLEF-2] Richard van der Laan; William N. Eschmeyer & Ronald Fricke (2014)."Family-group names of Recent fishes".Zootaxa.3882(2): 001–230.doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1.PMID 25543675.

[CofF-3] Eschmeyer, William N.;Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.)."Genera in the family Leiognathidae".Catalog of Fishes.California Academy of Sciences.Retrieved18 November2020.

[FB-4] Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2015)."Leiognathidae"inFishBase.February 2015 version.

[EoF-5] Johnson, G.D. & Gill, A.C. (1998). Paxton, J.R. & Eschmeyer, W.N. (eds.).Encyclopedia of Fishes.San Diego: Academic Press. p. 186.ISBN 978-0-12-547665-2.

[:0-6] Haneda, Y.; Tsuji, F.I. (1976). "Luminescent systems of pony fishes".Journal of Morphology.150(2): 539–552.doi:10.1002/jmor.1976.150.2.539.S2CID 91711575.

[:1-7] McFall-Ngai, M.J.; Dunlap, P.V. (1984). "External and internal sexual dimorphism in leiognathid fishes: Morphological evidence for sex-specific bioluminescent signaling".Journal of Morphology.182(1): 71–83.doi:10.1002/jmor.1051820105.ISSN 1097-4687.PMID 6492170.S2CID 23956409.

[8] Kaeding, A.J.; Ast, J.C.; Pearce, M.M.; Urbanczyk, H.; Kimura, S.; Endo, H.; Nakamura, M.; Dunlap, P.V. (2007)."Phylogenetic Diversity and Cosymbiosis in the Bioluminescent Symbioses of" Photobacterium mandapamensis "".Applied and Environmental Microbiology.73(10): 3173–3182.Bibcode:2007ApEnM..73.3173K.doi:10.1128/AEM.02212-06.ISSN 0099-2240.PMC1907103.PMID 17369329.

[9] Hastings, J.W. (1971). "Light to Hide by: Ventral Luminescence to Camouflage the Silhouette".Science.173(4001): 1016–1017.Bibcode:1971Sci...173.1016W.doi:10.1126/science.173.4001.1016.ISSN 0036-8075.PMID 17796582.S2CID 5680392.

[10] McFall-Ngai, M.J.; Morin, J.G. (1991)."Camouflage by Disruptive Illumination in Leiognathids, a Family of Shallow-Water, Bioluminescent Fishes".Journal of Experimental Biology.156(1): 119–137.doi:10.1242/jeb.156.1.119.ISSN 0022-0949.

[:2-11] Sparks, J.S.; Dunlap, P.V.; Smith, W.L. (2005)."Evolution and diversification of a sexually dimorphic luminescent system in ponyfishes (Teleostei: Leiognathidae), including diagnoses for two new genera"(PDF).Cladistics.21(4): 305–327.doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2005.00067.x.hdl:2027.42/72092.ISSN 1096-0031.PMID 34892969.S2CID 53063530.

[:3-12] Chakrabarty, P.; Davis, M.P.; Smith, W.L.; Berquist, R.; Gledhill, K.M.; Frank, L.R.; Sparks, J.S. (2011). "Evolution of the light organ system in ponyfishes (Teleostei: Leiognathidae)".Journal of Morphology.272(6): 704–721.doi:10.1002/jmor.10941.ISSN 1097-4687.PMID 21433053.S2CID 9331522.

[Nelson5-13] J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016).Fishes of the World(5th ed.). Wiley. p. 453.ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6.

[Betancur-Rodriguez-4-14] R. Betancur-Rodriguez; E. Wiley; N. Bailly; A. Acero; M. Miya; G. Lecointre; G. Ortí (2017)."Phylogenetic Classification of Bony Fishes – Version 4".BMC Evolutionary Biology.17(162): 162.Bibcode:2017BMCEE..17..162B.doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3.PMC5501477.PMID 28683774.

[Sparks2015-15] Sparks, J.S.; Chakrabarty, P. (2015). "Description of a new genus of ponyfishes (Teleostei: Leiognathidae), with a review of the current generic-level composition of the family".Zootaxa.3947(2): 181–190.doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3947.2.2.PMID 25947728.

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