Jump to content

Smithsonian Institution

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected fromSmithsonian)
"Smithsonian" redirects here. For other uses, seeSmithsonian (disambiguation).

Smithsonian Institution
The Smithsonian Institution Building, also known as "the Castle", in Washington, D.C.
EstablishedAugust 10, 1846;177 years ago(1846-08-10)
LocationWashington, D.C.;Chantilly, Virginia;New York City;Suitland, Maryland
ChancellorJohn Roberts
DirectorLonnie Bunch,Secretary of the Smithsonian
Employees6,375 (as of March 28, 2020)[1]
Websitewww.si.eduEdit this at Wikidata
Flag of the Smithsonian Institution

TheSmithsonian Institution(/smɪθˈsoʊniən/smith-SOH-nee-ən), or simply theSmithsonian,is a group ofmuseums,educationandresearch centers,the largest such complex in the world, created by theU.S. government"for the increase and diffusion of knowledge."[2][3][4]Founded on August 10, 1846, it operates as a trust instrumentality[5]and is not formally a part of any of thethree branches of the federal government.[6]The institution is named after its founding donor, British scientistJames Smithson.[7]It was originally organized as theUnited States National Museum,but that name ceased to exist administratively in 1967.[8]

Called "the nation's attic"[9]for its eclectic holdings of 154 million items,[7]the institution's 19 museums, 21 libraries, nine research centers, and zoo include historical and architectural landmarks, mostly located inWashington, D.C.[10][4]Additional facilities are located inMaryland,New York,andVirginia.More than 200 institutions and museums in 45states,[note 1]Puerto Rico,andPanamaareSmithsonian Affiliates.[11][12]Institution publications includeSmithsonianandAir & Spacemagazines.

Almost all of the institution's 30 million annual visitors[13]are admitted without charge,[4]the exception beingCooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museumin New York City, which charges an admissions fee.[14]The Smithsonian's annual budget is around $1.25 billion, with two-thirds coming from annual federal appropriations.[15]Other funding comes from the institution'sendowment,private and corporate contributions, membership dues, and earned retail, concession, and licensing revenue.[7]As of 2021,the institution's endowment had a total value of about $5.4 billion.[16]

Founding[edit]

The Castle in April 1865
"The Castle"(built, 1847) on theNational Mall:the institution's earliest building remains its headquarters.

In many ways, the origin of the Smithsonian Institution can be traced to a group of Washington citizens who, being "impressed with the importance of forming an association for promoting useful knowledge," met on June 28, 1816, to establish theColumbian Institute for the Promotion of Arts and Sciences.Officers were elected in October 1816, and the organization was granted a charter by Congress on April 20, 1818 (this charter expired in 1838).Benjamin Latrobe,who was architect for the US Capitol after the War of 1812, andWilliam Thornton,the architect who designedthe Octagon HouseandTudor Place,would serve as officers. Other prominent members, who numbered from 30 to 70 during the institute's existence, includedJohn Quincy Adams,Andrew Jackson,Henry Clay,JudgeWilliam Cranch,andJames Hoban.Honorary members includedJames Madison,James Monroe,John Adams,Thomas Jefferson,and theMarquis de Lafayette.Operating expenses were covered from the $5 yearly dues collected from each member.

The institute proposed a number of undertakings. These included the study of plant life and the creation of a botanical garden on theCapitol Mall,an examination of the country's mineral production, improvement in the management and care of livestock, and the writing of a topographical and statistical history of the United States. Reports were to be published periodically to share this knowledge with the greater public, but due to a lack of funds, this initially did not occur. The institute first met in Blodget's Hotel, later in the Treasury Department and City Hall, before being assigned a permanent home in 1824 in the Capitol building.

Beginning in 1825, weekly sittings were arranged during sessions of Congress for the reading of scientific and literary productions, but this was continued for only a short time, as the number attending declined rapidly. Eighty-five communications by 26 people were made to Congress during the entire life of the society, with more than a half relating to astronomy or mathematics. Among all the activities planned by the institute, only a few were actually implemented. Two were the establishment of a botanical garden, and a museum that was designed to have a national and permanent status. The former occupied space where the presentBotanic Gardensits.

The museum contained specimens of zoology, botany, archeology, fossils, etc., some of which were passed on to the Smithsonian Institution after its formation. The institute's charter expired in 1838, but its spirit lived on in theNational Institution,founded in 1840. With the mission to "promote science and the useful arts, and to establish a national museum of natural history," this organization continued to press Congress to establish a museum that would be structured in terms that were very similar to those finally incorporated into the founding of the Smithsonian Institution. Its work helped to develop an underlying philosophy that pushed for the pursuit and development of scientific knowledge that would benefit the nation, and edify its citizens at the same time.[17]

The British scientistJames Smithson(1765–1829) left most of his wealth to his nephew Henry James Hungerford. When Hungerford died childless in 1835,[18]the estate passed "to the United States of America, to found at Washington, under the name of the Smithsonian Institution, an Establishment for the increase & diffusion of knowledge among men", in accordance with Smithson's will.[19]Congress officially accepted the legacy bequeathed to the nation and pledged the faith of the United States to the charitable trust on July 1, 1836.[20]The American diplomatRichard Rushwas dispatched to England by PresidentAndrew Jacksonto collect the bequest. Rush returned in August 1838 with 105 sacks containing 104,960gold sovereigns.This is approximately $500,000 at the time, which is equivalent to $14,000,000 in 2023 or equivalent to £12,000,000 in 2023. However, when considering the GDP at the time it may be more comparable to $220 million in the year 2007.[21][22]

Once the money was in hand, eight years of congressional haggling ensued over how to interpret Smithson's rather vague mandate "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge."[20][22]The money was invested by the US Treasury in bonds issued by the state of Arkansas, which soon defaulted. After heated debate, Massachusetts representative (and former president)John Quincy Adamspersuaded Congress to restore the lost funds with interest[23]and, despite designs on the money for other purposes, convinced his colleagues to preserve it for an institution of science and learning.[24]Finally, on August 10, 1846, PresidentJames K. Polksigned the legislation that established the Smithsonian Institution as a trust instrumentality of the United States, to be administered by a Board of Regents and a secretary of the Smithsonian.[20][25]

Development[edit]

Though the Smithsonian's first secretary,Joseph Henry,wanted the institution to be a center for scientific research,[26]it also became the depository for various Washington and U.S. government collections.[27]TheUnited States Exploring Expeditionby theU.S. Navycircumnavigated the globe between 1838 and 1842.[28]The voyage amassed thousands of animal specimens, anherbariumof 50,000 plant specimens, and diverse shells and minerals, tropical birds, jars of seawater, andethnographicartifacts from theSouth Pacific Ocean.[28]These specimens and artifacts became part of the Smithsonian collections,[29]as did those collected by several military and civilian surveys of theAmerican West,including theMexican Boundary SurveyandPacific Railroad Surveys,which assembled manyNative Americanartifacts andnatural historyspecimens.[30]

In 1846, the regents developed a plan for weather observation; in 1847, money was appropriated for meteorological research.[31]The institution became a magnet for youngscientistsfrom 1857 to 1866, who formed a group called theMegatherium Club.[32]The Smithsonian played a critical role as the US partner institution in early bilateral scientific exchanges with theAcademy of Sciences of Cuba.[33]

Museums and buildings[edit]

The Smithsonian Institution area around theNational Mall.

Construction began on theSmithsonian Institution Building( "the Castle" ) in 1849. Designed by architectJames Renwick Jr.,its interiors were completed by general contractor Gilbert Cameron. The building opened in 1855.[34]

The Smithsonian's first expansion came with the construction of theArts and Industries Buildingin 1881. Congress had promised to build a new structure for the museum if the 1876Philadelphia Centennial Expositiongenerated enough income. It did, and the building was designed by architectsAdolf Clussand Paul Schulze, based on original plans developed byMajor GeneralMontgomery C. Meigsof theUnited States Army Corps of Engineers.It opened in 1881.[35]

A school field trip to the Smithsonian Institution,c. 1900

TheNational Zoological Parkopened in 1889 to accommodate the Smithsonian's Department of Living Animals.[36]The park was designed by landscape architectFrederick Law Olmsted.[36]

TheNational Museum of Natural Historyopened in June 1911 to similarly accommodate the Smithsonian's United States National Museum, which had previously been housed in the Castle and then the Arts and Industries Building.[37]This structure was designed by the D.C. architectural firm ofHornblower & Marshall.[38]

WhenDetroitphilanthropistCharles Lang Freerdonated his private collection to the Smithsonian and funds to build the museum to hold it (which was named theFreer Gallery), it was among the Smithsonian's first major donations from a private individual.[39]The gallery opened in 1923.[40]

More than 40 years would pass before the next museum, the Museum of History and Technology (renamed theNational Museum of American Historyin 1980), opened in 1964. It was designed by the world-renowned firm ofMcKim, Mead & White.[41]TheAnacostia Community Museum,an "experimental store-front" museum created at the initiative of Smithsonian SecretaryS. Dillon Ripley,opened in theAnacostianeighborhood of Washington, D.C., in 1967.[42][43][44]That same year, the Smithsonian signed an agreement to take over the Cooper Union Museum for the Arts of Decoration (now theCooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum).[45]TheNational Portrait Galleryand theSmithsonian American Art Museumopened in theOld Patent Office Building(built in 1867) on October 7, 1968.[46][47]The reuse of an older building continued with the opening of theRenwick Galleryin 1972 in the 1874 Renwick-designed art gallery originally built by local philanthropistWilliam Wilson Corcoranto house theCorcoran Gallery of Art.[48]

The first new museum building to open since the National Museum of History and Technology was theHirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden,which opened in 1974.[49]TheNational Air and Space Museum,the Smithsonian's largest in terms of floor space, opened in June 1976.[50]

Eleven years later, theNational Museum of African Artand theArthur M. Sackler Galleryopened in a new, joint, underground museum between the Freer Gallery and the Smithsonian Castle.[51][52][53]Reuse of another old building came in 1993 with the opening of theNational Postal Museumin the 1904 formerCity Post Officebuilding, a few city blocks from the Mall.[54]

In 2004, the Smithsonian opened theNational Museum of the American Indianin a new building near theUnited States Capitol.[55]Twelve years later almost to the day, in 2016, the latest museum opened: theNational Museum of African American History and Culture,in a new building near theWashington Monument.[56]

Two more museums have been established and are being planned for eventual construction on the mall: theNational Museum of the American Latinoand theSmithsonian American Women's History Museum.

Capital campaigns[edit]

In 2011, the Smithsonian undertook its first-ever capital fundraising campaign.[57]The $1.5 billion effort raised $1 billion at the three-year mark. Smithsonian officials made the campaign public in October 2014 in an effort to raise the remaining $500 million. More than 60,000 individuals and organizations donated money to the campaign by the time it went public.[58]This included 192 gifts of at least $1 million.[58]Members of the boards of directors of various Smithsonian museums donated $372 million.[58]The Smithsonian said that funds raised would go toward completion of theNational Museum of African American History and Culturebuilding, and renovations of theNational Air and Space Museum,National Museum of American History,and theRenwick Gallery.[58]A smaller amount of funds would go to educational initiatives and digitization of collections.[58]As of September 2017, the Smithsonian claimed to have raised $1.79 billion, with three months left in the formal campaign calendar.[59]

Separately from the major capital campaign, the Smithsonian has begun fundraising throughKickstarter.[60]An example is a campaign to fund the preservation and maintenance of theruby slippersworn byJudy Garlandfor her role asDorothy Galein the 1939 filmThe Wizard of Oz.[61]

Museums[edit]

Main article:List of Smithsonian museums

Nineteen museums and galleries, as well as theNational Zoological Park,comprise the Smithsonian museums.[62]Eleven are on theNational Mall,the park that runs between theLincoln Memorialand theUnited States Capitol.Other museums are located elsewhere in Washington, D.C., with two more in New York City and one inChantilly, Virginia.

Aircraft on display at theNational Air and Space Museum,including aFord TrimotorandDouglas DC-3(top and second from top)
Institution[62] Type of collection Location[63] Opened Ref.
Anacostia Community Museum African American culture Washington, D.C.
Anacostia 		1967 [64]
Arthur M. Sackler Gallery(affiliated with the Freer Gallery) Asian art Washington, D.C.
National Mall 		1987 [65]
Arts and Industries Building Special event venue Washington, D.C.
National Mall 		1881 [66]
Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum Design history New York City
Museum Mile 		1897 [67]
Freer Gallery of Art(affiliated with the Sackler Gallery) Asian art Washington, D.C.
National Mall 		1923 [65]
Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden Contemporaryandmodern art Washington, D.C.
National Mall 		1974 [68]
National Air and Space Museum Aviationandspaceflighthistory Washington, D.C.
National Mall 		1946,
1976[note 2] 		[69]
National Air and Space Museum'sSteven F. Udvar-Hazy Center Aviation and spaceflight history Chantilly,Virginia 2003 [70]
National Museum of African American History and Culture African-American historyandculture Washington, D.C.
National Mall 		2003,
2016[note 2] 		[71][72]
National Museum of African Art African art Washington, D.C.
National Mall 		1964,
1987[note 2] 		[73]
National Museum of American History American history Washington, D.C.
National Mall 		1964 [74]
National Museum of the American Indian Native American historyandart Washington, D.C.
National Mall 		2004 [75][76]
National Museum of the American Indian'sGeorge Gustav Heye Center Native American historyandart New York City
Bowling Green 		1994 [75][77]
National Museum of Natural History Natural history Washington, D.C.
National Mall 		1858,
1911[note 2] 		[78]
National Portrait Gallery Portraiture Washington, D.C.
Penn Quarter 		1968 [79][80]
National Postal Museum United States Postal Service;postal history;philately Washington, D.C.
NoMa 		1993 [81]
Renwick Gallery American craftanddecorative arts Washington, D.C.
Lafayette Square 		1972 [82]
Smithsonian American Art Museum American art Washington, D.C.
Penn Quarter 		1968 [82]
Smithsonian Institution Building(The Castle) Visitor centerand offices Washington, D.C.
National Mall 		1855 [83]
National Zoological Park(National Zoo) Zoo Washington, D.C.
Rock Creek Park 		1889 [84]

The Smithsonian has close ties with 168 other museums in 39 states,Panama,andPuerto Rico.[62]These museums are known as Smithsonian Affiliated museums. Collections of artifacts are given to these museums in the form of long-term loans. The Smithsonian also has a large number of traveling exhibitions, operated through the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES).[85]In 2008, 58 of these traveling exhibitions went to 510 venues across the country.[62]

Collections[edit]

Smithsonian collections include 156 million artworks, artifacts, and specimens. TheNational Museum of Natural Historyhouses 145 million of these specimens and artifacts, which are mostly animals preserved in formaldehyde. The Collections Search Center has 9.9 million digital records available online. The Smithsonian Institution Libraries hold 2 million library volumes. Smithsonian Archives hold 156,830 cubic feet (4,441 m3) of archival material.[86][87]

The Smithsonian Institution has many categories of displays that can be visited at the museums. In 1912, First LadyHelen Herron Taftdonated her inauguration gown to the museum to begin the First Ladies' Gown display at theNational Museum of American History,[88]one of the Smithsonian's most popular exhibits.[89]The museum displays treasures such as theStar-Spangled Banner,the stove pipe hat that was worn by PresidentAbraham Lincoln,the ruby slippers worn by Judy Garland inThe Wizard Of Oz,and the original Teddy Bear that was named after PresidentTheodore Roosevelt.[90]In 2016, the Smithsonian's Air & Space museum curators restored the large modelEnterprisefrom the originalStar TrekTV series.[91]

Following international debates about thedecolonisation of museumsand the legal and moral justifications of their acquisitions, the Smithsonian adopted a new "ethical returns policy" on April 29, 2022. This will permit thedeaccessionand restitution of items collected under circumstances considered unethical by contemporary standards and thus places moral over legal arguments. A month before, the Smithsonian'sNational Museum of African Arthad announced the planned return of most of its 39Benin BronzestoNigeria,[92]as well as of other cultural items toTurkey.[93]

On October 11, 2022, Benin Bronzes from theNational Museum of African Art,as well as theNational Gallery of Art,were formally returned to Nigerian cultural officials in a ceremony held in Washington D.C. The Nigerian Minister of Information and Culture,Lai Mohammed,and Prince Aghatise Erediauwa, representing theOba of BeninKingdom, spoke at the ceremony. Mohammed said the "decision to return the timeless artworks is worth emulating."[94]

Open access[edit]

In February 2020, the Smithsonian made 2.8 million digital items available to the public under aCreative Commons ZeroPublic Domain Dedication, with a commitment to release further items in the future.[95]

Research Centers[edit]

The Smithsonian has eight research centers, located in Washington, D.C.;Front Royal, Virginia;Edgewater, Maryland;Suitland, Maryland;Fort Pierce, Florida;Cambridge, Massachusetts;andPanama.[62][96][97][98][99][100][101]Formerly two separate entities, the Smithsonian Libraries and Smithsonian Archives merged into one research center in 2020.[102]

Research center[62] Area of focus Location[101][97][96][99] Opened Ref.
Archives of American Art History of thevisual artsin the United States Washington, D.C.
New York City 		1954
1970[note 3] 		[103]
Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Astrophysics Cambridge, Massachusetts 1890 [100]
Museum Conservation Institute Conservation Suitland, Maryland 1965 [98]
Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute(affiliated with theNational Zoo) Veterinary medicine,reproductive physiologyandconservation biology Front Royal, Virginia 1974 [99]
Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Coastalecosystems Edgewater, Maryland 1965 [97]
Smithsonian Libraries and Archives Science, art, history and culture, andmuseologyinformation and reference Washington, D.C. 1968[note 4]
2020[note 5] 		[102]
Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce (affiliated with theNational Museum of Natural History) Floridian marine ecosystems and lifeforms Fort Pierce, Florida 1981
1999[note 6] 		[104]
Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Tropical ecologyand its interactions with humanwelfare Panama 1923[note 7]
1946[note 8]
1966[note 9] 		[101]

Cultural Centers[edit]

The Smithsonian Institution includes three cultural centers among its units:

Smithsonian Latino Center[edit]

In 1997, the Smithsonian Latino Center was created as a way to recognize Latinos across the Smithsonian Institution. The primary purpose of the center is to place Latino contributions to the arts, history, science, and national culture across the Smithsonian's museums and research centers.[105]

The center is a division of the Smithsonian Institution.[106]As of May 2016, the center is run by an executive director, Eduardo Díaz.[107]

History[edit]

At the time of its creation, the Smithsonian Institution had other entities dedicated to other minority groups: National Museum of the American Indian, Freer-Sackler Gallery for Asian Arts and Culture, African Art Museum, and the National Museum of African-American Heritage and Culture.[108]

The opening of the center was prompted, in part, by the publishing of a report called "Willful Neglect: The Smithsonian and U.S. Latinos".[108]

According to documents obtained byThe Washington Post,when former Latino Center executive directorPilar O'Learyfirst took the job, the center faced employees who had "serious performance issues". No performance plans existed for the staff and unfulfilled financial obligations to sponsors existed. The website's quality was poor, and the center did not have a public affairs manager, a programs director, adequate human resources support, or cohesive mission statement.[108]

After difficult times in the first few years, the center improved. According to the Smithsonian, the center "support[s] scholarly research, exhibitions, public and educational programs, web-based content and virtual platforms, and collections and archives. [It] also manage[s] leadership and professional development programs for Latino youth, emerging scholars and museum professionals."[105]Today, the website features a high-tech virtual museum including self-guided virtual tours of past and present exhibits.[109]

Young Ambassadors Program[edit]

The Smithsonian Latino Center's Young Ambassadors Program (YAP) is a program within the Latino Center that reaches out to Latino high school students with the goal of encouraging them to become leaders in arts, sciences, and the humanities.[110]

Students selected for the program travel to Washington, D.C. for an "enrichment seminar" that lasts approximately five days. Afterwards, students return to their communities to serve in a paid, one-month internship.[106]

Pilar O'Leary launched the program when she served as executive director of the Smithsonian Latino Center.[111]According to the Latino Center, O'Leary told the press in 2007: "Our goal is to help our Young Ambassadors become the next generation of leaders in the arts and culture fields. This program encourages students to be proud of their roots and learn more about their cultural heritage to inspire them to educate the public in their own communities about how Latinos are enriching America's cultural fabric."[106]

Publications[edit]

The institution publishesSmithsonianmagazine monthly andAir & Spacemagazine bimonthly.Smithsonianwas the result of Secretary of the SmithsonianS. Dillon Ripleyasking the retired editor ofLifemagazineEdward K. Thompsonto produce a magazine "about things in which the Smithsonian Institution is interested, might be interested or ought to be interested".[112]Another Secretary of the Smithsonian, Walter Boyne, foundedAir & Space.[113][114]

The organization publishes under the imprints Smithsonian Institution Press, Smithsonian Books, and Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press.[115][116][117]

Awards[edit]

The Smithsonian makes a number of awards to acknowledge and support meritorious work.

  • TheJames Smithson Medal,the Smithsonian Institution's highest award, was established in 1965 and is given in recognition of exceptional contributions to art, science, history, education, and technology.
  • The James Smithson Bicentennial Medal, established in 1965, is given to persons who have made distinguished contributions to the advancement of areas of interest to the Smithsonian.
  • TheHodgkins Medal,established in 1893, is awarded for important contributions to the understanding of the physical environment.
  • The Henry Medal, established in 1878, is presented to individuals in recognition of their distinguished service, achievements or contributions to the prestige and growth of the Smithsonian Institution.
  • TheLangley Gold Medalis awarded for meritorious investigations in connection with the science ofaerodromicsand its application to aviation.[118]

Administration[edit]

The Smithsonian Castle doorway

The Smithsonian Institution was established as atrustinstrumentality by act of Congress.[119]More than two-thirds of the Smithsonian's workforce of some 6,300 persons are employees of the federal government. TheSmithsonian Institution Office of Protection Servicesoversees security at the Smithsonian facilities and enforces laws and regulations forNational Capital Parkstogether with theUnited States Park Police.

The president's 2011 budget proposed just under $800 million in support for the Smithsonian, slightly increased from previous years. Institution exhibits are free of charge, though in 2010 theDeficit Commissionrecommended admission fees.[120][121]

As approved byCongresson August 10, 1846, the legislation that created the Smithsonian Institution called for the creation of a Board of Regents to govern and administer the organization.[119]This seventeen-member board meets at least four times a year and includes asex officiomembers thechief justice of the United Statesand thevice president of the United States.The nominal head of the institution is thechancellor,an office which has traditionally been held by the chief justice. In September 2007, the board created the position of chair of the Board of Regents, a position currently held byRisa Lavizzo-Mourey.[122]

Other members of the Board of Regents are three members of theU.S. House of Representativesappointed by thespeaker of the House;three members of the Senate, appointed by thepresidentpro temporeof the Senate;and nine citizen members, nominated by the board and approved by the Congress in a joint resolution signed by the president of the United States.[123]Regents who are senators or representatives serve for the duration of their elected terms, while citizen Regents serve a maximum of two six-year terms. Regents are compensated on a part-time basis.

Thechief executive officer(CEO) of the Smithsonian is the secretary, who is appointed by the Board of Regents. The secretary also serves as secretary to the Board of Regents but is not a voting member of that body. The secretary of the Smithsonian has theprivilege of the floorat theUnited States Senate.On September 18, 2013, Secretary G. Wayne Clough announced he would retire in October 2014. The Smithsonian Board of Regents said it asked regent John McCarter, Jr., to lead a search committee.[124]On March 10, 2014, the Smithsonian Board selectedDavid Skorton,a physician and president ofCornell University,as the thirteenth secretary of the Smithsonian. Skorton took the reins of the institution on July 1, 2015.[125]Upon Skorton's announced resignation in 2019, the Board selectedLonnie Bunch III,the founding director of the Smithsonian'sNational Museum of African American History and Culture,as the fourteenth secretary.[126]

Secretaries of the Smithsonian Institution[edit]

Controversies[edit]

Enola Gaydisplay[edit]

See also:Enola Gayexhibition controversy

In 1995, controversy arose over the exhibit at theNational Air and Space Museumwith the display of theEnola Gay,theSuperfortressused by the United States to drop the firstatomic bombused inWorld War II.TheAmerican LegionandAir Force Associationbelieved the exhibit put forward only one side of thedebate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki,and that it emphasized the effect on victims without discussing its use within the overall context of the war.[127]The Smithsonian changed the exhibit, displaying the aircraft only with associated technical data and without discussion of its historic role in the war.[128]

Censorship ofSeasons of Life and Land[edit]

In 2003, aNational Museum of Natural Historyexhibit,Subhankar Banerjee'sSeasons of Life and Land,featuring photographs of theArctic National Wildlife Refuge,was censored and moved to the basement by Smithsonian officials. They were concerned that its subject matter was too politically controversial.[129]

In November 2007,The Washington Postreported internal criticism has been raised regarding the institution's handling of the exhibit on the Arctic. According to documents and e-mails, the exhibit and its associated presentation were edited at high levels to add "scientific uncertainty" regarding the nature and impact ofglobal warmingon theArctic.Acting Secretary of the SmithsonianCristián Samperwas interviewed by thePost,and claimed the exhibit was edited because it contained conclusions that went beyond what could be proven by contemporaryclimatology.[130]The Smithsonian is now a participant in theU.S. Global Change Research Program.[131]

Copyright restrictions[edit]

The Smithsonian Institution provides access to its image collections for educational, scholarly, and nonprofit uses. Commercial uses are generally restricted unless permission is obtained. Smithsonian images fall into different copyright categories; some are protected by copyright, many are subject to license agreements or other contractual conditions, and some fall into the public domain, such as those prepared by Smithsonian employees as part of their official duties. The Smithsonian's terms of use for its digital content, including images, are set forth on the Smithsonian Web site.[132][133]

In April 2006, the institution entered into an agreement of "first refusal" rights for its vastsilentandpublic domainfilm archives withShowtime Networks,mainly for use on theSmithsonian Channel,a network created from this deal. Critics contend this agreement effectively gives Showtime control over the film archives, as it requires filmmakers to obtain permission from the network to use extensive amounts of film footage from the Smithsonian archives.[134]

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^States without Smithsonian Affiliates:Idaho,New Hampshire,New Jersey,North Dakota,Utah.
  2. ^abcdYear museum moved to current building
  3. ^Year center became affiliated with the Smithsonian
  4. ^Year the Smithsonian Institution Libraries came into existence
  5. ^Year the Smithsonian Libraries and Smithsonian Archives merged
  6. ^Year the research center moved to its current location
  7. ^Year Barro Colorado Island was declared a biological reserve
  8. ^Year Barro Colorado Island became affiliated with the Smithsonian Institution
  9. ^Year the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute was founded

References[edit]

  1. ^"People & Operations".The Smithsonian Institution.RetrievedJuly 5,2020.
  2. ^Watson, Robert (March 25, 2012)."Smithsonian wasn't always beloved".Sun Sentinel.Tribune Publishing. Archived fromthe originalon July 2, 2021.RetrievedOctober 14,2021.
  3. ^Barlow, William (1847).The Smithsonian Institution, "for the Increase and Diffusion of Knowledge Among Men": An Address on the Duties of Government, in Reference Chiefly to Public Instruction: with the Outlines of a Plan for the Application of the Smithsonian Fund to that Object.B. R. Barlow.
  4. ^abc"How Many Museums Are in the Smithsonian Institution?".TheCollector.December 26, 2022.RetrievedJanuary 13,2023.
  5. ^Kmiec, Douglas W. (June 30, 1988)."The Status of the Smithsonian Institution Under the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act".U.S. Department of Justice.RetrievedJuly 7,2023.
  6. ^"Legal History".Smithsonian Institution.
  7. ^abc"About Us".Smithsonian Institution.Archivedfrom the original on March 7, 2017.RetrievedMarch 8,2017.
  8. ^"Smithsonian History > National Museum of American History".Smithsonian Institution.Archivedfrom the original on June 23, 2013.RetrievedJune 21,2013.
  9. ^Kernan, Michael (November 1997)."A Real Nation's Attic".Smithsonian.Smithsonian Institution. Archived fromthe originalon September 23, 2009.
  10. ^Leaf, Jesse (March 13, 2007).The Everything Family Guide to Washington D.C.: All the Best Hotels, Restaurants, Sites, and Attractions.Everything Books.ISBN978-1-4405-2411-0.: 57 
  11. ^Kurin, Richard (October 29, 2013).The Smithsonian's History of America in 101 Objects Deluxe.Penguin.ISBN978-0-698-15520-6.
  12. ^"Smithsonian Affiliations".Smithsonian Institution.Archivedfrom the original on March 16, 2017.RetrievedMarch 8,2017.
  13. ^"Visitor Statistics".Smithsonian Institution.May 31, 2013.Archivedfrom the original on February 8, 2014.RetrievedJuly 26,2014.
  14. ^"Plan Your Visit | Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum".cooperhewitt.org.December 6, 2014.RetrievedJanuary 12,2023.
  15. ^"Budget/Federal Appropriations".Smithsonian Dashboard.Smithsonian Institution. 2015. Archived fromthe originalon February 17, 2017.RetrievedAugust 13,2021.
  16. ^"Smithsonian Institute".swfinstitute.org.Sovereign Wealth Fund Institute.RetrievedJuly 1,2021.
  17. ^"A Guide to the Columbian Institute in the Special Collections Research Center"(PDF).Special Collections Research Center Gelman Library, George Washington University. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on July 25, 2021.RetrievedJuly 30,2021.
  18. ^Goode, George Brown (1897).The Smithsonian Institution, 1846–1896, The History of Its First Half Century.Washington, D.C.: De Vinne Press. p. 25. Archived fromthe originalon December 12, 2012.
  19. ^Smithson, James (October 23, 1826)."Last Will and Testament".Smithsonian Institution.Smithsonian Scrapbook: Letters, Diaries and Photographs from the Smithsonian Archives. Archived fromthe originalon August 24, 2011.RetrievedOctober 4,2012.
  20. ^abc"Founding of the Smithsonian Institution".Smithsonian Institution.July 1, 2009. Archived fromthe originalon September 1, 2012.RetrievedOctober 4,2012.
  21. ^Ewing, Heather.The Lost World of James Smithson: Science, Revolution, and the Birth of the Smithsonian.pp. 323–24, 330, 409.Ewing notes that it would be the equivalent of over $10 million today, using one index, but using a per-capita share of GDP, it would be the equivalent of over $220 million. It was close to the total ofHarvard University's endowment at that point, which had accumulated for nearly 200 years by the 1830s and was not the result of a single gift, as Smithson's was.
  22. ^abOttesen, Carole (2011).A Guide to Smithsonian Gardens.Smithsonian Books. p.13.ISBN978-1-58834-300-0.
  23. ^Smithsonian Information Brochure.Smithsonian Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center: Smithsonian Institution. May 2009.
  24. ^Nagel, Paul (1999).John Quincy Adams: A Public Life, a Private Life.Harvard University Press. p. 348.
  25. ^9Stat.102
  26. ^Orosz, Joel J. (June 28, 2002).Curators and Culture: The Museum Movement in America, 1740-1870.University of Alabama Press.ISBN978-0-8173-1204-6.: 155 
  27. ^Orosz, Joel J. (June 28, 2002).Curators and Culture: The Museum Movement in America, 1740-1870.University of Alabama Press.ISBN978-0-8173-1204-6.: 157 
  28. ^abBenson, Keith Rodney; Rehbock, Philip F. (2002).Oceanographic History: The Pacific and Beyond.University of Washington Press.ISBN978-0-295-98239-7.: 532 
  29. ^Adler, Antony (May 1, 2011). "From the Pacific to the Patent Office: The US Exploring Expedition and the origins of America's first national museum".Journal of the History of Collections.23(1): 49–74.doi:10.1093/jhc/fhq002.ISSN0954-6650.
  30. ^Baird, S.F.; Emory, W.H. (1857).Report on the United States and Mexican boundary survey.Рипол Классик.ISBN978-5-88160-802-6.: 13 
  31. ^Chisholm, Hugh,ed. (1911)."Smithsonian Institution".Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  32. ^Merrill, Marlene Deahl (1999).Yellowstone and the Great West: Journals, Letters, and Images from the 1871 Hayden Expedition.Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 220.ISBN0803231482.Archivedfrom the original on July 16, 2017.RetrievedSeptember 4,2016.
  33. ^Pastrana, Sergio Jorge (March 30, 2015)."Building a Lasting Cuba-U.S. Bridge through Science".Science & Diplomacy.Archivedfrom the original on April 2, 2015.
  34. ^Morton, W. Brown III (February 8, 1971)."National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination: Smithsonian Institution Building".National Park Service.RetrievedMay 11,2009.
  35. ^Norton, W. Brown III (April 6, 1971)."National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination: Arts and Industries Building of the Smithsonian Institution".National Park Service.RetrievedMay 11,2009.
  36. ^ab"National Zoological Park".Smithsonian Institution.Archived fromthe originalon November 11, 2014.
  37. ^"Museum History".nmh.si.edu.National Museum of Natural History. 2008. Archived fromthe originalon July 26, 2009.RetrievedNovember 15,2009.
  38. ^"New Museum Plans".The Washington Post.April 13, 1903.
  39. ^Gunter, Ann Clyburn (2002).A Collector's Journey: Charles Lang Freer and Egypt.Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery.ISBN978-1-85759-297-9.: 96 
  40. ^Fortier, Alison (May 6, 2014).A History Lover's Guide to Washington, D.C.: Designed for Democracy.The History Press.ISBN978-1-62585-064-5.: 110 
  41. ^Moeller, Gerard Martin; Feldblyum, Boris (2012).AIA Guide to the Architecture of Washington, D.C.Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 78.ISBN9781421402697.
  42. ^Bass, Holly (March–April 2006)."Camille Akeju: New Director Seeks to Rejuvenate Anacostia Museum".Crisis:37–39.Archivedfrom the original on January 8, 2014.RetrievedApril 22,2012.
  43. ^"Anacostia Community Museum".Smithsonian Museums.Smithsonian Institution Archives.Archivedfrom the original on April 18, 2012.RetrievedApril 22,2012.
  44. ^Oehser, Paul H. (1970).The Smithsonian Institution.New York: Praeger Publishers. p. 10.ISBN8989456584.Archivedfrom the original on January 3, 2013.RetrievedApril 22,2012.
  45. ^Knox, Sanka (October 10, 1967). "Smithsonian Takes Over Cooper Union Museum".The New York Times.p. 41.
  46. ^Richard, Paul (October 6, 1968). "A National Family Album".The Washington Post.
  47. ^Martin, Judith (October 7, 1968). "'Semi, Demi-Heroes' Open New Gallery ".The Washington Post.
  48. ^Yardley, William."Renwick Gallery of the Smithsonian American Art Museum".Washington Post.Archived fromthe originalon February 12, 2011.RetrievedJuly 18,2013.
  49. ^Raynor, Vivian (July 14, 1974)."A Preview of the New Hirshhorn Museum".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on July 15, 2017.RetrievedDecember 13,2016.
  50. ^Mianecki, Julie (June 29, 2011)."The List: Six Things You Didn't Know About the Air and Space Museum on its 35th Anniversary".smithsonianmag.RetrievedDecember 13,2016.
  51. ^"National Museum of African Art".Smithsonian History.Smithsonian Institution Archives.Archivedfrom the original on May 28, 2012.RetrievedMay 16,2012.
  52. ^"Quadrangle Complex Opens".The Torch.Smithsonian Institution. January 1987. p. 1.Archivedfrom the original on January 4, 2013.RetrievedMay 16,2012.Record Unit 371, Box 5.
  53. ^"Arthur M. Sackler Gallery".Smithsonian Institution.Smithsonian Institution Archives.Archivedfrom the original on May 28, 2012.RetrievedMay 10,2012.
  54. ^McAllister, Bill (July 2, 1993). "The Museum On the Mail".The Washington Post.p. N58.
  55. ^Rothstein, Edward (September 21, 2004)."Museum With an American Indian Voice".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on June 15, 2016.RetrievedDecember 13,2016.
  56. ^Cotter, Holland (September 15, 2016)."Review: The Smithsonian African American Museum Is Here at Last. And It Uplifts and Upsets".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on December 16, 2016.RetrievedDecember 13,2016.
  57. ^Kelly, Kathleen S. (December 6, 2012).Effective Fund-Raising Management.Routledge.ISBN978-1-135-69399-2.: 79 
  58. ^abcdeMcGlone, Peggy (October 20, 2014)."Smithsonian Announces $1.5 Billion Fundraising Effort".The Washington Post.Archivedfrom the original on October 21, 2014.RetrievedOctober 21,2014.
  59. ^"Progress".smithsoniancampaign.org.Archivedfrom the original on February 10, 2018.
  60. ^McGlone, Peggy (July 6, 2017)."Saving America's treasures: The Smithsonian used Kickstarter to raise money for Neil Armstrong's spacesuit and Dorothy's ruby slippers. Was it worth it?".The Washington Post.Archived fromthe originalon November 7, 2017.RetrievedJanuary 20,2018.
  61. ^Bowley, Graham (October 19, 2016)."Smithsonian Seeks $300,000 to Save Dorothy's Ruby Slippers".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on December 26, 2016.RetrievedOctober 14,2017.
  62. ^abcdef"Facts about the Smithsonian Institution".newsdesk.si.edu.Smithsonian Institution. Archived fromthe originalon November 1, 2010.RetrievedFebruary 19,2011.
  63. ^"Maps and Directions".Smithsonian Institution.RetrievedFebruary 21,2011.
  64. ^"Mission and History".anacostia.si.edu.Anacostia Community Museum. Archived fromthe originalon August 28, 2011.RetrievedDecember 6,2009.
  65. ^abHistory of the GalleriesArchivedMarch 20, 2009, at theWayback Machine.Freer and Sackler Galleries. Retrieved December 6, 2009
  66. ^"Arts and Industries Building".Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved December 26, 2015.
  67. ^"About The Museum".cooperhewitt.org.Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum. Archived fromthe originalon March 10, 2009.RetrievedDecember 6,2009.
  68. ^"History of the Hirshhorn".Smithsonian Institution.Hirshorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Smithsonian Institution. Archived fromthe originalon September 28, 2008.RetrievedDecember 6,2009.
  69. ^"National Air and Space Museum Chronology".nasm.si.edu.National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution. Archived fromthe originalon April 22, 2013.RetrievedDecember 6,2009.
  70. ^"Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center".nasm.si.edu.National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution. Archived fromthe originalon April 30, 2012.RetrievedFebruary 25,2010.
  71. ^"About Us".National Museum of African American History and Culture, Smithsonian Institution. Archived fromthe originalon March 26, 2009.RetrievedFebruary 25,2010.
  72. ^Building The Museum, Overview.National Museum of African American History and Culture. Retrieved January 10, 2010
  73. ^Brenson, Michael (September 8, 1987)."Beneath Smithsonian, Debut for 2 Museums".The New York Times.RetrievedDecember 29,2009.
  74. ^Mission and History.National Museum of American History. Retrieved February 14, 2018
  75. ^abAbout the National Museum of the American IndianArchivedFebruary 6, 2010, at theWayback Machine.National Museum of the American Indian. Retrieved February 25, 2010
  76. ^20,000 American Indians March at National Museum Opening.National GeographicNews. September 21, 2004. Retrieved December 29, 2009
  77. ^Visitor Information New York, NYArchivedApril 13, 2009, at theWayback Machine.National Museum of the American Indian. Retrieved December 29, 2009
  78. ^A Brief HistoryArchivedJanuary 21, 2016, at theWayback Machine.National Museum of Natural History Museum History. Retrieved February 21, 2011
  79. ^Visiting the Museum, A Brief Overview: History with Personality.National Portrait Gallery. Retrieved February 25, 2010
  80. ^Visiting the Museum, Building Chronology.National Portrait Gallery. Retrieved December 29, 2009
  81. ^History of the Smithsonian National Postal MuseumArchivedApril 14, 2012, at theWayback Machine.National Postal Museum. Retrieved December 29, 2009
  82. ^abAbout the American Art Museum and the Renwick Gallery, History of the Museum CollectionArchivedAugust 20, 2014, at theWayback Machine.Smithsonian American Art Museum. Retrieved December 29, 2009
  83. ^Smithsonian Institution Building (The Castle).Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved February 21, 2011
  84. ^History of the National Zoo.National Zoological Park.Retrieved December 29, 2009
  85. ^Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES)ArchivedNovember 10, 2017, at theWayback Machine
  86. ^"Smithsonian Collections".Smithsonian.Smithsonian Institution.Archivedfrom the original on December 4, 2015.RetrievedJune 28,2019.
  87. ^"Smithsonian".Smithsonian Institution.Archivedfrom the original on June 14, 2017.RetrievedJune 28,2019.
  88. ^"The First Ladies at the Smithsonian: The Tradition of the Gowns (page 1 of 3)".The National Museum of American History.Smithsonian Institution. April 4, 2012.Archivedfrom the original on March 8, 2017.RetrievedMarch 8,2017.
  89. ^"The First Ladies at the Smithsonian: The First Ladies: Introduction".The National Museum of American History.Smithsonian Institution. April 4, 2012.Archivedfrom the original on March 1, 2017.RetrievedMarch 8,2017.
  90. ^Clay, Marianne (2002)."The History of the Teddy Bear".Teddy Bear & Friends.Madavor Media, LLC. Archived fromthe originalon July 23, 2011.RetrievedDecember 10,2007.
  91. ^"Smithsonian Sets Phasers To Restore On Original Starship Enterprise".Morning Edition.NPR: National Public Radio. June 28, 2016.Archivedfrom the original on July 1, 2016.RetrievedJuly 1,2016.
  92. ^McGlone, Peggy."Smithsonian to give back its collection of Benin bronzes".Washington Post.ISSN0190-8286.RetrievedMay 18,2022.
  93. ^Ludel, Wallace (May 4, 2022)."Smithsonian adopts new 'ethical returns policy' to handle artefacts with problematic histories".The Art Newspaper - International art news and events.RetrievedMay 18,2022.
  94. ^"Smithsonian Returns 29 Benin Bronzes to the National Commission for Museums and Monuments in Nigeria".Smithsonian Institution.October 11, 2022.
  95. ^"Open Access FAQ".Smithsonian Institution.RetrievedNovember 14,2020.
  96. ^ab"Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce".Smithsonian Institution.Archived fromthe originalon November 30, 2022.RetrievedDecember 24,2022.
  97. ^abc"Smithsonian Environmental Research Center".Smithsonian Environmental Research Center.Smithsonian Institution.RetrievedDecember 24,2022.
  98. ^ab"Museum Conservation Institute: About".RetrievedDecember 24,2022.
  99. ^abc"Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute".nationalzoo.si.edu.Smithsonian Institution. March 15, 2016.RetrievedDecember 24,2022.
  100. ^ab"Smithsonian Astophysical Observatory History".cfa.harvard.edu.RetrievedDecember 24,2022.
  101. ^abc"Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute: About Us".stri.si.edu.Smithsonian Institution. December 19, 2016.RetrievedDecember 24,2022.
  102. ^ab"Smithsonian Libraries and Archives".Smithsonian Environmental Research Center.Smithsonian Institution.RetrievedDecember 24,2022.
  103. ^"About the Archives of American Art".Smithsonian Environmental Research Center.Smithsonian Institution. December 24, 2022.
  104. ^"A Timeline of the History of Women in Ocean Science".Smithsonian Ocean.Smithsonian Institution.RetrievedDecember 24,2022.
  105. ^ab"About the Center".latino.si.edu.Smithsonian Institution.Archivedfrom the original on June 2, 2016.RetrievedMay 18,2016.
  106. ^abcLara, Isabel (June 26, 2007)."Smithsonian Latino Center's Young Ambassadors Arrive for Week of Cultural Programs in Washington, D.C."(PDF).latino.si.edu.Smithsonian Institution. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on February 16, 2017.RetrievedMay 18,2016.
  107. ^"Smithsonian Latino Center Staff".latino.si.edu.Smithsonian Institution.Archivedfrom the original on June 11, 2016.RetrievedMay 18,2016.
  108. ^abc"Declaration"(PDF).The Washington Post.Archived(PDF)from the original on February 16, 2017.RetrievedSeptember 12,2017.
  109. ^"Smithsonian Latino Virtual Museum".latino.si.edu.Smithsonian Institution.Archivedfrom the original on May 10, 2016.RetrievedMay 18,2016.
  110. ^"Young Ambassadors Program".latino.si.edu.Smithsonian Institution. Archived fromthe originalon May 10, 2016.RetrievedMay 18,2016.
  111. ^"Con Sabor!".Washington Life Magazine "Substance and Style" Issue.2006.Archivedfrom the original on June 16, 2016.RetrievedMay 18,2016.
  112. ^Winfrey, Carey (October 2005)."Noxious Bogs & Amorous Elephants: Smithsonian's birth, 35 years ago, only hinted at the splendors to follow".Smithsonian. Archived fromthe originalon February 2, 2013.
  113. ^Walker, Paul D (September 23, 2010).Truman's Dilemma: Invasion Or the Bomb.Pelican Publishing.ISBN978-1-4556-1335-9.: 269 
  114. ^Boyne, Walter (March 4, 2011).How the Helicopter Changed Modern Warfare.Pelican Publishing Company, Inc.ISBN978-1-4556-1568-1.: 353 
  115. ^"Smithsonian Institution Press".Open Library.RetrievedNovember 23,2020.
  116. ^"About Smithsonian Books".Smithsonian Books.RetrievedNovember 23,2020.
  117. ^"About Us".scholarlypress.si.edu.Smithsonian Institution.RetrievedNovember 23,2020.
  118. ^"Awards and Medals".Smithsonian Institution.Archived fromthe originalon June 17, 2017.RetrievedJune 19,2017.
  119. ^abStam, David H. (2001).International Dictionary of Library Histories, Volume 1 & 2.London: Routledge. p. 702.ISBN978-1-136-77785-1.Archivedfrom the original on April 16, 2017.RetrievedSeptember 9,2016.
  120. ^"$200 billion in Illustrative Savings"(PDF).fiscalCommission.gov.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on November 19, 2010.RetrievedJuly 1,2013.
  121. ^"Smithsonian Responds to Deficit Commission's Recommendation on Admission Fees".Smithsonian Institution.November 12, 2010.Archivedfrom the original on November 16, 2010.RetrievedNovember 18,2010.
  122. ^"The Smithsonian Board of Regents".Smithsonian Institution.
  123. ^"Smithsonian Press Kit".Smithsonian Institution.Archived fromthe originalon April 7, 2010.
  124. ^Cooper, Rebecca. "Smithsonian Chief Will Retire in 2014."Washington Business Journal.September 18, 2013.ArchivedSeptember 20, 2013, at theWayback MachineAccessed September 18, 2013.
  125. ^abParker, Lonnae O'Neal Parker and Boyle, Katherine. "Smithsonian Institution Names Cornell President As Its 13th Secretary."Washington Post.March 10, 2014.ArchivedDecember 27, 2014, at theWayback MachineAccessed March 10, 2014.
  126. ^Dwyer, Colin (May 28, 2019)."Lonnie Bunch III Set To Become Smithsonian Institution's 1st Black Secretary".NPR.
  127. ^Kohn, R. H. (1995). "History and the culture wars: The case of the Smithsonian Institution's Enola Gay Exhibition".The Journal of American History.82(3): 1036–1063.doi:10.2307/2945111.JSTOR2945111.
  128. ^"Boeing B-29 Superfortress" Enola Gay "| National Air and Space Museum".
  129. ^Trescott, Jacqueline (May 21, 2003)."Smithsonian's Arctic Refuge Exhibit Draws Senate Scrutiny".The Washington Post.Archived fromthe originalon April 29, 2011.RetrievedMay 23,2010.
  130. ^Grimaldi, James V.; Trescott, Jacqueline (November 16, 2007)."Scientists Fault Climate Exhibit Changes".The Washington Post.p. 4.Archivedfrom the original on April 29, 2011.RetrievedNovember 18,2007.
  131. ^"Participating Departments and Agencies".globalchange.gov.US Global Change Research Program. Archived fromthe originalon March 10, 2010.RetrievedMarch 30,2010.
  132. ^"Terms of use of this website".Smithsonian Institution.Archivedfrom the original on July 16, 2009.RetrievedJuly 26,2014.
  133. ^"Smithsonian Images-Copyright".smithsonianimages.si.edu.Smithsonian Institution. January 13, 2012. Archived fromthe originalon October 2, 2011.RetrievedJuly 26,2014.
  134. ^Wyatt, Edward (April 1, 2006)."Smithsonian Agreement Angers Filmmakers".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on May 1, 2011.RetrievedMay 23,2010.

Further reading[edit]

External links[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smithsonian_Institution&oldid=1233454778"