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Smoking in North Korea

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A mansmokesat a shop selling cigarettes.

Tobacco smokingis popular inNorth Koreaand culturally acceptable among men, but not for women. As of 2014,some 45% of men are reported to smoke daily, whilst in contrast only 2.5% of women smoke daily, with most of these being older women from rural areas. Smoking is a leading cause of death in North Korea, and as of 2010mortality figures indicate that 34% of men and 22% of women die due to smoking-related causes, the highest mortality figures in the world. There aretobacco controlprograms in North Korea, and although smoking was notprohibitedin all public spaces, the smoking rates have declined since their peak in the 2000s.

However, according to theKCNA,the state news agency of North Korea, theSupreme People's Assemblyhas introduced smoking bans in some public places to provide citizens with "hygienic living environments".[1]

All threeleaders of North Korea—Kim Il Sung,Kim Jong Il,andKim Jong Un— have been smokers and the country has struggled to balance their public image with its anti-smoking efforts. In general, North Koreans tend to prefer strong tobacco and different classes of quality range from homegrown to sought-after foreign brands that are consideredstatus symbols.As a percentage of the available arable land compared to consumption, the tobacco crop is over-represented inNorth Korean agriculture.

Consumption

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Over 4,569,000 adults and 167,000 children inNorth Koreaare believed to consumetobaccodaily.[2]It is estimated by theWorld Lung FoundationandAmerican Cancer Society'sThe Tobacco Atlas(2014 data) that 45% of men, 2.5% of women, nearly 16% of boys and <1% of girls (aged <15) are daily smokers,[2]with the average smoker (data is likely skewed towards males due to the higher prevalence of smoking in this group) smoking an average of 609 cigarettes per person per year.[3]World Health Organization(WHO) data is roughly comparable, with 44% of men classified as smokers (only 33% are classed as "daily smokers" ),[4]whilst North Korean anti-smoking authorities put the figure even higher, saying that some 54% of men are smokers.[5]

Overall, the average smoker consumes 12.4 cigarettes per day,[6]with this figure rising slightly to 15 per day when just male smokers are considered.[7]The average smoker starts smoking at the age of 23 and the percentage of the population that smokes increases with age until the 55–64 age group,[7]after which it declines.[6]On average, people who live in urban areas tend to smoke more cigarettes per day than rural farmers.[7]

Data indicate that the prevalence of smoking in North Korea is on par withSouth Korea,although South Korean men pick up the habit earlier and smoke more cigarettes per day.[8]The high rate of smoking in South Korea is possibly due to it being a capitalist society, where marketing is prevalent and consumption is uncontrolled.[9]

However, much of the current information regarding the smoking habits of North Koreans is obtained by studyingNorth Korean defectorswho now live in South Korea and may not be totally representative of the true picture. One study of defectors found that smoking is even more common than anticipated, butnicotine dependencewas not as severe as predicted. Defectors are reported as often being very interested in quitting smoking.[10]

History

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North Korea's first Supreme Leader Kim Il Sung depicted smoking. All three leaders have been smokers.
North Korea's first Supreme LeaderKim Il Sungdepicted smoking. All three leaders have been smokers.

Tobacco first arrived inKoreain the early-1600s fromJapan[11]and until around 1880, both men and women smoked.[12]Today, North Koreans consider smoking to be a normal activity for men, butfemale smokinghas become a social taboo.[13]

All of North Korea's threeleaders—Kim Jong Un,his fatherKim Jong Iland grandfatherKim Il Sung;have been smokers.[14]Kim Jong Il has called smokers one of the "three main fools of the 21st century", along with people who do not understand music or computers.[15]The current leader Kim Jong Un is often seen smoking in public,[16]including in university classrooms, subway carriages, and in the presence of his pregnant wifeRi Sol-ju,[17]facts that "might make the life of the North Korean health educators more complicated."[13]While discussing any negative aspects of the leaders has normally been rare, some North Koreans have recently raised the issue of the apparent contradiction between anti-smoking measures and Kim's public image with foreigners.[16]

Culture

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Women and smoking

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Female smokingis a taboo in North Korea[13]and is considered even more disgraceful than heavy drinking. Women are said to "react with shock if you joke that maybe they secretly smoke in bathrooms".[15]Smoking by older women, above the age of 45 to 50,[12]is more tolerated, particularly in rural areas.[13]In comparison, for men smoking is considered such an important social activity that men who do not smoke can become socially isolated at workplaces.[13]

Smokers' preferences

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Cigarettes being sold at aduty-free shopatPyongyang Sunan International Airport

Even though most consumer items are in short supply in North Korea, there is a considerable variety of cigarettes available.[5]In general, strong tobacco is preferred,[13]andfiltersare rare.[18]Western brands, particularly American, but also Chinese, Russian and Japanese[5][19]are popular with the elite and preferred over domestic cigarettes.[19]Foreign cigarettes and the domestic7.27brand, whose name stands for 27 July, the date of theKorean Armistice Agreement;are veritablestatus symbols.[5][19]Menthol cigarettesare virtually non-existent, but there is competition among tobacco companies to introduce other attractive products, such as fruit-flavored balls inside the filter to give the cigarette a more distinct flavour.[5]

Those who havehard currencycan easily buy imported cigarettes fromhard currency shops,[19]although these will also stock the best domestic brands (such asPak Ma(백마)) to convince tourists of the quality of North Korean tobacco.[18]Cigarettes are popular gifts,[11]and tourists are recommended to give Western brands of cigarettes to tour guides.[20]Within the country, cigarettes are used as a form of currency inbribery.[11]

The party newspaperRodong Sinmunis used asrolling paperforroll-your-own cigarettes.

Those whoroll their owntobacco prefer to use sheets ofRodong Sinmun—the organ of theCentral Committeeof the rulingWorkers' Party of Korea—asrolling paper.[19]One piece of the paper can be used to roll some 40–50 cigarettes. According to one defector, when a North Korean "starts to smoke theRodong Sinmuntobacco, he cannot smoke other kinds of tobacco. I used to smoke theRodong Sinmuntobacco, and after defection, couldn't smoke with Chinese paper tobacco due to the poor taste. "[21]Because theRodong Sinmunis in limited circulation, most North Koreans roll their cigarettes with some other paper.[22]

Health effects

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The health impacts of smoking are well documented and in North Korea the high prevalence of smoking has a significant impact on the health of the population.[7]Some 34.3% of men and 22.3% of women are reported to die as a result of smoking,[23]the highest smoking mortality figures in the world,[24]and in total tobacco-caused illness kills 55,600 North Koreans annually.[2]

Tobacco control

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Tobacco is sold only at designated shops at a fixed price set by the government.[25][a]As of 2014,a 20-pack of the most common cigarette brand costs 246.38KPW(US$2.51),[26]whilst the cheapest 20-pack sells for as little as 7.47 won (US$0.08).[27]

North Korea has set up specific government objectives fortobacco controland there is a national agency to implement them, with eight full-time staff members.[28]Although there is no free of chargesmoking cessationquitlinethat smokers could phone and discuss their problems, most healthcare facilities offer support in cessation,[29]including cessation programs andnicotine replacement therapy.[30]Costs are covered for the patient partially, or in full by the state.[29]In addition to regular healthcare clinics, there are eleven specialized anti-smoking centers in the country where consultation is free, but medicine is not.[5]Of medicines,bupropionandvareniclineare not legally available in North Korea,[29]but herbal medicines are used as smoking cessation aids.[5]

There have been attempts at anti-smoking movements "across the generations" in the country,[16]with the earliest major campaign taking place in 2004.[15]While early campaigns had little effect, they have become more frequent in the 2010s and restrictions on smoking have been observed more closely in recent years;[16]consequently, since the early-2000s; smoking rates have started to decline.[13]There are signs that the North Korean government takes anti-smoking campaigns more seriously than they did in the past.[16]According to the WHO, North Korea now "keenly celebratesWorld No Tobacco Day(WNTD) every year and disseminates information about tobacco use and its effect on health. The Government persuades public health institutions and the media to spread the information about the health effects of tobacco and its adverse impact on environmental protection and economic development. "[25]

Law

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Smoking legislation in North Korea has tightened in recent years, although it is still relatively lax and has not had any really meaningful effect on curtailing smoking rates.[17][16]The rules on where people can or cannot smoke are complex, with smoking prohibited on pavements, ferries, aircraft and at stations, in healthcare and educational facilities, pre-schools and nurseries, shops, theaters, cinemas, culture halls and conference rooms, historic and battle sites, and hotel lobbies.[16][25][31][32][b]However, smoking is not prohibited in either private or work vehicles or on-board trains, at bus stops, near entrances to buildings, in universities, government offices, workplaces, restaurants, cafes, bars, or nightclubs.[16][31][32]

A smoking lounge at theGrand People's Study HouseinPyongyang

Some of the legislation is observed with high levels of compliance,[31]but not uniformly throughout the country.[16]There are not mandatory fines for smoking transgressions,[31]although the newest 2016 anti-smoking campaign has seen fines issued and offenders threatened with images of them being broadcast on TV.[17]Tobacco packaging warning messagesare required on all types of packaging, but their appearance is not regulated in any way.[33]They are usually printed in small print on the side of the package and only state that smoking is harmful to health.[5]However, the descriptions must state thenicotineandtarcontent,[25][c]must not be misleading and do need to be approved by local authorities.[34]Graphic warning images that are now common worldwide have never appeared on packaging in North Korea.[35]Since the creation of the smoking prohibition act in 2020, there are now posters at smoking places displaying graphic images of the effects of smoking, including images of gangrene and lip cancer.[36]

There are no restrictions ontobacco advertising,[37]although there are no advertising campaigns of any kind inNorth Korean media.[38]Tobacco may not be sold to minors[d][39](those under the age of seventeen)[5]andcigarette machinesare banned.[37][e]North Korea imposes no kind of tax at all on tobacco, including specificexcise,ad valoremexcise,value-added tax,sales tax,orimport duty.[26]Electronic cigarettesare legal.[40]

North Korea signed theWHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Controlon 17 June 2003 and ratified it on 27 April 2005.[41]

In 2020, a new legislation concerning smoking was created with a total of 31 articles. The law bans the smoking of cigarettes in public and commercial places such as at childcare, medical and educational facilities, restaurants, at locations where smoking would be a hazard and at welfare service amenities. This law also restricts the sale of cigarettes to only licensed shops. The law also created a tobacco cessation service which will also provide treatment and publicity campaigns against smoking. Before this law, the fine was not encouraged and the penalty was minimal.[42]

Tobacco industry

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The tobacco industry in North Korea is substantial,[15]with 53,000 hectares (2.3% of its arable land)[43]dedicated to tobacco cultivation. This is the fourth-highest percentage of arable land dedicated to tobacco in the world,[44]with the annual output exceeding 80,000 tonnes, making North Korea one of the top 25 tobacco producers worldwide. The best, strongest and most expensive tobacco comes from the north of the DPRK nearthe border with China.[22]

There are many North Korean tobacco companies,[15]making some 30 different types of cigarettes,[11]with the biggest tobacco company being the North Korea General Tobacco Corporation.[45]Some companies export tobacco to theMiddle Eastand elsewhere, sometimes in partnership with foreign firms. For example, theTaedong River Tobacco Company(대동강담배합영회사) and theRason Shinhung Tobacco Company(라선신흥담배회사), both operating in theRason Special Economic Zone,are partnered with the ChineseJilin Tobacco.British American Tobaccoalso has business in the country, but it has reduced its involvement due to political pressure and public relations reasons.[15]During theCold War,North Korea paid for goods it imported from theSoviet Unionwith poor quality tobacco.[46]Later, during the years of theSunshine Policy,high-endPyongyangbrand cigarettes were exported to South Korea where they were popular among South Koreans who wanted to express a pro-reunificationstance.[18]There are some privately owned tobacco factories, some of which are known to producecounterfeitbrand cigarettes for export as part ofNorth Korea's illicit activitiesto earn hard currency.[19]North Korea is one of the largest producers of counterfeit cigarettes in the world.[47]

Leaf tobacco is cheap and can be bought from markets to roll one's own cigarettes. Many rural farmers produce homegrown tobacco on their own plot of land, while others steal tobacco from co-operative farms for sale.[19]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^Law of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea on Tobacco Control 2009,Articles 22 and 23
  2. ^Law of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea on Tobacco Control 2009,Articles 27 and 28
  3. ^Law of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea on Tobacco Control 2009,Article 12
  4. ^Law of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea on Tobacco Control 2009,Article 24
  5. ^Law of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea on Tobacco Control 2009,Article 22

References

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  1. ^"North Korea bans smoking in public places to safeguard 'hygienic living'".The Guardian.Reuters. 5 November 2020.ISSN0261-3077.Retrieved5 November2020.
  2. ^abc"Country Fact Sheet: DPR Korea".The Tobacco Atlas.World Lung Foundation. 2015.Retrieved27 May2016.
  3. ^"Cigarette Use Globally".The Tobacco Atlas.2014.Retrieved27 May2016.
  4. ^WHO Country Profile2015,p. 2.
  5. ^abcdefghi"Smokers' Paradise: North Korea is Now Urging People to Quit, though Kim Jong-un Sets a Poor Example".South China Morning Post.Associated Press. 6 July 2016.Retrieved25 October2016.
  6. ^ab"STEPwise Approach to Chronic Disease Risk Factor Surveillance"(PDF).World Health Organization. 2007. p. 7.
  7. ^abcdWHO 2009,p. 13.
  8. ^Khang 2013,p. 926.
  9. ^Khang 2013,p. 927.
  10. ^Kim et al. 2016,p. 685.
  11. ^abcdLankov 2007,p. 107.
  12. ^abLankov 2007,p. 109.
  13. ^abcdefgLee, Michelle (4 December 2015)."North Korea's Halting Anti-smoking Efforts".NK News.Retrieved28 July2016.
  14. ^Oppenheim, Maya (3 July 2016)."A South Korean Spy Agency Claims They've Worked Out How Much Weight Kim Jong Un Has Put On".The Independent.Retrieved18 August2016.
  15. ^abcdef"Smoking in Pyongyang".chosonexchange.org.Choson Exchange. 30 June 2016.Retrieved25 October2016.
  16. ^abcdefghiMacdonald, Hamish (6 July 2016)."Mixed Messages on Smoking Restrictions in North Korea".NK News.Retrieved25 October2016.
  17. ^abcSeol Song Ah (27 June 2016)."Smoking Ban by Cigarette-loving Kim Riles Residents".Daily NK.Retrieved25 October2016.
  18. ^abcHokkanen 2013,p. 97.
  19. ^abcdefgLankov 2007,p. 108.
  20. ^"North Korea Travel Rules and Tips".New Korea Tours. 2014. Archived fromthe originalon 2 September 2016.Retrieved18 August2016.
  21. ^"Who Reads North Korea's Rodong Sinmun Newspaper?".NK News.13 October 2015.Retrieved24 March2016.
  22. ^abHokkanen 2013,p. 98.
  23. ^"Smoking's Death Toll".The Tobacco Atlas.World Lung Foundation. 2010.Retrieved31 May2016.
  24. ^Eriksen et al. 2015,pp. 14–15.
  25. ^abcdWHO 2011,p. 22.
  26. ^abWHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic2015,p. 137.
  27. ^WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic2015,p. 149.
  28. ^WHO Country Profile2015,p. 1.
  29. ^abcWHO Country Profile2015,p. 4.
  30. ^"Quitting".The Tobacco Atlas.World Lung Foundation. 2012.Retrieved31 May2016.
  31. ^abcdWHO Country Profile2015,p. 3.
  32. ^abWHO 2012,p. 88.
  33. ^WHO Country Profile2015,pp. 5–6.
  34. ^WHO 2012,p. 80.
  35. ^"Warnings & Packaging".The Tobacco Atlas.World Lung Foundation. 2015. Archived fromthe originalon 6 September 2015.Retrieved31 May2016.
  36. ^"More and more people eager to quit smoking".The Pyongyang Times.Archived fromthe originalon 31 May 2021.Retrieved1 June2021.
  37. ^abWHO Country Profile2015,p. 8.
  38. ^WHO 2009,p. 68.
  39. ^WHO 2011,p. 23.
  40. ^WHO Country Profile2015,p. 9.
  41. ^WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic2015,p. 192.
  42. ^"Smoking control gets stricter".The Pyongyang Times.Archived fromthe originalon 31 May 2021.Retrieved1 June2021.
  43. ^"Growing Tobacco".The Tobacco Atlas.World Lung Foundation. 2012.Retrieved31 May2016.
  44. ^Eriksen et al. 2015,p. 47.
  45. ^"Tobacco Companies".The Tobacco Atlas.World Lung Foundation. 2014.Retrieved31 May2016.
  46. ^Lankov, Andrei (2015).The Real North Korea: Life and Politics in the Failed Stalinist Utopia.Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 76.ISBN978-0-19-939003-8.
  47. ^Cha, Victor (2012).The Impossible State: North Korea, Past and Future.London: Random House. p. 8.ISBN978-1-4481-3958-3.

Works cited

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