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Snails as food

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"Escargot" redirects here. For the transcription factor, seeEscargot (transcription factor).
Snail dish fromToledo, Spain

Snailsare eaten in manyareassuch as theMediterranean region,Africa,FranceandSoutheast Asia,while in other cultures,snailsare seen as ataboo food.InAmerican English,edible land snails are also calledescargot,taken from the French word for 'snail',[1]and the production of snails for consumption is called snail farming orheliciculture.Snails as a food date back to ancient times, with numerous cultures worldwide having traditions and practices that attest to their consumption.

The snails are collected after the rains and are put to "purge" (fasting). In the past, the consumption of snails had a marked seasonality, from April to June.[2]Now, snail-breeding techniques make them available all year. Heliciculture occurs mainly inSpain,France,andItaly,which are also the countries with the greatest culinary tradition of the snail.[3]Although throughout history the snail has had little value in the kitchen because it is considered "poverty food", in recent times it can be classified as adelicacythanks to the appreciation given to it byhaute cuisinechefs.[4][5]

Etymology ofescargot[edit]

Escargot,French pronunciation:[ɛskaʁɡo]ⓘ,comes from the French term for snail. Usage of the French word "escargot" dates back to 1892. The French word, first recorded in the 14th century, derives fromescaragol(Provençal) and thenescargol(Old French). It ultimately traces back throughVulgar Latincoculiumand Classical Latinconchyliumto the Ancient Greekkonchylion (κογχύλιον),which meant "edible shellfish, oyster". TheOnline Etymological Dictionarynotes that the form of the word in Provençal and French seems to have been influenced by words related to the scarab.[6]

History[edit]

Researchers have not been able to pinpoint when humans began consuming snails, although archaeological discoveries point to earlier stages than the invention ofhunting.A lot of broken snail shells have been found in theFranchthi Cave,in the GreekArgolis,from the year 10,700 BCE. InHistoria de gastronomía(2004),Fernández-Armestopoints out the possible reasons: snails are easy to handle, and their cultivation "seems like a natural extension of harvesting".[7]

It is difficult to go beyond the limits of a developmentalist and progressive model of the history of food, according to which it is unthinkable that no food was cultivated in such early times, but snail farming is so simple, requires so little technical effort and is conceptually so close to harvesting methods, that it seems doctrinaire to the point of stubbornness to exclude such a possibility.

– Felipe Fernandez-Armesto.[7]

Many sites in theZagros Mountainsof Iraq and theKermanshahregion of western Iran are from the late Pleistocene and include snail shells that have been interpreted as food debris.[8]Specifically, these species were mainlyHelix salomonicaorLevantinaspiriplana.The deposits with snails from the ancientCapsian culture(present-day Tunisia) are of notable importance, as well as those found in theCantabrian Mountains,thePyreneesand thenorthern Adriatic(present-day Croatia and Slovenia), in addition to many other remains of snails throughout the Mediterranean Basin.[9][10]The most convincing evidence for prehistoric land snail consumption is found in theMaghreb,beginning in theIberomaurusian(20,000 BP) and continuing through the Capsian to at least 6,000 BP.[11]Outside the Mediterranean region, the occurrence of land snails as food debris is less common. According toLubell (2004b),archaeological remains of land snails have been found in the Caribbean, Peru, Texas and other parts of North America, East Africa, Sudan, Nigeria, and the Philippines. Also, archaeological remains offreshwater snailshave been found inYunnan.

Inancient China,inThe Book of Rites,a Confucian text, there is a mention of a snail sauce.[12][13]

Ancient Rome[edit]

The Romans considered escargots anelite food,as noted in the writings ofPliny the Elder.The Roman breederQuintus Fulvius Lippinusis considered the "father" of heliciculture, or at least, the first written reference to snail farms. Lippinus established his study center in the Tuscan city ofTarquiniato feasibly domesticate various animals, such as dormouse and wild boar, among many others. However, he was best known for his enormous snails, of which he had several species brought fromIllyriatoAfrica.With a fatty diet he devised to fatten them, he obtained large quantities of snails, which he then marketed in Rome. His snails set the trend among the Roman upper class, and the practice became popular. Lippinus was an innovator who managed a large company that marketed his snails beyond theMare Nostrum.[n. 1]InDe re coquinaria,one of the complete Roman cookbooks, four recipes based on snails are mentioned.[14]Shells of the edible speciesCernuella virgataandOtala lacteahave been recovered from the Roman-era cityVolubilis,in present-dayMorocco.They are a harbinger of the escargot found in modern souks of the country.[15]

Modern Age[edit]

Pope Pius V,who was an avid eater of snails, decided that they had to be considered as fish to continue eating them duringLent,exclaiming:Estote pisces in aeternum!( "you will be fish forever!" ).[16]In Spain, the custom continued to have continuity as can be seen in the gastronomicliteratureof thattime.In theLibro del arte de cozina[es]by Diego Granado, head chef of the Spanish royal household, a section was dedicated to the snail, explaining its biological characteristics, how to clean it, and various recipes on how to cook it, fry it, etc. This book was published in 1614 inLleida,a city in westernCataloniafamous for its culinary tradition of the snail.[17]

In the stricterOrthodox Churchtradition of fasting, snails are still considered fully Lenten, beinginvertebrates,and are historically and presently popular.[18]

Species[edit]

Not all land snails are edible since many are too small—not worthwhile to prepare and cook—and the palatability of the flesh varies among species.

From the genusHelix:

From the familyAchatinidae:

From the genusCepaea:

From the genusOtala:

From the genusPomacea:

  • Pomacea canaliculata,apple snail, although native to South America, is widely consumed in Asia and is considered a highly invasive species
  • Pomacea urceus,in Colombia and Venezuela, where it originates, is known asguarura

Others:

Nutrition[edit]

Nutritional value per
Energy377 kJ (90 kcal)
2
Sugars0
Dietary fibre--
1.4
16.1
VitaminsQuantity
%DV†
Vitamin A equiv.
11%
100 μg
Thiamine (B1)
1%
0.01 mg
Riboflavin (B2)
9%
0.12 mg
Niacin (B3)
9%
1.4 mg
Vitamin B6
8%
0.13 mg
Vitamin B12
21%
0.5 μg
Vitamin C
0%
0 mg
Vitamin D
0%
0 IU
Vitamin E
33%
5 mg
Vitamin K
0%
0.1 μg
MineralsQuantity
%DV†
Calcium
1%
10 mg
Copper
44%
0.4 mg
Iron
19%
3.5 mg
Magnesium
60%
250 mg
Phosphorus
22%
272 mg
Potassium
13%
382 mg
Selenium
50%
27.4 μg
Sodium
3%
70 mg
Zinc
9%
1 mg
Other constituentsQuantity
Water79.2
†Percentages estimated usingUS recommendationsfor adults,[19]except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation fromthe National Academies.[20]

Snail meat has several benefits compared to other meats, highlighting its low calorie and fat content.[21]It is a source of protein (between 10 and 19%). Nutritional information can vary depending on the snail species and on who performs the nutritional analysis.[n. 2]Even so, it can be said that snails are rich in inorganic nutrients: 82% water, minerals such asmagnesiumandiron(mainly, but also calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and sodium), in addition to a high percentage of niacin (vitamin B3), since for every 100 g of snail meat, up to 55% of theDRI(in women) and 41% DRI (in men).[2]Snails are a good source ofselenium.Of the recommended daily requirement of selenium, the snail provides up to 50% (in women) and 30% (in men).[21]

Snail flesh is a good supply of essential amino acids such as lysine, methionine, and cysteine, which are difficult to get in other sources of protein, according to Adeyeye et al. (2020). Scientists also point out that a variety of vitamins, including vitamins A, E, and B12, are present in snail meat and are crucial for maintaining general health and wellbeing.[22]

Due to high iron content, snails are recommended for consumption by people suffering fromiron-deficiency anemia.[23]The fat content is low, but provides beneficialOmega -3 fatty acids.[21]

Culinary use[edit]

Cleaning[edit]

Before use in the kitchen, snails must be cleaned to remove impurities.[2]The cleaning process (calledpurgadoin Spanish) consists of leaving them alive for several days without eating, or only eating flour. The flour method is a homemade resource to clean the animal's digestive tract.[24]Formerly in Spain, snails were hung frommesh bagsfrom which they could not escape. Snail chefMorell i Bitrià (1999)recommends not giving them anything to eat for at least eight days (ideally ten or twelve) and then washing them well. Snails that die during the purging process should be disposed of.[25]

Preparation[edit]

Snail slimeshould be removed with as many washes of water as possible, in a colander under running water or in a saucepan. Again they are washed, this time with salt water, which helps cut through the slime.[24]After being cleaned and washed several times, they are transferred to a pot with cold water and salt, and when they emerge from their shells, the heat is raised to the maximum, and they are cooked for approximately a quarter of an hour. After this, they are served in the chosen stew, sauce, or recipe. This intermediate action is popularly known asengañar( "cheating" ) the snail in Spain, since when they notice a certain heat, they come out of their shells, and once outside the flame is raised so that they die at that moment.[26]

Consumption[edit]

Inhaute cuisine,it is customary to serve snails with pince à escargot andfourchette à escargot.

In bars where snails are offered as atapa,it is common for them to be served withtoothpicks,as this is the typical rustic utensil for eating snails.[27]A serving commonly ranges between 25 and 30 snails.[5]Inhaute cuisine-style catering, snails are consumed by grasping the shell with apince à escargotand extracting the snail with a fork calledfourchette à escargot.

Escargot food fromAlgeria

On a culinary level, they can be cooked in many ways: stews, baked,a la gormanta,a la brutesque.In the cuisine ofLleida,they are an ingredient in many traditional dishes, in many cases mixed with other meats such as pig's feet, rabbit, chicken, lobsters and prawns, etc.[5]

By region[edit]

African Guinea[edit]

Seller of snails inNigeria

People inCameroon,Ghana,Nigeria,and other countries in the area are used to eating African varieties of snail, which are larger. Typical ofEquatorial Guineais a giant sea snail calledbilolá(Persististrombus latus), eaten stewed or sautéed, which inCape Verdeis known asbúzio cabra,and is grilled on skewers.

Ghana snail

Mediterranean Basin[edit]

There is a tradition of consuming snails in Andorra, Spain, France, Italy, and Portugal on the European side and Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia on the African side.Cornu aspersumis the most widespread species in the Mediterranean basin, the Iberian Peninsula, and the French Atlantic coast.

InFrench cuisine,snails are typically purged, killed, shelled, and cooked (usually withgarlic butter,chicken stockorwine), and then placed back into the shells with the butter sauce and additional ingredients, such as garlic, thyme, parsley, or pine nuts. Special tongs for holding the shell and forks for extracting the meat are typically provided. Escargot is served on indented metal trays with places for six or 12 snails.

InCretan cuisine,the snails are first boiled in white wine with bay leaves, celery, and onion and then coated with flour and fried with rosemary and vinegar.

InMaltese cuisine,snails (Maltese:bebbux) of thepetit grisvariety aresimmeredin red wine or ale withmint,basilandmarjoram.The snails are cooked and served in their shells.

InMoroccan cuisine,snails also calledGhlal,are a popular street food. They are cooked in a jar filled with hot water, special spices, and herbs. After cooking, Moroccan snails are served in small bowls with broth and consumed hot. Moroccan snails are mostly enjoyed during winter as they are believed to be beneficial for health, especially when dealing with the common cold or rheumatism.[28]

A city known for its snail culture is the town of Lleida, in the north-Spanish region ofCatalonia,where theL'Aplec del Cargolfestival has been held since 1980, receiving some 300,000 visitors during a weekend in May.[17]

Southeast Asia[edit]

Snails (balitong, siput sedut, heong lor, etc.) are consumed in Cambodia, the Philippines, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam.

InIndonesia,snails from the rice fields are fried on satay (skewers), a dish known assate kakul,or grilled Tondano'ssate kolombi.

InWest Java,snails from the rice fields are calledtututand are eaten with various sauces and curries.

South Asia[edit]

Ghonghi, fresh water snails popularly made in Tharu community
Ghonghi,fresh water snails byTharucommunity ofNepal

Ghonghiis commonly consumed in theTerai regioninNepal.Ghongis are served with rice and have been a staple food of the indigenous people of Terai for ages.[29][30]

Northeast India(states ofManipur,TripuraandNagaland). In Nagaland, snails are prepared withaxoneand pork meat, especially fats. Locally it is called 'hamok.'[31]In Manipur, they are called 'tharoi'.[32]

North India (states ofUttar PradeshandBihar). In Bihar, especially inMithilaregion, they are called 'doka', at other places in Bihar and eastern Uttar Pradesh, they are called 'ainthi.' They are boiled and the meat is extracted to cook a curry, typically eaten with rice.

Other regions[edit]

  • A growing demand in South America, in particular, Argentina, Chile, Peru, and Uruguay.[33]
  • Snails are consumed by theRomani peoplein Europe.[34]Snail soup is a Romani delicacy.[35]

See also[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related toSnails as food.

Notes[edit]

  1. ^The story of Fulvius Lippinus is documented in theRerum rusticarumlibri III (chapters XII and XIV) byMarcus Terentius Varro,and a century later in theNaturalis Historia(books VIII and IX) by Pliny the Elder.
  2. ^The nutritional information from theUSDAdatabase is shown in the nutritional table (it does not indicate which species of snail). Compare to"Calories in Snails (100 g) and Nutrition Facts".FatSecret.(species not indicated). A second USDA study, with different data and without indicating the species, can be consulted here:«Snails, cooked, NS as to cooking method».USDA.And as a reference for this article, the Spanish Ministry of Food data is taken, seeFundación Española de la Nutrición (2019).

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related toescargot.
Wikimedia Commons has media related toSnail-based food.
Look upescargotin Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

References[edit]

  1. ^"Escargot".Cambridge Dictionary.Retrieved2022-06-22.
  2. ^abcFundación Española de la Nutrición (2019)."Caracol de tierra"[Land snail](PDF).Crustáceos y Moluscos(in Spanish). Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación: 527–528.Retrieved2022-02-04.
  3. ^Villegas Becerril, Almudena (2014).Cocina española e internacional: arte culinario a través de los productos, recetas e Historia(in Spanish) (1 ed.).Vigo:Ideaspropias. pp. 45–46.ISBN978-84-9839-470-2.OCLC898010848.
  4. ^Barbieri, Alberto (2018-04-30)."Alimentos: Caracoles, una larga historia de amor y odio".La Vanguardia(in Spanish).Retrieved2022-05-28.
  5. ^abcMorell i Bitrià 1999,p. 12.
  6. ^Harper, Douglas (2016)."Escargot".Online Etymological Dictionary.RetrievedApril 9,2016.
  7. ^abFernández-Armesto 2004,p. 99.
  8. ^Lubell, David (2004a)."Prehistoric edible land snails in the circum-Mediterranean: the archaeological evidence"(PDF).Petits animaux et sociétés humaines. Du complément alimentaire aux ressources utilitaires. XXIVe rencontres internationales d'archéologie et d'histoire d'Antibe.Antibes:Éditions APDCA: 84–85.
  9. ^MacKinnon, Michael R. (2002).The excavations of San Giovanni di Ruoti. Volume 3, The faunal and plant remains.Alastair Small, Robert J. Buck. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.ISBN978-1-4426-8123-1.OCLC647736476.
  10. ^Lubell, David (2004-12-31)."Are land snail a signature for the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition".Documenta Praehistorica.31:1–24.doi:10.4312/dp.31.1.ISSN1854-2492.
  11. ^Lubell 2004,p. 4b.
  12. ^Li Chi: Book of Rites: An Encyclopedia of Ancient Ceremonial Usages, Religious Creeds, and Social Institutions.University Books. 1967.
  13. ^Book of Rites ( Lễ Ký ),"The Pattern of the Family ( nội tắc )",31;quote: ( thực:OaHải mà cô thực, trĩ canh;……),Legge's translation: "For relishes,snail-juice and a condiment of the broad-leaved water-squash were used with pheasant soup; [...] "
  14. ^Villegas Becerril, Almudena (2011).Gastronomía romana y dieta mediterránea: el recetario de Apicio(in Spanish).Bloomington:Palibrio.ISBN978-1-61764-138-1.OCLC744601447.
  15. ^Hogan, C. Michael.Volubilis,The Megalithic Portal,ed. Andy Burnham (2007)megalithic.co.uk
  16. ^Cattaneo-Vietti, Riccardo; Doneddu, Mauro; Trainito, Egidio (2016-02-04).Man and Shell Molluscs in the History.Bentham Science Publishers. pp.48.ISBN978-1-68108-225-7.
  17. ^abMorell i Bitrià 1999,p. 5.
  18. ^Oberhelman, Steven M. (2020-07-06).Healing Manuals from Ottoman and Modern Greece: The Medical Recipes of Gymnasios Lauriōtis in Context.Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG.ISBN978-3-11-066443-0.
  19. ^United States Food and Drug Administration(2024)."Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels".FDA.Archivedfrom the original on 2024-03-27.Retrieved2024-03-28.
  20. ^National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium.The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US).ISBN978-0-309-48834-1.PMID30844154.Archivedfrom the original on 2024-05-09.Retrieved2024-06-21.
  21. ^abc"Valor nutricional de caracoles"[nutritional value of snails].Touchstone Snails, Helicicultura Comercial(in Spanish). 2017-06-27.Retrieved2022-02-04.
  22. ^Adeyeye, Samuel Ayofemi Olalekan; Bolaji, Olusola Timothy; Abegunde, Titilope Adebusola; Adesina, Taofeek Olawale (2020-01-01)."Processing and utilization of snail meat in alleviating protein malnutrition in Africa: a review".Nutrition & Food Science.50(6): 1085–1097.doi:10.1108/NFS-08-2019-0261.ISSN0034-6659.S2CID213550199.
  23. ^"Caracoles".Alimentos(in European Spanish). 2009-04-27.Retrieved2022-06-21.
  24. ^abSánchez 2017.
  25. ^Cano, Julio César (2004). "Los caracoles. Ingredientes para hacer una buena caracolada".La cocina charnega(in Spanish) (1 ed.).Barcelona:Grup 62. p. 60.ISBN84-8307-619-5.OCLC55844574.
  26. ^Cano 2004,p. 61.
  27. ^García, Mario Corral (2019-08-25)."A caracoles".ElDiario.es(in Spanish).Retrieved2022-05-28.
  28. ^"Top 10 Best Moroccan Street Food You Must Try - MoroccanZest".Moroccan Zest.2018-09-03.Retrieved2018-09-29.
  29. ^"8 popular ethnic food items in Nepal".OnlineKhabar.2021-04-10.Retrieved2022-12-29.
  30. ^"Ghonghi, delicacy of snail – Boss Nepal".Retrieved2024-02-28.
  31. ^extrovert, kesangunuoAn; Foodie, a; girl!, a lover of books My friends describe me as a fun loving (2017-07-02)."Recipe of Snail Dish – Naga Style - Roots and Leisure".rootsandleisure.Retrieved2024-02-28.
  32. ^"Tharoi Thongba".Lukthel.2023-04-23.Retrieved2024-02-28.
  33. ^"El caracol en la gastronomía".Cocina y Vino(in European Spanish). 2016-10-25.Retrieved2022-06-21.
  34. ^We are the Romani People.p. 80.
  35. ^Goce Nikolovski.Taste of Romani (Gypsy) Cuisine.

Bibliography[edit]

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