Snow in Australia
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Kanangra_winter_wonderland.jpg/240px-Kanangra_winter_wonderland.jpg)
Snow in Australiais very rare atsea level,but is common on the highlands of the southeast, in the states ofNew South Wales,Victoria,Tasmaniaand in theAustralian Capital Territory.[1]
Wintersnowfalls with some regularity above 900 metres (3,000 ft) on theGreat Dividing Rangebut seldom as far north as theDarling Downsin southernmost Queensland, and in isolated parts ofSouth AustraliaandWestern Australia,but outside these areas, snow is an extremely rare occurrence.[1]Snow is rare even in the southernmost capitals likeMelbourneandHobart,falling less than once every decade, and in the other capitals it is unknown.
Snow sports are well established in Australia'ssouth-east and Tasmania.[2]Climate changeis predicted to substantially reduce natural snowfall and opportunities forsnowmakingat Australian alpine resorts, representing a threat to the viability of Australia's ski industry.[3]
Alpine areas
[edit]Snowy Mountains
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Thredbo_Top_Station_weather_station_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Thredbo_Top_Station_weather_station_-_panoramio.jpg)
In New South Wales, the elevated regions of theSnowy Mountainsexperience analpine climate,where the areas above 1,400 metres (4,600 ft) are subject to a consistent heavy wintersnowpack.Heavy snow normally occurs to around 900 metres (3,000 ft) in most winters, especially on the western side of the ranges (on theSouth West Slopes), while lighter and more sporadic snowfalls usually occur to 600 metres (2,000 ft).
Kiandra,CabramurraandPerisher Valleyreceive an average of 47.5, 53.2 and 60.2 snowy days annually, respectively[4]– elevations are 1,395 metres (4,577 ft), 1,475 metres (4,839 ft) and 1,735 metres (5,692 ft) in that order. Fornorthern hemispherecomparison, Kiandra receives more annual snowy days thanToronto(41 days) andHarbin(45 days), with Cabramurra tying withWinnipeg(53 days) and Perisher Valley withBuffalo, New York(60 days).
Brindabella Range
[edit]In theAustralian Capital Territory,Namadgi National Park,Mount GingeraandMount Gininiin theBrindabella Rangesee regular snowfall, with Mt. Gingera being the most prominent snow-covered peak to be observed from Canberra in winter.[5]
Victorian Alps
[edit]In theVictorian Alps,Falls Creek,Mount HothamandMount Bullerreceive 61.2, 66.1 and 67.6 snowy days, respectively.[4]Elevations are 1,510 metres (4,950 ft), 1,750 metres (5,740 ft) and 1,707 metres (5,600 ft) in that order. For northern hemisphere comparison, Mount Hotham receives slightly more snowy days thanSyracuse, New York(65.5 days), and Mount Buller receives almost the same amount of snowy days asWarsaw(68.0 days).
The former town ofAberfeldyaverages 32.5 snowy days per annum at just 1,060 metres (3,480 ft),[4]making it the snowiest locality on mainland Australia, in addition to having more snowy days than northern hemisphere cities withcolder winterslikeChicago(28.2 days),Berlin(24.3 days) and even approaching those ofMinneapolis(38.2 days).
Tasmanian Highlands
[edit]In Tasmania, mountainous areas receive heavy snow above 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) every year, and due to its far southern latitude, this level frequently reaches 800 metres (2,600 ft), and at times 600 metres (2,000 ft) or even 400 metres (1,300 ft) in the state'sSouthwestregion.[6]Mount Wellingtonwhich rises to 1,271 metres (4,170 ft) is frequently covered by snow, at times even in summer, receiving 57.3 days of snow annually.[7]
Butlers Gorge,Lake St ClairandLiaweneein theCentral Highlandsfeature 27.1, 33.1 and 41.8 snow days a year, respectively.[8]Elevations are 666 metres (2,185 ft), 750 metres (2,460 ft) and 1,065 metres (3,494 ft) in that order.
Regional towns and cities
[edit]New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Orange_railway_station%2C_New_South_Wales%2C_Australia_06.jpg/220px-Orange_railway_station%2C_New_South_Wales%2C_Australia_06.jpg)
In theCentral West,the major regional city ofOrangereceives an average of 3.9 snowy days per annum. There are many smaller towns in the region that receive snow on an annual basis, such asBlayney,Millthorpeand particularlyOberonwhich sees an average of 6.2 snowy days annually. The last snowfall inCowra,a town of just 300 metres (980 ft), occurred in 2015.[9][10]A freak snowfall had occurred in the Central West on 5 July 1900, bringing an impressive 1 ft 10 in (56 cm) of snow toMudgee,whileBathurstmeasured at 68 centimetres (27 in) in the main street.[11][12]
Heading east to the upperBlue Mountains,in towns such asKatoomba,Medlow Bath,Wentworth Falls,Leura,Mount Victoria,BlackheathandLithgow,3–4 snowfalls per year are recorded.[4]Being on the eastern side of the ranges, snow is confined to higher elevations due to thefoehn effect,[13][14]and it is extremely rare to see snow belowLawson.[15][16]
Snow is quite rare in theSouthern Highlandsof theIllawarradue to its eastern location, though the last significant snowfall occurred inBerrima,BowralandMittagongin July 2015.[17][18][19]In 1947, theMacquarie Passroadway was covered in a dusting of snow.[20]Further south in the nation's capitalCanberrait snows once every 5 years, though snowfalls are common in theMonaroregion to the far south, in towns such asCooma,Bombalaand particularlyNimmitabelwhich sees 8.0 snowy days annually.[4]
Following theHume Highwayfurther inland, it snows once every few winters in the regional city ofGoulburnand in towns likeGunningandYass.The northern and north-western parts of the region are substantially higher in elevation, with moderate to heavy snowfalls occurring most years inCrookwelland to a lesser extentTaralga.
West of the Great Dividing Range in southern New South Wales, particularly in theRiverinaandSouth West Slopes,snow is observed to much lower altitudes than elsewhere in the state, being more exposed to cold south-westerly airmasses.Parkes,ForbesandWagga Wagga,among others, have recorded snow on multiple occasions in the past, despite their very low elevation; snow has been observed to settle as low as 165 metres (541 ft) inAlbury,most recently in July 1966.[21][22]In August 2019 there was snow on the ground inTumutat 280 metres (920 ft), with reports of flakes as far north-west asJunee.[23]On 24 July 1936 a possible flurry of snow was reported inHayin the Riverina's far west, which if verified would be the lowest known snowfall to have ever been observed in the state of New South Wales,[24]at just 90 metres (300 ft) above sea level. Snow has been recorded on three separate occasions inNarrandera,145 metres (476 ft), in August 1899, July 1901 and June 1908.[25]
In northern New South Wales, snow is recorded once or twice every few years inGuyra,ArmidaleandGlenn Inneson theNorthern Tablelands,[4]and rather scantily, inNundle(nearTamworthinNew England). Going further inland, inGunnedah,a town in theNorth West Slopes,the most recent snowfall occurred in 1984. InDubbo,in theOranaregion, it last snowed in July 1951 and 1920.[26]
Victoria and Tasmania
[edit]Due to their latitude and exposure to cold south-westerly airmasses, snow regularly occurs to much lower elevations than in New South Wales, with some occurrences to sea level.
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Mount_Warrenheip_and_Snow_%2828276765685%29.jpg/220px-Mount_Warrenheip_and_Snow_%2828276765685%29.jpg)
In western and central Victoria it snows around once or twice a year in the major regional city ofBallarat,as well as inKynetonandStrathbogie,while inTrenthamit snows on 7.8 days per annum.[4][27]Snow is very rare inBendigoto the north.HorshamandHamiltonhave recorded significant snowfalls in 1882, 1901 and 1910.[28][29]
In Victoria's North-East,Beechworthsnows about once a year, while the higher localities ofBogong,TolmieandWoods Pointreceive 5.7, 8.7 and 7.8 snow days per annum,[4]with occasional snowfalls in low-lying towns likeCorryong.A heavy fall of snow was observed inBenallaon 31 May 1913.[30]
InEast Gippsland,the locality ofBendocaverages 14.7 snowy days per annum, whileOmeosits at 4.7 days. Unlike the rest of the state, this region receives the majority of its snow events from southerly to south-southwesterly weather systems (being largely sheltered from the west).
In southern Victoria andWest Gippsland,there is a greater chance of late spring and summer snowfall, with an occurrence of snow on 25 December 2006 in theDandenong Ranges,not more than 600 metres (2,000 ft) in elevation.[31]Snow to 400 metres (1,300 ft) or less is not uncommon during winter, particularly on theStrzelecki Rangesin the deep south of the mainland.
In Tasmania, towns nearer to sea level such asQueenstown,Zeehan,Oatlands,BothwellandRoseberyfeature around 2–3 snow days per year, withErribarecording 8.6 days,Waratahin the northwest recording 9.5 snow days per annum,Strathgordonaround 12.7 days,Tarraleahin theCentral Highlandsrecording 14.1 snow days andBronte Parkalso in the Central Highlands registering 17.6 snow days per annum.[4]
South Australia and Western Australia
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Snow_in_the_Flinders_Ranges.jpg/220px-Snow_in_the_Flinders_Ranges.jpg)
Snow has fallen in the hill suburbs ofAdelaide(Adelaide Hills), with the last major snowfall in July 1951,[32]and thePerthregion (Perth HillsaroundKalamunda,RoleystoneandMundaring,with the most recent snowfall occurring in 1968 and in 1956).[1]InMount Gambier,only 60 metres (200 ft) above sea level, the last time it snowed was in 1951 and 1932.[33]In theFlinders Range,snow has been recorded in theWilpena Poundand atBlinman,[34]with the last significant snowfall being recorded in 1995.[35]
In Western Australia,Stirling Range(nearAlbany) records some snow, as it is the only mountain range far enough south and sufficiently elevated.[36][37]More rarely, snow can fall on the nearbyPorongurup Range,with the last significant falls in October 1992 and June 1956. The most widespread low-level snow in Western Australia occurred on 26 June 1956 when snow was reported inWongan HillsandSalmon Gums.[38]
Queensland and Northern Territory
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/StateLibQld_2_175835_Snow_covered_landscape%2C_looking_towards_Stanthorpe_from_Mount_Marlay%2C_1925.jpg/220px-StateLibQld_2_175835_Snow_covered_landscape%2C_looking_towards_Stanthorpe_from_Mount_Marlay%2C_1925.jpg)
In theNorthern Territory,light snow last fell onUluruon 11 July 1997,[39]and nearAlice Springson at least one occasion.[1]
Darling Downsand theGranite Beltinsoutheastern Queenslandoccasionally receive snowfall in winter, with heavy falls being recorded in 1960, 1974, 1984, 2007 and 2015.[40][41][42][43]Snow has been reported on the higher parts ofToowoombaon several occasions, with the recent event being in July 2015.[44]In 1965, snow fell as far north asEungella,nearMackayintropical Queensland.[45]Extreme snow eventshave also produced snow as far north-west asLongreachin Queensland.
The frequency and intensity of such events insouthern Queenslandhave been decreasing significantly over the past 40 years and the most northerly occurrence of snow in this time frame has been theBunya Mountainsin southern Queensland, where light snowfall occurs every few years in some occasions.[46]InStanthorpe,light snow is occasionally recorded, with the most significant snowfall in over 30 years occurring on 17 July 2015, where 8 centimetres (3 in) fell there and nearby areas that day.[47]Ballandeanin south-east Queensland also saw snow on that day.[48]
Sea level snowfall
[edit]Tasmania
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Hobart_snow%2C_August_2013.jpg/220px-Hobart_snow%2C_August_2013.jpg)
Whilst snow at sea level is a very rare occurrence inmainland Australia,it is more occasionally recorded in western Tasmania (namely in theSouthwest) where snowfalls at sea level can occur nigh to annually during the winter months; in the extreme event of November 2021, snow was recorded to sea level onBruny Island.It is much rarer on the east coast of Tasmania due to beingleewardof the snow-bearingwesterlies.[49]
Launcestonreceives snowfall in the rare occasion, with snow falling in 1951, 1986, 2015 and 2020.[50][51]Dover,a coastal town in the southern fringe of Tasmania, features 2.3 snow days per year.[4]InHobart CBD,the last major snowfalls occurred in 2015, 1986 and 1921.[52][53]
New South Wales and Victoria
[edit]Snow at sea level in Melbourne last occurred in August 2005, in theMelbourne's southern suburbsnearMornington Peninsula.[54]ThoughMelbourne CBDhas not recorded snow since 1986.[55]
InSydney,"snowfall" was last alleged on 28 June 1836, where British settlers inHyde Parkclaimed to have woken up to "snow nearly 1 in (2.5 cm) deep" – However, after a fall ofgraupelin July 2008, the Bureau of Meteorology had doubted the 1836 "snow" account, stating that observers in that era lacked the technology to distinguish snow from soft hail.[56][57]Furthermore,melting snow(or sleet) was observed in the Sydney area in 1951 and 1986, though the Bureau also doubted those events had "true" snow.[58][59]
Climate statistics
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Spencers_Creek_Average_Depths.png/220px-Spencers_Creek_Average_Depths.png)
TheEl Niño-Southern Oscillation(ENSO),Indian Ocean Dipole(IOD), andSouthern Annular Mode(SAM) are all the primary drivers for snow in Australia, where there is a strong reduction in snow cover in winter during years ofEl Niñoor positive SAM phase.[60]
TheAustralian Alpsrange between 1,778 mm (70 in) and 3,810 mm (150 in) of total precipitation during winter.[1]In 1973 temperatures remained too warm, while in 1982 it was too dry for much of a snow season. However, some other years have abundant snow – the Bureau cites 1981 as an example. The unpredictability of Australian snow conditions was highlighted in 2006 when severe drought and a poor snow season gave way to a "White Christmas"and abundant snow falls in the alpine regions of New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania and even a low altitude snow fall on 25 December in theDandenong RangesonMelbourne's north-eastern fringe.[61]
Low altitude and recent susceptibility tohigh pressure ridging;as well as seasonal (early spring) dust storms in theSimpson Desertdepositing red dust on the ranges (causing less UV reflection and therefore faster melting), keep the snow season relatively short (June–Oct). Heavy snow can fall however, at any time between April and December in the Australian High Country, with areas likeMount Dandenongreceiving snow in December.[62]In New South Wales, a heavy natural snow season can see a base of up to 3.6 metres in August, at an elevation of 1830 m at Spencer's Creek, (nearCharlotte Pass). Typically, depths will be lower than this.[63]
Climate change
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Unexpected_snow_in_Australia_ESA19426785.tiff/lossy-page1-220px-Unexpected_snow_in_Australia_ESA19426785.tiff.jpg)
Australia's ski resorts are located near the top of some of thehighest mountains in Australia,and there is therefore little scope to relocate to higher, colder areas if the existing ski fields become too warm.[3]
The Australian snow season varies from year to year. However, observations in 2024 show a declining trend in maximumsnow depthwithin the past 70 years, with a downward tendency of about 0.4–0.6 cm per year since 1954. This is a result of increasing temperatures and decreasing cold frontal precipitation in winter, mostly caused by increases in worldwidegreenhouse gasemissions, which drive the westerly wind belt further south. Therefore,climate modelspredict more declines in snow cover in the future. 2023 had a weak snow season owing to the remarkably warm and dry weather conditions from July to September.[64]
Since 1950, the Australian Alps annual average temperature has risen by around 1.4 degrees Celsius. By around 2050, in Victoria, peak snow depths atFalls CreekandMount Hothamwould decrease by 30%–70% for a lowemissionsscenario and by 45%–90% for a high emissions case.[64]
See also
[edit]- Skiing in Australia
- Climate of Australia
- Weather extremes in Australia
- Effects of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation in Australia
- Geography of Australia
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