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Socialism in IranorIranian socialismis a political ideology that traces its beginnings to the 20th century and encompasses various political parties in the country. Iran experienced a shortThird World Socialismperiod at the zenith of theTudeh Partyafter the abdication ofReza Shahand his replacement by his son,Mohammad Reza Pahlavi(though the party never rose to power). After failing to reach power, this form of third world socialism was replaced byMosaddegh's populist, non-alignedIranian nationalismof theNational Frontparty as the main anti-monarchyforce in Iran, reaching power (1949–1953), and it remained with that strength even in opposition (after theoverthrowing of Mossadegh) until the rise ofIslamismand theIranian Revolution.[1]The Tudehs have moved towards basic socialistcommunismsince then.[2]

Iranian Socialist organizations during 1900–1979[edit]

Social Democratic Party[edit]

Main article:Social Democratic Party (Persia)

In 1904 or 1905, theSocial Democratic Partywas formed byPersianemigrants inTranscaucasiawith the help of local revolutionaries, maintaining close ties to theRussian Social Democratic Labour PartyandHemmat Party.[3][4]It was the first Iranian socialist organization.[5]The party created its own mélange of European socialism and indigenous ideas and upheld liberalism and nationalism. It maintained some religious beliefs[4]while being critical of the conservativeulama[4]and embracingseparation of church and state.[6]It was founded byHaydar Khan Amo-oghliand led byNariman Narimanov.[3][4][6]

Unified Socialist Party and Social Reformers Party[edit]

Main article:Unified Socialist Party (Persia)

During theconstitutional period,theUnified SocialistandSocial Reformers Partywere both socialistpolitical partiesinPersia.[7]The Social Reformers Party was considered to follow a moderate line in comparison to theDemocrat Partyand theSocial Democratic Party'seconomic platform, but opposed the landlords likewise.[8]

Union and Progress Party[edit]

Main article:Union and Progress Party (Persia)

Democrat Party[edit]

Main article:Democrat Party (Persia)

Founded in 1909 inQajariPersiaduring theconstitutional period,theDemocrat Partywas one of two major parliamentary parties at the time alongside its rival, theModerate Socialists Party.[6]The party had asocial democratideology, initially was an offshoot of theTranscaucasia-basedSocial Democratic Party.It severed direct ties withBakuand dropped "Socialist" from the name in deference to the conservative public. Its ideology, however, remained heavily borrowed from the old party.[9]It was largely composed ofmiddle-classintellectuals and stood for theseparation of church and state.[9]

In 1918, the party had split definitively into the Pro-Reorganization Democrats led byBahar;and the Anti-Reorganization Democrats.[6]

Notable members wereHassan TaqizadehandHaydar Khan Amo-oghli.[9][6]

Socialist Revolutionary Party[edit]

Main article:Socialist Revolutionary Party (Persia)

Founded in the 1900s, theSocialist Revolutionary Party,also known as Social-Revolutionaries, was aPersianrevolutionary socialistparty based inBaku,Caucasus Viceroyalty.[10]It was one of the most important parties established by the Persian emigrants in Transcaucasia duringQajar dynasty.[11]The party published anAzerbaijani languagenewspaper twice a week, namedEkinçi ve Fe'leand edited by Hosayn Israfilbekov.[12]

Communist Party of Persia[edit]

Originally established as the Justice Party in 1917, theCommunist Party of Iranwas an Iranian communist party founded by formerSocial Democratic Party's members who supportedBaku-basedBolsheviks,the party participated inThird Internationalin 1919 and was renamed to theCommunist Party of Iranin 1920.[13]

Socialist Party[edit]

Main article:Socialist Party (Iran)

During the 1920s, theSocialist Partywas a leadingleft-wingpolitical party that was close to theTudeh Party of Iranand it joined the Tudeh-ledUnited Front of Progressive Partiesin 1946, effectively absorbed by the larger group.[14]The roots of the Socialist Party lay in the Democrat Party, a reformist group active in the first two decades of the twentieth century. Following the disintegration of this movement those members who retained faith in the masses and hoped to mobilise the lower and middle classes grouped together under the Socialist Party banner in 1921.[15]The party was led by Sulayman Eskandari, Muhammad Musavat and Qasim Khan Sur as well as Muhammad Sadiq Tabatabai, a member of a leading clerical family recruited largely to hold off the inevitable attacks from conservative clerics.[16]Their main newspaper,Toufan(Storm), was edited by the outspoken and controversial poetMohammad Farrokhi Yazdi.[16]

Branches were set up inRasht,Qazvin,Bandar Anzali,Tabriz,Mashhad,KermanandKermanshahalthoughTehranwas the main base of operations and it was in the capital that the party founded four newspapers and established affiliated groups such as the Union of Employees in the Ministry of Post and Telegraph, a Tenants Association and Patriotic Women's Society.[16]The latter group campaigned for a wider role for women in Iranian society, promoting such initiatives as education for girls and wider provisions for women's health. It had been established in 1922 by Mohtaram Eskandari and quickly affiliated to her husband's party.[17]

The party's programme called for the eventual establishment of equality in society,nationalisationof the means of production,irrigationschemes, a new level of regional government, a free and equal judiciary, the rights of free speech, free assembly and trade union rights, free elections, wider access to education, improved working conditions including an end tochild labourand government intervention againstunemployment.[18]The party gained some support, attracting 2500 members in Tehran alone soon after its formation.[18]

Along with theReformist Party,theRevival Partyand theCommunist Partythe Socialist Party was one of the four groups courted byRezā Shāhas he made his play for the throne of Persia.[19]Along with the Revival Party it formed a working majority in the Iranian parliament that allowed Reza Khan, as he was still known, he form his own reformist government.[20]Khan soon broke from the Socialists and threw in his lot with more conservative elements when he decided to abandon plans for a republic and instead establish himself as king. 134 The part was one of the few in parliament not to actively support Reza's rise to the throne, arguing that despite their support for many of his reforms their republican principles prevented them from endorsing him as a monarch.[21]Following Rezā Shāh's ascension to the throne the Socialist Party disappeared as part of a wider crackdown on anti-monarchist dissent. Iskandari was forced to retire from public life and mobs were organised to harass the party and attack their properties. A Socialist Theatre inEnzeliwas razed to the ground by a police-led mob on the pretext that during a performance ofTartuffea female actor had been on stage whilst in Tehran the Patriotic Women's Society was stoned and their library burnt down.[22]A minor group of the same name emerged in 1944 when radical members of theComrades Partybroke from that group over its failure to support striking workers inIsfahan.[23]

Young Communist League of Persia[edit]

Founded in the midst of theGilan Revolution,theYoung Communist League of Persiawas a communist youth organization inPersiaset up following the July 31, 1920 split between the communist and non-communistJangalielements. The YCL of Persia conducted agitation and propaganda activities and organized armed actions against the followers ofKuchik Khan.[24][25]The organization was crushed after the defeat of the Gilan soviet.[26]

In 1927 different communist youth groups merged, recreating the YCL of Persia.[26]It was a section of theYoung Communist International.[26]In the fall of 1928, the organization was suppressed along with other left groups.[27]

Revolutionary Republican Party of Iran[edit]

Founded in late 1924 by Iranian diaspora in Germany, theRevolutionary Republican Party of Iranwas a moderate leftwingpolitical partyinPersiawith socialist reformist tendencies that published its platform in 1926.[28][29]

Jungle Party[edit]

Main article:Jungle Party

Active in northernIranduring the 1940s, theJungle Partywas asecessionist,nationalist and socialist party founded by armed rebels who tried to revive thePersian Socialist Soviet Republiccreated in 1921 and used its red flag as a symbol.[30][31][13][32]and some ofMirza Kuchik Khan's old associates[33][34]It allied with theIran Party,Tudeh Party of Iran,Democratic Party of Iranian KurdistanandAzerbaijani Democratic Partyin 1946.[35]

Iran Party[edit]

Main article:Iran Party

Established in 1941, theIran Partyis described as the "backbone of theNational Front",the leading umbrella organization ofIranian nationalists.[36][37][38]Founded by mostly of European-educated technocrats, it advocated "a diluted form ofFrench socialism"[39](i.e. it "modeled itself on" the moderateSocialist Partyof France)[40]and promotedsocial democracy,[41]liberal nationalismand secularism.[36][42]The socialist tent of the party was more akin to that of theFabian Societythan to thescientific socialismofKarl Marx.[43]Its focus onliberal socialistanddemocratic socialistprinciples, made it quite different from pure left-wing parties and it did not show much involvement inlabour rightsdiscussions.[44]The Iran Party's basic nucleus were members of the Iranian Engineers' Association.[44]In theIranian legislative election of 1944,five of the party's leaders including Rezazadeh Shafaq, Ghulam'Ali Farivar, AhdulHamid Zanganeh, Hussein Mu'aven, andAbdallah Mu'azemiwon seats, as well asMohammad Mossadeghwho was not a member but the party effectively supported.[39]The party helped Mossadegh establish theNational Front,nationalize the oil industryand rise to power. Some members held office duringMosaddegh government.[44]In the 1950s, the party was led by Karim Sanjabi and Allah-Yar Saleh.[45]It was suppressed following theBritish–American backed coup d'étatin 1953[44]and was outlawed in 1957, on the grounds that it had an alliance with theTudeh Party of Iranten years earlier.[46]It was revived in 1960 and actively contributed to theNational Front (II),which was disintegrated in 1963 and forced to survive secretly. Iran Party held a congress in 1964.[44]Not much is known about the activities of the party between 1964 and the mid-1970s except of some irregular meetings and exchanging views.[44]In 1977, alongsideLeague of SocialistsandNation Partyit revived theNational Front (IV)and demandedRuhollah Khomeini's return to Iran.[44]In early 1979, then secretary-general of the party,Shapour Bakhtiarwas appointed as the last Prime Minister by the Shah and included two Iran Party members in his cabinet.[44]The party however denounced his acceptance of the post, expelled him and called him a "traitor".[47]The party did not play an important role in Iranian political arena after 1979 and was soon declared banned.[44]

Comrades Party[edit]

Main article:Comrades Party

During the 1940s, theComrades Partywas part of a wave of political groupings established in the early 1940s following the removal ofRezā Shāh.[48]The party was formed in November 1942 by Mustafa Fateh, aBritish-educated economist who was close to theTudeh Party of Iranbut who disliked the close relationship which that party had with theSoviet Union.[49]Fateh, who had been an important figure in theAnglo-Iranian Oil Companyedited the Tudeh paperMardomfor a time before establishing his own journal,Emruz va Farda.[49]Abbas Narraqi, another founding member had been one of 53 men imprisoned in 1937 on charges of conspiring to lead a communist revolution.[49]

The Comrades Party called for two main aims i.e. political equality to all Iranians andnationalisationof the means of production.[49]It put forward ten candidates in the1944 election,all of whom came from professional backgrounds.[49]Two members of the Comrades Party were elected to theMajlis of Iranwhere they sat with the Individuals' Caucus, a group they made up along with theIran Partyand variousindependents,all of whom largely followed the lead ofMohammad Mosaddegh.[50]

The party split in 1944, following a dispute inIsfahanwhere clashes between striking workers and local tribes loyal to the Shah had broken out amid accusations that the workers were attempting to lead a communist revolution.[51]The Majlis-based wing of the Comrades Party condemned the workers and affirmed their loyalty to the Shah but another external group joined Tudeh in supporting the strikers and this group, which maintained control ofEmruz va Farda,broke away to form theSocialist Party.[52]

Movement of God-Worshipping Socialists[edit]

Main article:Movement of God-Worshipping Socialists

Founded in 1943,Movement of God-Worshipping Socialistswas one of six original member organizations of theNational Front.[53]The party was led byMuhammed Nakhshab.The organization was founded through the merger of two groupings, Nakhshab's circle of high school students at Dar al-Fanoun and Jalaleddin Ashtiyani's circle of about 25 students at the Faculty of Engineering atTehran University.The organization was initially known as League of Patriotic Muslims. It combined religious sentiments, nationalism and socialist thoughts.[54]

Nakhshab is credited with the first synthesis betweenShi'ismand Europeansocialism.[55]Nakhshab's movement was based on the tenet that Islam and socialism were not incompatible, since both sought to accomplish social equality and justice. His theories had been expressed in hisB.A.thesis on the laws of ethics.[56]

Azerbaijani Democratic Party[edit]

Main article:Azerbaijani Democratic Party

United Front of Progressive Parties[edit]

From 1946 to 1948, theUnited Front of Progressive Partieswas apolitical allianceof left-wing parties inIranoriginally founded by the communistTudeh Partyand the socialistIran Party,they invited other parties to join them in their alleged struggle for "social progressand nationalindependence".[57][58]One of the main planks of the united front was to recognizeCentral Council of United Trade Unionsas the sole legitimate organization of the working-class in Iran.[59]

Iran Unity Party[edit]

Main article:Iran Unity Party

TheIran Unity Partywas a socialist political party that split theIran Partyfollowing its alliance with the communistTudeh Party of Iranin 1946.[44]According toLeonard Binder,the party was in a coalition with theNational Union PartyandSocialist Partyin the 14th parliament.[60]

Toilers Party of the Iranian Nation[edit]

Main article:Toilers Party of the Iranian Nation

Founded on 16 May 1951 byMozzafar Baghai,[61][62]theToilers Party of the Iranian Nationwas a social-democraticpolitical party,[63]initially a member of theNational Front,that pledged support for thenationalization of the Iran oil industryand opposedTudeh Party.[64]They successfully attracted a considerable amount of educated youth (especially in theUniversity of Tehran),Third Forceactivists and shopkeepers fromKermaninbazzar.Yet the party also included a nucleus ofčāqukešandčumāqdār.[62][65]

In the1952 legislative election,the party won two seats byBaghaiandZohari.[64]The party split in 1952 over its relationship withGovernment of Mosaddegh.Under leadership ofMozzafar Baghai,Toilers leftNational Frontand openly opposed the government whileKhalil MalekireestablishedThird Forceunder the name ofToilers Party of the Iranian Nation — Third Forceand continued to support the government.[66]

Toilers formed an alliance withSociety of Mujahed Muslims,led byAyatollah Kashani,pooling their resources and coordinating their activities against government.[62]They actively participated in the1953 coup d'étatand called it a "national uprising", however opposedFazlollah Zahedi's post-coup military government.[64]Following their opposition, their newspapers was banned and their party office was confiscated by the government and the party went on a hiatus untilIranian legislative election, 1960.They resumed activity in 1961 and expressed support forAyatollah Khomeiniin5 June 1963 demonstrations.[64]In 1971, the party was reorganized with the permission of the government, but was forced to cease its activities in 1975 after announcement of the one-party state underResurgence Party.[64]In 1977, Baghai made an attempt to revive the party after declaring loyalty to thePahlavi dynasty,albeit at restricted level.[64]It was soon after dissolved after the revolution of 1979.[64]

League of Iranian Socialists[edit]

Main article:League of Iranian Socialists

In 1960, theLeague of Socialists of the National Movement of Iranor Society of Iranian Socialists was founded byThird Forceactivists led byKhalil Malekiand a number of radical nationalists, most of whom hadsocial democraticleanings and some members withIslamic socialisttendencies. Hossein Malek,Ahmad Sayyed JavadiandJalal Al-e-Ahmadwere among people associated with the group.[67]The party ofsocialistandnationalistideology, formally joined theSocialist Internationalupon establishment.[68]

The organization was a founding member of theNational Front (II)[69]and was considered the "extreme left-wing" within the front.[68]It broke with the front and joined theNational Democratic Frontafter theIranian Revolution.[70]In theIranian presidential election, 1980,the group supportedPeople's Mujahedin of IrannomineeMassoud Rajavi.[71]

Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas[edit]

Main article:Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas

Founded in 1963, theOrganization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas(OIPFG) was aMarxist-Leninistundergroundguerrillaorganization that pursued ideologically anAnti-imperialistagenda and embracedarmed propagandato justify its revolutionaryarmed struggleagainstIran's monarchy system.[72][73][74]They also believed inMaterialism.[75]They rejectedreformism,and were inspired by thoughts ofMao Zedong,Che Guevara,andRégis Debray.[76]Bijan Jazani,known as the "intellectual father" of the organization, contributed to its ideology by writing a series ofpamphletssuch asStruggle against the Shah's Dictatorship,What a Revolutionary Must KnowandHow the Armed Struggle Will Be Transformed into a Mass Struggle?.The pamphlets were followed byMasoud Ahmadzadeh'streatiseArmed Struggle: Both a Strategy and a TacticandThe Necessity of Armed Struggle and the Rejection of the Theory of SurvivalbyAmir Parviz Pouyan.[77]

They criticized theNational Frontand theLiberation Movementas "Petite bourgeoisiepaper organizations still preaching the false hope of peaceful change ".[77]Fedai Guerrillas initially criticized theSoviet Unionand theTudeh Partyas well, however they later abandoned the stance as a result of cooperation with the socialist camp.[76]

In June 1973 the organization merged with thePeople's Democratic Front.[78]Ideological differences had existed between the People's Democratic Front and OIPFG. Front's members opposedLeninism,which they saw as a deviation fromMarxism.[78]

Organization of Communist Revolutionaries (Marxist–Leninist)[edit]

Main article:Organization of Communist Revolutionaries (Marxist–Leninist)

Founded in 1969, theOrganization of Communist Revolutionaries (Marxist–Leninist)was formed in opposition to the Shah regime in Iran and was active in the Iranian student movement in exile. It was aMarxism–LeninistandMaoistideology and it merged withUnion of Iranian Communists (Sarbedaran).[79]

People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran[edit]

Main article:People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran

Founded on 5 September 1965, thePeople's Mojahedin Organization of Iran(MEK) is regarded anIslamic Marxistorganization. Since the 'ideological revolution' in 1985, the organization has no public utterance of ideology subject to itssurvivalistdoctrine.[80]

Union of Iranian Communists (Sarbedaran)[edit]

Main article:Union of Iranian Communists (Sarbedaran)

Peykar[edit]

Main article:Organization of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class

Founded in 1975, theOrganization of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class,or Peykar, also called the Marxist Mojahedin, was a secular splinter group from thePeople's Mujahedin of Iran(PMoI), the largest of Iran's guerrilla groups. Its members broke away from the PMoI to support of secularMarxism Leninism,rather than theLeftist Islamistmodernism of the People's Mujahedin. Its leader were Alireza Sepasi-Ashtiani[81]and Hossein Rouhani[82]By the early 1980s Peykar was no longer considered active.[83]

Movement of Militant Muslims[edit]

Founded in 1977, theMovement of Militant Muslimsis an IranianIslamic socialistpolitical groupled byHabibollah Payman.[84]The group had beenrevolutionary[84]and is close toCouncil of Nationalist-Religious Activists of Iran.[85]The party's ideology isIslamic socialism,[84]Social democracy[84]andAnti-imperialism.[84]

Union of Communist Militants[edit]

Main article:Union of Communist Militants

Founded in December 1978, theUnion of Communist Militants(EMK) was an Iranian maoist group founded byMansoor Hekmat.It took part in theIranian Revolutionof 1979 — marked by the creation ofworkers' councils(shoras). Because of mounting repression in Iran, the organisation sought refuge inKurdistanin 1981. In Kurdistan, the organization merged with aKurdishgroup ofMaoistroots,Komalah.Together, they formed theCommunist Party of Iran(CPI) in September 1983.[86]

Iranian Socialist organizations after 1979[edit]

Organization of Iranian People's Fedaian (Majority)[edit]

Main article:Organization of Iranian People's Fedaian (Majority)

Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas[edit]

Main article:Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas

Founded inc.April 1979, theIranian People's Fedai Guerrillas(IFPG), also known as Dehghani faction, after its leaderAshraf Dehghani,is an Iranian communist organization that split from theOrganization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas(OIFPG) in 1979, dropping the word 'organization' from its name.[87][88]Dehghani broke away from the OIFPG when these accused it of deviating from the strategy ofguerrilla warfare.From the early days ofIranian Revolution,the group claimed to be the "sole genuine communist organization" and opposedthe Islamic Republic.Reportedly, as much as 30% of OIFPG members joined the group and fought in the1979 Kurdish rebellionagainst government forces, backing theDemocratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan.[87]Surviving members of the group and its factions moved to Europe in the 1990s.[89]

Organization of Working-class Freedom Fighters[edit]

Main article:Organization of Working-class Freedom Fighters

Founded in 1979, theOrganization of Working-class Freedom Fightersor simply Razmandegan was a communist party inIranthat opposed both the Soviet line and the guerrilla doctrine.[79]

Fedaian Organisation (Minority)[edit]

Main article:Fedaian Organisation (Minority)

Founded in 1980, theFedaian Organisation (Minority)was an IranianMarxist-Leninistorganisation and an offshoot of theOrganization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas,[89]it split over the dispute withthe majority faction,adhering to the original militant policy of the group, opposing theTudeh Partyand insisted on challenging theIslamic Republic.[79]In January 1982, it was joined by "Organization of Iranian People's Fedaian-Majority Left Wing" led by Moṣṭafā Madani, an offshoot ofOrganization of Iranian People's Fedaian (Majority)that broke away from the latter in October 1980.[89]

Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas – Followers of the Identity Platform[edit]

Main article:Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas (In Search of Identity Program)

Communist Party of Iran[edit]

Main article:Communist Party of Iran

Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas (1985)[edit]

Main article:Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas (1985)

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