Soka Gakkai International
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This articleneeds additional citations forverification.(March 2024) |
Sang 価 học được インターナショナル | |
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Abbreviation | SGI |
---|---|
Formation | January 26, 1975 |
Headquarters | Tokyo,Japan |
Revenue | donations and investments |
Website | www |
Soka Gakkai International(SGI) is an internationalNichiren Buddhistorganization founded in 1975 byDaisaku Ikeda,as anumbrella organizationofSoka Gakkai.
It is run by two vice-presidents, including Hiromasa Ikeda, son of the founder. It claims 12 million adherents, but scholars fear the number is overrated. Recent scholarship estimate Soka Gakkai believers around 2.5 million people in Japan.[3]
SGI is one of the 6000 organizations awarded a consultative status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council, since 1983.[4]
It also remains a controversial organization, due to the ambiguous reputation of the Japanese Soka Gakkai. Some countries consider it as a cult.
History
[edit]The Soka Gakkai International (SGI) was formed at a conference on January 26, 1975, on the island ofGuam.Representatives from 51 countries attended the meeting and choseDaisaku Ikeda,who served as third president of the Japanese Buddhist organizationSoka Gakkai,to become the SGI's founding president. Its founding meeting in Guam is a symbolic gesture referencing Guam's history as the site of some of World War II's bloodiest battles, and proximity toTinian Island,launching place of theatomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki,Japan. The Soka Gakkai's initial global expansion began afterWorld War II,when some Soka Gakkai members married mostly American servicemen and moved away from Japan.[1]Expansion efforts gained a further boost in 1960 when Ikeda succeededJōsei Todaas president of the Soka Gakkai.[2][3]In the first year of his presidency, Ikeda visited theUnited States,Canada,andBrazil,and the Soka Gakkai's first American headquarters officially opened inLos Angelesin 1963.[2][4] In 2000,Uruguayhonored the 25th anniversary of the SGI's founding with a commemorative postage stamp. The stamp was issued on October 2, the anniversary of SGI President Ikeda's first overseas journey in 1960.[5] In May 2015, the SGI-USA was one of the organizing groups for the first-ever Buddhist conference at theWhite House.[6] In June 2015, theSGI-Italywas recognized by the Italian government with a special accord underItalian ConstitutionArticle 8, acknowledging it as anofficial religion of Italyand eligible to receive direct taxpayer funding for its religious and social activities. It also recognizes the Soka Gakkai as a "Concordat" (It: "Intesa" ) that grants the religions status in "a special 'club' of denominations consulted by the government in certain occasions, allowed to appoint chaplains in the army – a concordat is not needed for appointing chaplains in hospitals and jails – and, perhaps more importantly, to be partially financed by taxpayers' money." Twelve other religious denominations share this status.[7][8]
Organization
[edit]The Soka Gakkai International comprises a global network of affiliated organizations. As of 2011, the SGI reported active national organizations in 192 countries and territories with a total of approximately 12 million members.[9]The SGI is independent of the Soka Gakkai (the domestic Japanese organization), although both are headquartered inTokyo.[10] National SGI organizations operate autonomously and all affairs are conducted in the local language.[10]Many national organizations are coordinated by groups such as a women's group, a men's group, and young women's and young men's groups.[11]National organizations generally raise their own operational funds, although the SGI headquarters in Tokyo has awarded funding grants to smaller national organizations for projects such as land acquisition and the construction of new buildings.[11]SGI-affiliated organizations outside Japan are forbidden to engage directly in politics.[11] While the national organizations are run autonomously, the Tokyo headquarters of SGI disseminates doctrinal and teaching materials to all national organizations around the world.[11]The Tokyo headquarters also serves as a meeting place for national leaders to come together and exchange information and ideas.[11] The election or nomination of leaders is typically not decided by the SGI's general membership but by a board of directors.[12]Leadership below national staff, however, has been liberalized; in the United States for instance, the nomination and approval of leaders includes both members and organizational leaders in the process.[13]AuthorKarel Dobbelaerenotes the election of the presidents,[14]as well as a process of "nomination, review and approval that involves both peers and leaders" in choosing other leaders.[15]
Beliefs and social engagement
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Taplow_court_north.jpg/182px-Taplow_court_north.jpg)
SGI members adhere to the philosophy ofNichiren Buddhismas interpreted and applied by the Soka Gakkai's first three presidentsTsunesaburo Makiguchi,Josei TodaandDaisaku Ikeda,[16]incorporating social interaction and engagement into their Buddhist practice.[17]Monthly neighborhooddiscussion meetingsare generally held at the homes of SGI members.[18] Soka Gakkai Malaysia since 2005 has held a non-competitive biennial "Run for Peace" to raise awareness of nuclear disarmament and in support ofculture of peacein the community—reportedly "the largest peace run in the country held in 28 locations nationwide and involving some 115,000 runners."[19] In Dubai, the SGI Gulf association has hosted since 2008 an annual "Poetic Heart" symposium, partnering with other organizations and involving international and local artists as well as poets of all ages.[20] Organizational practices in the United States have been characterized as socially inclusive Buddhism.[21]In 2008, the SGI-USA, which is headquartered in California, publicly opposed that state'sProposition 8(which sought to prevent same-sex marriage), and coordinated with other progressive religious groups to support same-sex couples' right to legally marry.[22][23] In 2012, then-President of the Republic of ChinaMa Ying-jeouremarked that the Taiwan Soka Association had been recognized for its involvement the past 16 years in the general welfare of society, education and religious teaching, highlighting its disaster rescue and relief efforts in the wake ofTyphoon Morakotin 2009.[24] In November 2019, the Soka Gakkai Peace Committee in Japan helped organize the international conference "No Justice Without Life", at whichMario Marazzitiof the Italy-basedCommunity of Sant'Egidio,among others, advocated for a moratorium onthe death penalty.[25]TheItalian Buddhist Institute Soka Gakkaihad earlier endorsed the Community of Sant'Egidio's international appeal "Moratorium 2000", which was launched in 1998.[26][27]
Initiatives promoting peace, culture and education
[edit]The SGI defines itself as a "movement for contributing to peace, culture and education" based on its "interpretation and practical application of the ideas in theLotus Sutra."[28]SGI promotes its engagement on issues including human rights, sustainable development and peace building.[29]
Demographics
[edit]The Soka Gakkai International is notable among Buddhist organizations for the racial and ethnic diversity of its members.[10]It has been characterized as the world's largest and most ethnically diverse Buddhist group.[1][3][10][30]Professor Susumu Shimazono suggested several reasons for this: the strongly felt needs of individuals in their daily lives, its solutions to discord in interpersonal relations, its practical teachings that offer concrete solutions for carrying on a stable social life, and its provision of a place where congenial company and a spirit of mutual support may be found.[31]Peter Clarke wrote that the SGI appeals to non-Japanese in part because "no one is obliged to abandon their native culture or nationality in order to fully participate in the spiritual and cultural life of the movement."[32] In 2015, Italian newspaperla Repubblicareported that half of all Buddhists in Italy are SGI members.[33]
Initiatives promoting peace, culture and education
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/SGI-D_Kulturzentrum_Villa_Sachsen%2C_Bingen_am_Rhein.jpg/220px-SGI-D_Kulturzentrum_Villa_Sachsen%2C_Bingen_am_Rhein.jpg)
According to Yoichi Kawada, director of the Tokyo-based Institute of Oriental Philosophy, the SGI defines itself as a "movement for contributing to peace, culture and education" based on its "interpretation and practical application of the ideas in theLotus Sutra."[34]SGI engagement as a religiousNGOaffiliated with the United Nations in policy discussions on issues including human rights, sustainable development and peace building is similarly described, in the phrasing of its Charter, as contributing to peace, culture and education.[35]: 15, 16, 30 [36]
Nuclear disarmament
[edit]Since 2007, the SGI has collaborated closely with theInternational Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons(ICAN) to develop educational programs and raise awareness on nuclear disarmament, particularly among young people. The SGI also partnered with ICAN to promote theTreaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons,which was adopted at theUnited Nationsin July 2017, and for which ICAN was awarded the 2017Nobel Peace Prize.Beatrice Fihn, executive director of ICAN, stated in a July 2017 interview that the "SGI has been one of our greatest partners in the fight to abolish nuclear weapons."[37] To further increase public awareness of theanti-nuclear movement,the SGI also created "The People's Decade" campaign, which since 2007 has developed a global grassroots network of people dedicated to abolishing nuclear weapons.[38][39]In 2014, an SGI youth delegation met with theUnited Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs(UNODA) regarding coordination of the SGI's efforts and theUNefforts to increase grassroots movements for nuclear abolition. In 2008, then-High Representative for Disarmament AffairsSergio Duartecharacterized SGI's work toward nuclear disarmament as linkinghuman securitywith the fundamental goal of eliminating nuclear weapons.[40] According toPax Christi International,on March 28, 2017, a joint statement of Faith Communities Concerned about Nuclear Weapons, initiated by the SGI, was delivered by Pax Christi Philippines during the first UN negotiating conference for thetreaty to prohibit nuclear weapons.[41]More than 20 religious leaders affirmed through the joint statement their shared "aspirations for peace and for a world where people live without fear," praising world leaders in attendance for "the courage to begin these negotiations" and calling on States not in attendance to join the June–July session of the conference.[42][43]
Environmental awareness
[edit]The SGI also promotes environmental initiatives through educational activities such as exhibitions, lectures and conferences, and more direct activities such as tree planting projects and the SGI's Amazon Ecological Conservation Center, which is administered by SGI-Brazil.[44]The center is engaged in reforestation, the creation of a regional seed bank, and experiments in sustainable agroforestry.[45]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Reflecting_pool_and_visitor_center_at_the_Dr._Daisaku_Ikeda_Park_in_Londrina_Brazil.jpg/220px-Reflecting_pool_and_visitor_center_at_the_Dr._Daisaku_Ikeda_Park_in_Londrina_Brazil.jpg)
One scholar citesDaisaku Ikeda,SGI's president, describing such initiatives as a Buddhist-based impetus for direct public engagement in parallel with legal efforts to address environmental concerns.[46] In India, the Bharat Soka Gakkai (the SGI of India) debuted the traveling exhibit "Seeds of Hope," a joint initiative of the SGI andEarth Charter International.At the exhibit's opening inPanaji,the state capital ofGoa,regional planning head Edgar Ribeiro spoke of lagging efforts to implement environmental laws and stated that "Only a people's movement can take sustainability forward."[47]In Malaysia,Tunku Abdul Rahman University CollegePresident Datuk Dr Tan Chik Heok said that this exhibition helped "to create the awareness of the power of a single individual in bringing about waves of positive change to the environment, as well as the society."[48] In November 2015, the SGI signed on to the Buddhist Climate Change Statement representing "over a billion Buddhists worldwide" in a call to action submitted to world leaders at the21st session of UN climate changetalks held in Paris.[49]The statement affirms that Buddhist spirituality compels environmental protection and expresses solidarity with Catholic and Muslim leaders who have taken a similar stance. Described as "one of the most unified calls by a religion's leadership,"[50]the statement draws on the 2009 pan-Buddhist statement, "The Time to Act is Now: A Buddhist Declaration on Climate Change," to which SGI-USA among others became a signatory in early 2015.[51]
Aid work
[edit]The SGI conducts humanitarian aid projects in disaster-stricken regions. After the2011 earthquake and tsunami in Japan,local Soka Gakkai facilities became refugee shelters and distribution centers for relief supplies. Efforts also included worldwide fundraising for the victims, youth groups, and spiritual support.[52][53] In 2014, SGI-Chile members collected supplies to deliver to emergency services and refugee centers after that country's devastatingIquique earthquake.[54]
Interfaith dialogue
[edit]In 2015, SGI-USA was part of the organizing committee that convened a day-long conference in Washington, DC of 125 Buddhist leaders to discuss Buddhism and civic activism in the United States. The conference identified climate change and the environment, education and peace and disarmament as popular priorities.[55]
Extended content
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Notable members of the Soka Gakkai International include:
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Further reading
[edit]- Causton, Richard:The Buddha in Daily Life: An Introduction to the Buddhism of Nichiren Daishonin.Rider, 1995;ISBN978-0712674560
- Dobbelaere, Karel:Soka Gakkai: From Lay Movement to Religion.Signature Books, 2001;ISBN978-1560851530
- Seager, Richard:Encountering the Dharma: Daisaku Ikeda, Soka Gakkai, and the Globalization of Buddhist Humanism.University of California Press, 2006;ISBN978-0520245778
- Strand, Clark:Waking the Buddha: How the Most Dynamic and Empowering Buddhist Movement in History Is Changing Our Concept of Religion.Middleway Press, 2014;ISBN978-0977924561
External links
[edit]Official SGI websites
- Official website
- SGI Office for UN Affairs– SGI website on its NGO consultative work with the United Nations
- People's Decade for Nuclear Abolition II– SGI website supporting the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons
- Common Threads– SGI blog supporting a culture of peace
- sgi.org/ru– Official SGI website in the Russian language
- International Buddhist organizations
- Buddhist charities
- Organizations based in Tokyo
- Organizations established in 1975
- Peace organizations based in Japan
- Religious organizations based in Japan
- Religious organizations established in 1975
- Soka Gakkai
- 1975 establishments in Guam
- International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons