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Soybean oil

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Soybean oil
Bottles of soybean oil
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Soybean oil(British English:soyabean oil) is avegetable oilextracted from the seeds of thesoybean(Glycine max). It is one of the most widely consumedcooking oilsand the second most consumed vegetable oil.[2]As adrying oil,processed soybean oil is also used as a base forprinting inks(soy ink) andoil paints.

History[edit]

Soybeans were cultivated in China by the lateShang dynasty,around 1000 BCE.[3]Shijing,the Book of Odes, contains several poems mentioning soybeans.[4]

Production[edit]

Country Production, 2019
(tonnes)
1 China 15,998,400
2 United States 11,290,000
3 Brazil 11,263,345
4 Argentina 8,081,200
5 India 1,438,200
6 Mexico 874,503
7 Paraguay 704,200
8 Russia 741,173
9 Egypt 653,400
10 Netherlands 635,200
Source:FAOSTAT
Soybean oil, meal and beans

To produce soybean oil, the soybeans are cracked, adjusted for moisture content, heated to between 60 and 88 °C (140 and 190 °F), rolled into flakes, and solvent-extracted withhexanes.The oil is then refined, blended for different applications, and sometimeshydrogenated.Soybean oils, both liquid and partially hydrogenated are sold as "vegetable oil", or are ingredients in a wide variety of processed foods. Most of the remaining residue (soybean meal) is used as animal feed.

In the 2002–2003 growing season, 30.6 milliontons(MT) of soybean oil were produced worldwide, constituting about half of worldwide edible vegetable oil production, and thirty percent of all fats and oils produced, including animal fats and oils derived from tropical plants.[5] In 2018–2019, world production was at 57.4 MT with the leading producers includingChina(16.6 MT),US(10.9 MT),Argentina(8.4 MT),Brazil(8.2 MT), andEU(3.2 MT).[6]

Composition[edit]

Soybean oil contains only trace amounts of fatty carboxylic acids (about 0.3% by mass in the crude oil, 0.03% in the refined oil).[7]Instead it contains esters. In the following content, the expressions "fatty acids" and "acid" below refer to esters rather than carboxylic acids.

Per 100 g, soybean oil has 16 g of saturated fat, 23 g of monounsaturated fat, and 58 g of polyunsaturated fat.[8][9]The majorunsaturatedfatty acids in soybean oiltriglyceridesare the polyunsaturatesAlpha -linolenic acid(C-18:3), 7-10%, andlinoleic acid(C-18:2), 51%; and the monounsaturateoleic acid(C-18:1), 23%.[10]It also contains the saturated fatty acidsstearic acid(C-18:0), 4%, andpalmitic acid(C-16:0), 10%.

The high-proportion of oxidation-prone polyunsaturated fatty acid is undesirable for some uses, such as cooking oils. Three companies,Monsanto Company,DuPont/Bunge,and Asoyia in 2004 introduced low linolenicRoundup Ready soybeans.Hydrogenationmay be used to reduce the unsaturation in linolenic acid. The resulting oil is called hydrogenated soybean oil. If the hydrogenation is only partially complete, the oil may contain small amounts oftrans fat.

Trans-fat is also commonly introduced during conventional oil deodorization, with a 2005 review detecting 0.4 to 2.1% trans content in deodorized oil.[11][12][13]

Applications[edit]

Food[edit]

Soybean oil is mostly used forfrying,cooking andbaking.It is also used as acondimentforsalads.

Drying oils[edit]

Soybean oil is one of manydrying oils,which means that it will slowly harden (due to free-radical based polymerization) upon exposure to air, forming a flexible, transparent, and waterproof solid. Because of this property, it is used in some printing ink andoil paintformulations. However, other oils (such aslinseed oil) may be superior[how?]for some drying oil applications[citation needed].

Medical uses[edit]

Soybean oil is indicated forparenteral nutritionas a source of calories and essential fatty acids.[14][15]

Fixative for insect repellents[edit]

While soybean oil has no directinsect repellentactivity, it is used as afixativeto extend the short duration of action ofessential oilssuch asgeranium oilin several commercial products.[16][17]

Trading[edit]

Soybean oil is one of the most commonly produced vegetable oils

Soybean oil is traded at theChicago Board of Tradein contracts of 60,000 pounds at a time. Prices are listed in cents and thousandths of a cent per pound, with a minimum fluctuation of 5/1000 cents.[18]It has been traded there since 1951.[19]

Below are theCQGcontract specifications for Bean Oil:

Contract Specifications[20]
Bean Oil (BOA)
Exchange: CBOT
Sector: Grain
Tick Size: 0.01
Tick Value: 6 USD
BPV: 600
Denomination: USD
Decimal Place: 2

References[edit]

  1. ^ab"Fat emulsion Use During Pregnancy".Drugs.30 June 2020.Retrieved16 July2020.
  2. ^"Global vegetable oil consumption, 2019/20".
  3. ^Li Hl (1983). "The Domestication of Plants in China: Ecogeographical Considerations". In Keightley DN (ed.).The Origins of Chinese Civilization.Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 29–38.ISBN0-520-04229-8.
  4. ^Hymowitz T (1970). "On the domestication of the soybean".Economic Botany.24(4): 408–421.doi:10.1007/BF02860745.S2CID26735964.
  5. ^United States Department of Agriculture,Agricultural Statistics 2004Archived2013-03-02 at theWayback Machine.Table 3-51.
  6. ^"World Soy Oil Production".The Soybean Processors Association of India.Archivedfrom the original on 2019-01-04.Retrieved2019-01-04.
  7. ^Rukunudin IH (1998). "A Modified Method for Determining Free Fatty Acidsfrom Small Soybean Oil Sample Sizes".Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society.75(5): 563–568.doi:10.1007/s11746-998-0066-z.S2CID33242242.
  8. ^Poth U (2001). "Drying Oils and Related Products".Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry.doi:10.1002/14356007.a09_055.ISBN3527306730.
  9. ^"Oil, soybean, salad or cooking Nutrition Facts & Calories".nutritiondata.Archivedfrom the original on 2010-03-30.Retrieved2012-11-22.
  10. ^Ivanov DS, Lević JD, Sredanović SA (2010)."Fatty acid composition of various soybean products".Journal of the Institute for Food Technology in Novi Sad.37(2): 65–70.Archivedfrom the original on 4 October 2013.Retrieved21 June2013.
  11. ^Azizian H, Kramer JK (August 2005). "A rapid method for the quantification of fatty acids in fats and oils with emphasis on trans fatty acids using Fourier Transform near infrared spectroscopy (FT-NIR)".Lipids.40(8): 855–867.doi:10.1007/s11745-005-1448-3.PMID16296405.S2CID4062268.
  12. ^"Chapter 5: Processing and refining edible oils".Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.Retrieved2021-07-04.
  13. ^Johnson LA,White PJ,Galloway R (2008).Soybeans: chemistry, production, processing, and utilization.Urbana, IL: AOCS Press.ISBN978-0-12-804352-3.OCLC491265615.
  14. ^"Nutrilipid I.V. fat emulsion- soybean oil injection, solution".DailyMed.23 June 2020.Retrieved16 July2020.
  15. ^"Intralipid- i.v. fat emulsion emulsion".DailyMed.9 January 2019.Retrieved16 July2020.
  16. ^Barnard DR, Xue RD (July 2004)."Laboratory evaluation of mosquito repellents against Aedes albopictus, Culex nigripalpus, and Ochierotatus triseriatus (Diptera: Culicidae)".Journal of Medical Entomology.41(4): 726–730.doi:10.1603/0022-2585-41.4.726.PMID15311467.Archived fromthe originalon 2021-03-08.Retrieved2018-12-29.
  17. ^Fradin MS, Day JF (July 2002)."Comparative efficacy of insect repellents against mosquito bites".The New England Journal of Medicine.347(1): 13–18.doi:10.1056/NEJMoa011699.PMID12097535.
  18. ^"CONSECUTIVE SOYBEAN OIL CSO – CONTRACT SPECS".CME Group.Retrieved25 December2020.
  19. ^Shurtleff W,Aoyagi A(2016).History of Soybean Crushing: Soy Oil and Soybean Meal (980–2016):: Extensively Annotated Bibliography and Sourcebook.Soyinfo Center. p. 1850.ISBN978-1-928914-89-1.
  20. ^"Download Historical Bean Oil Intraday Futures Data (BOA)".PortaraCQG.Retrieved2022-04-14.

External links[edit]

  • "Soybean oil".Drug Information Portal.U.S. National Library of Medicine.
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