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Space ShuttleEnterprise

Coordinates:40°45′55″N74°00′07″W/ 40.76528°N 74.00194°W/40.76528; -74.00194
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Enterprise
Enterprise glides to the left in this view, banked slightly towards the camera, showing "United States" on the port side and American flags on the port side and the port wing. Enterprise has a long probe sticking forward of the nose cone for calibration of instruments, and an aeroshell covering the engine area. Most of the backdrop is sky, but at the bottom, the mountainous horizon of California can be seen through haze.
Enterprisein flight in 1977, during ALT-13
TypeSpaceplane
ClassSpace Shuttle orbiter
EponymUSSEnterprise(NCC-1701)
Other name(s)Constitution(1975–1977)
Serialno.OV-101
OwnerNASA
ManufacturerRockwell International
History
First flight
  • August 12, 1977(1977-08-12)
  • ALT-12
Last flight
  • October 26, 1977(1977-10-26)
  • ALT-16
Flights5
Flight time20 m, 58 s above Earth
FatePrototype
Location
Space Shuttle orbiters

Space ShuttleEnterprise(Orbiter Vehicle Designation:OV-101) was the firstorbiterof theSpace Shuttlesystem. Rolled out on September 17, 1976, it was built forNASAas part of theSpace Shuttle programto perform atmospheric test flights after being launched from amodified Boeing 747.[1]It was constructed withoutenginesor a functionalheat shield.As a result, it was not capable ofspaceflight.[2]

Originally,Enterprisehad been intended to be refitted for orbital flight to become the second space-rated orbiter in service.[1]However, during the construction ofSpace ShuttleColumbia,details of the final design changed, making it simpler and less costly to buildChallengeraround a body frame that had been built as atest article.[1]Similarly,Enterprisewas considered for refit to replaceChallengerafter the latterwas destroyed,butEndeavourwas built from structural spares instead.[1][3]

Enterprisewas restored and placed on display in 2003 at theSmithsonian's newSteven F. Udvar-Hazy Centerin Virginia.[4]Following theretirementof the Space Shuttle fleet,DiscoveryreplacedEnterpriseat the Udvar-Hazy Center, andEnterprisewas transferred to theIntrepidMuseumin New York City, where it has been on display since July 2012.[5]

Differences betweenEnterpriseand future shuttles

[edit]

The design ofEnterprisewas not the same as that planned forColumbia,the first flight model; the aft fuselage was constructed differently, and it did not have the interfaces to mountOMSpods. A large number of subsystems—ranging from main engines to radar equipment—were not installed onEnterprise,but the capacity to add them in the future was retained, as NASA originally intended to refit the orbiter for spaceflight at the conclusion of its testing. Instead of athermal protection system,its surface was primarily covered with simulated tiles made frompolyurethane foam.Fiberglasswas used for the leading edge panels in place of thereinforced carbon–carbonones of spaceflight-worthy orbiters. Only a few sample thermal tiles and someNomexblankets were real.[6]Enterpriseusedfuel cellsto generate its electrical power, but these were not sufficient to power the orbiter for spaceflight.[7]

Enterprisealso lackedreaction control systemthrusters and hydraulic mechanisms for the landing gear; the landing gear doors were simply opened through the use ofexplosive boltsand the gear dropped down solely by gravity.[7]As it was only used for atmospheric testing,Enterprisefeatured a largenose probemounted on its nose cap, common on test aircraft because the location provides the most accurate readings for the test instruments, being mounted out in front of the disturbed airflow.

Enterprisewas equipped withLockheed-manufacturedzero-zero ejection seatslike those its sisterColumbiacarried on its first four missions.[7]

Construction milestones

[edit]
Date Milestone[8]
1972 July 26 Contract Award toNorth American Rockwell
1972 August 9 Construction authorization from NASA
1974 June 4 Start structural assembly of crew module atDowneyplant
1974 August 26 Start structural assembly of aft fuselage at Downey plant
1975 March 27 Mid fuselage arrives at Palmdale fromGeneral Dynamics
1975 May 23 Wings arrive at Palmdale fromGrumman
1975 May 25 Vertical stabilizer arrives at Palmdale fromFairchild Republic
1975 August 25 Start of Final Assembly
1975 September 9 Aft fuselage on dock, Palmdale
1975 October 31 Lower forward fuselage on dock, Palmdale
1975 December 1 Upper forward fuselage on dock, Palmdale
1976 January 16 Crew module on dock, Palmdale
1976 March 3 Payload bay doors on dock, Palmdale
1976 March 12 Complete final assembly and closeout systems installation
1976 March 15 Start functional checkout
1976 June Complete functional checkout, start ground vibration and proof load tests
1976 September 17 Rollout from Palmdale[9]
1976 October–November Start systems retest, complete integrated systems checkout
1977 February 18 First captive flight
1977 June 18 First crewed captive flight[10]
1977 August 12 First free flight

Service

[edit]
Star TrekcreatorGene Roddenberry(third from right, in dark brown), theStar Trekcast (with the exception ofWilliam Shatner) and NASA administrators attendingEnterprise'srollout ceremony

Construction began onEnterpriseon June 4, 1974.[1]Designated OV-101, it was originally planned to be namedConstitutionand unveiled onConstitution Day,September 17, 1976. Fans ofStar TrekaskedUS PresidentGerald Ford,through a letter-writing campaign, to name the orbiter after the television show's fictional starship,USSEnterprise.White House advisors cited "hundreds of thousands of letters" fromTrekkies,"one of the most dedicated constituencies in the country", as a reason for giving the shuttle the name. Although Ford did not publicly mention the campaign, the president said that he was "partial to the name"Enterprise,and directed NASA officials to change the name.[3][11][12]

In mid-1976 the orbiter was used for ground vibration tests, allowing engineers to compare data from an actual flight vehicle with theoretical models.[1]

On September 17, 1976,Enterprisewas rolled out ofRockwell'splant atPalmdale, California.In recognition of its fictional namesake,Star TrekcreatorGene Roddenberryand most of the principal cast of the original series ofStar Trekwere on hand at the dedication ceremony.[13]

Approach and landing tests (ALT)

[edit]
Main article:Approach and Landing Tests
Fred HaiseandGordon Fullerton(wearing oxygen mask) inEnterprise'scockpit, 1977

On January 31, 1977,Enterprisewas taken by road toDryden Flight Research CenteratEdwards Air Force Baseto begin operational testing.[1][14]

While at NASA DrydenEnterprisewas used by NASA for a variety of ground and flight tests intended to validate aspects of the shuttle program.[15]The initial nine-month testing period was referred to by the acronymALT,for "Approach and Landing Test".[1][16]These tests included a maiden "flight" on February 18, 1977, atop aBoeing 747Shuttle Carrier Aircraft(SCA) to measure structural loads and ground handling and braking characteristics of the mated system. Ground tests of all orbiter subsystems were carried out to verify functionality prior to atmospheric flight.[10]

The matedEnterprise/SCA combination was then subjected to five test flights withEnterpriseuncrewed and unactivated. The purpose of these test flights was to measure the flight characteristics of the mated combination. These tests were followed with three test flights withEnterprisecrewed to test the shuttle flight control systems.[1]

On August 12, 1977,Enterpriseflew on its own for the first time.[17]Enterpriseunderwent four more free flights where the craft separated from the SCA and was landed under astronaut control. These tests verified the flight characteristics of the orbiter design and were carried out under several aerodynamic and weight configurations.[16]The first three flights were flown with a tailcone placed at the end ofEnterprise'saft fuselage, which reduced drag and turbulence when mated to the SCA. The final two flights saw the tailcone removed and mockup main engines installed. On the fifth and final glider flight,pilot-induced oscillationproblems were revealed, which had to be addressed before the first orbital launch occurred.[15]

A crane hoistsEnterpriseinto theDynamic Structural Test Facilityto undergo dynamic testing in launch configuration.

Mated Vertical Ground Vibration Test (MGVT)

[edit]

Following the conclusion of the ALT test flight program, on March 13, 1978,Enterprisewas flown once again, but this time halfway across the country to NASA'sMarshall Space Flight Center(MSFC) inAlabamafor the Mated Vertical Ground Vibration Testing (MGVT). The orbiter was lifted up on a sling very similar to the one used at Kennedy Space Center and placed inside the Dynamic Test Stand building, and mated to the Vertical Mate Ground Vibration Test tank (VMGVT-ET), which in turn was attached to a set of inert Solid Rocket Boosters (SRB) to form a complete shuttle launch stack, and marked the first time in the program's history that all Space Shuttle elements, an Orbiter, an External Tank (ET), and two SRBs, were mated together. During the course of the program,Enterpriseand the rest of the launch stack would be exposed to a punishing series of vibration tests simulating as closely as possible those expected during various phases of launch, some tests with and others without the SRBs in place.[18]

Planned preparations for spaceflight

[edit]

At the conclusion of this testing,Enterprisewas due to be taken back to Palmdale for retrofitting as a fully spaceflight capable vehicle. Under this arrangement,Enterprisewould be launched on its maiden spaceflight in July 1981 to launch a communications satellite and retrieve theLong Duration Exposure Facility,then planned for a 1980 release on the first operational orbiter,Columbia.Afterward,Enterprisewould conduct twoSpacelabmissions.[19]However, in the period between the rollout ofEnterpriseand the rollout ofColumbia,a number of significant design changes had taken place, particularly with regard to the weight of the fuselage and wings. This meant that retrofitting the prototype would have been a much more expensive process than previously realized, involving the dismantling of the orbiter and the return of various structural sections to subcontractors across the country. As a consequence, NASA made the decision to convert an incomplete Structural Test Article, numbered STA-099, which had been built to undergo a variety of stress tests, into a fully flight-worthy orbiter, which becameChallenger.

Planned orbital missions[19]
# Date Designation Launch pad Notes
1 July 16, 1981 STS-17 39-A Deployment ofIntelsatV satellite and retrieval ofLong Duration Exposure Facility
2 September 30, 1981 STS-20 39-A Spacelabmission
3 November 25, 1981 STS-22 39-A Spacelabmission

Fit checks

[edit]
Enterprisevisited Kennedy Space Center LC-39A in launch configuration 20 months before the first Shuttle launch.[20]

Following the MGVT program and with the decision to not useEnterprisefor orbital missions, it was ferried toKennedy Space Centeron April 10, 1979. By June 1979, it was mated with an external tank and solid rocket boosters (known as aboilerplateconfiguration) and tested in a launch configuration atKSC Launch Complex 39Afor a series of fit checks of the facilities there.[3]

After this period,Enterprisewas returned to NASA'sDryden Flight Research Facilityin September 1981.[21]In 1983 and 1984,Enterpriseunderwent an international tour visitingFrance,West Germany,Italy,theUnited Kingdom,andCanada.Enterprisealso visitedCalifornia,Alabama,andLouisiana(while visiting the1984 Louisiana World Exposition).

Enterprisevisited Vandenburg SLC-6 in launch configuration 17 months beforethe first West Coast Shuttle launchwas scheduled

Between November 1984 and May 1985,Enterprisewas again mated with an external tank and solid rocket boosters in a boilerplate configuration for a series of fit checks of thenever-used shuttle facilitiesatVandenberg Air Force Basein California.[22][23][24]

On November 18, 1985,Enterprisewas ferried to Washington, D.C., where it became property of theSmithsonian Institutionand was stored in theNational Air and Space Museum's hangar atDulles International Airport.

Post-Challenger

[edit]

After theChallengerdisaster,NASA considered usingEnterpriseas a replacement. Refitting the shuttle with all of the necessary equipment for it to be used in space was considered, but NASA decided to use spare parts constructed at the same time asDiscoveryandAtlantisto buildEndeavour.[3]

Post-Columbia

[edit]
Damage to the leading edge of the wing from the post-Columbiaimpact tests

In 2003 after thebreakupofColumbiaduring re-entry, theColumbiaAccident Investigation Boardconducted tests atSouthwest Research Institute,which used an air cannon to shoot foam blocks of similar size, mass and speed to that which struckColumbiaat a test structure which mechanically replicated the orbiter wing leading edge. They removed a section of fiberglass leading edge fromEnterprise'swing to perform analysis of the material and attached it to the test structure, then shot a foam block at it.[25]While the leading edge was not broken as a result of the test, which took place on May 29, 2003, the impact was enough to permanently deform a seal and leave a thin gap 22 in (56 cm) long.[26][27][28]Since the strength of thereinforced carbon–carbon(RCC) onColumbiais "substantially weaker and less flexible" than the test section fromEnterprise,this result suggested that the RCC would have been shattered.[28]A section of RCC leading edge fromDiscoverywas tested on June 6, to determine the effects of the foam on a similarly aged leading edge, resulting in a three in (7.6 cm) crack on panel 6 and cracking on a T-shaped seal between panels 6 and 7.[29][30]On July 7, using a leading edge fromAtlantisand focused on panel 8 with refined parameters stemming from theColumbiaaccident investigation, a second test created a ragged hole approximately 16 by 16 in (41 by 41 cm) in the RCC structure.[31][30]The tests clearly demonstrated that a foam impact of the typeColumbiasustained could seriously breach the protective RCC panels on the wing leading edge.[30]

The board determined that the probable cause of the accident was that the foam impact caused a breach of a reinforced carbon-carbon panel along the leading edge ofColumbia'sleft wing, allowing hot gases generated during re-entry to enter the wing and cause structural collapse. This causedColumbiato tumble out of control, breaking up with the loss of the entire crew.[32]

Museum exhibit

[edit]

New Orleans, Louisiana

[edit]
Enterpriseon display at the1984 Louisiana World Expositionin New Orleans.

In 1984,Enterprisewas on display during the1984 Louisiana World Exposition(World's Fair) in New Orleans.

Washington, D.C.

[edit]
Enterprise on display in a black hangar filled with other space artifacts including the tops of Mercury and Gemini capsules, rockets and satellites, a Manned Maneuvering Unit, and other space artifacts. An American flag hangs on the wall of the hangar in the back. The Shuttle is resting on its landing gear with the payload bay doors closed, and museum visitors are kept away by stanchions. 13 visitors are visible in this picture, one group is wearing matching yellow shirts. There is ample room for more visitors.
Enterpriseon display at theSteven F. Udvar-Hazy Center.
Enterprise and Discovery meet, rolling on their landing gear, seemingly nose to nose, along a paved path at Dulles airport. A throng of people standing on grass in the foreground has gathered to see the spectacle. Both orbiters have aeroshells covering the engine area.
Enterprise(left) stands withDiscoveryon the latter's delivery to the Smithsonian in Washington D.C.

From 1985 to 2003,[10]Enterprisewas stored at theSmithsonian's hangar atWashington Dulles International Airportbefore it was restored and moved to the Smithsonian's newly builtNational Air and Space MuseumSteven F. Udvar-Hazy Centerat Washington Dulles, where it was the centerpiece of the space collection.[33]On April 12, 2011, NASA announced thatDiscovery,the most traveled orbiter in the fleet, would replaceEnterprisein the Smithsonian's collection once theShuttle fleet was retired,with ownership ofEnterprisetransferred to theIntrepidMuseumin New York City. On April 17, 2012,Discoverywas transported byShuttle Carrier Aircraftto Dulles fromKennedy Space Center,where it made several passes over the Washington D.C. metro area.[34][35]AfterDiscoveryhad been removed from the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft, both orbiters were displayed nose-to-nose outside the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center beforeEnterprisewas made ready for its flight to New York.[36]

New York

[edit]
Space ShuttleEnterprise
Enterprisebeing lifted onto the deck ofIntrepidin June 2012
LocationNew York City
NRHP referenceNo.13000071
Added to NRHPMarch 13, 2013

On December 12, 2011, ownership ofEnterprisewas officially transferred to theIntrepidMuseumin New York City.[37][38][39]In preparation for the anticipated relocation, engineers evaluated the vehicle in early 2010 and determined that it was safe to fly on the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft once again.[40]At approximately 13:40UTCon April 27, 2012,Enterprisetook off from Dulles International Airport en route to a fly-by over theHudson River,New York'sJFK International Airport,theStatue of Liberty,theGeorge WashingtonandVerrazano-NarrowsBridges, and several other landmarks in the city, in an approximately 45-minute "final tour". At 15:23 UTC,Enterprisetouched down atJFK International Airport.[41][42]

The mobileMate-Demate Deviceand cranes were transported from Dulles to the ramp at JFK and the shuttle was removed from the SCA overnight on May 12, 2012, placed on a specially designed flat bed trailer and returned to Hangar 12.[43]On June 3 aWeeks Marinebarge tookEnterprisetoJersey City.The Shuttle sustained cosmetic damage to a wingtip when a gust of wind blew the barge towards a piling.[44]It was hoisted June 6 onto the Intrepid Museum in Manhattan.[45]

Enterprisewent on public display on July 19, 2012, at the Intrepid Museum's new Space Shuttle Pavilion, a temporary shelter consisting of a pressurized, air-supported fabric bubble constructed on the aft end of the carrier's flight deck.[46]

Damage fromHurricane Sandy

On October 29, 2012, storm surges fromHurricane Sandycaused Pier 86, including the Intrepid Museum's visitor center, to flood, and knocked out the museum's electrical power and both backup generators. The loss of power caused the Space Shuttle Pavilion to deflate, and high winds from the hurricane caused the fabric of the Pavilion to tear and collapse around the orbiter. Minor damage was spotted on thevertical stabilizerof the orbiter, as a portion of the tail fin above the rudder/speedbrake had broken off.[47]The broken section was recovered by museum staff. While the pavilion itself could not be replaced for some time in 2013, the museum erected scaffolding and sheeting aroundEnterpriseto protect it from the environment.[48]

By April 2013, the damage sustained toEnterprise'svertical stabilizer had been fully repaired, and construction work on the structure for a new pavilion was under way.[49]The pavilion and exhibit reopened on July 10, 2013.[50]

Enterprisewas listed on theNational Register of Historic Placeson March 13, 2013, reference number 13000071, in recognition of its role in the development of the Space Shuttle Program. The historic significance criteria are in space exploration, transportation, and engineering.[51]

[edit]
  • Enterprise ALT program logo
    EnterpriseALT program logo
  • Space ShuttleEnterprise747 separation
  • Enterprise makes its first appearance mated with an external tank and SRBs en route to Pad 39A at the Kennedy Space Center
    Enterprisemakes its first appearance mated with an external tank and SRBs en route to Pad 39A at the Kennedy Space Center
  • Enterprise enroute to its new home aboard USS Intrepid
    Enterpriseenroute to its new home aboard USSIntrepid
  • Enterprise underway on the Hudson River
    Enterpriseunderway on theHudson River
  • Enterprise over New York. The Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum, Enterprise's present home, can be seen below
    Enterpriseover New York. The Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum,Enterprise'spresent home, can be seen below
  • Enterprise at the Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum in 2018
    Enterpriseat the Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum in 2018

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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  2. ^Slovinac, Patricia; Deming, Joan (June 2010).Avionics Systems Laboratory/Building 16: Historical Documentation.NASA. JSC-CN-22284. Archived fromthe originalon December 12, 2013.
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Attribution

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Public DomainThis article incorporatespublic domain materialfrom websites or documents of theNational Aeronautics and Space Administration.

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related toSpace Shuttle Enterprise.

40°45′55″N74°00′07″W/ 40.76528°N 74.00194°W/40.76528; -74.00194

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