Andrew the Apostle

"St Andrew" redirects here. For other uses, seeSt Andrew (disambiguation).

Saint Andrew the Apostle
Saint Andrew(c. 1611) byPeter Paul Rubens
Apostle, Martyr and Patron of Scotland
Born	c. AD 5 Bethsaida,Galilee,Roman Empire
Died	AD 60/70 Patras,Achaea,Roman Empire
Venerated in	AllChristian denominationswhichvenerate saints
Majorshrine	St Andrew's Cathedral, Patras,Greece;St Mary's Cathedral,Edinburgh,Scotland; the Church of St Andrew and St Albert,Warsaw,Poland;Duomo CathedralinAmalfiandSarzana CathedralinSarzana,Italy.
Feast	30 November
Attributes	long white hair and beard, holding theGospel Bookorscroll,leaning on asaltire,fishing net
Patronage	Scotland,Barbados,Georgia,Ukraine,Russia,Greece,Cyprus,Romania,Patras,Burgundy,San Andrés (Tenerife),Diocese of Parañaque,Candaba,Pampanga,Masinloc,Telhado,Sarzana,Pienza, Amalfi,Luqa(Malta),ManilaandPrussia;Diocese of Victoria;fishermen, fishmongers, rope-makers, textile workers, singers, miners, pregnant women, butchers, farm workers, protection against sore throats, protection against convulsions, protection against fever, protection against whooping cough, Russian Navy, US Army RangersTables of Authority

Andrew the Apostle(Koinē Greek:Ἀνδρέας,romanized:Andréas[anˈdre.aːs̠];Latin:Andreas[än̪ˈd̪reː.äːs];Aramaic:אַנדּרֵאוָס;Classical Syriac:ܐܰܢܕ݁ܪܶܐܘܳܣ,romanized:ʾAnd'reʾwās), also calledSaint Andrew,was anapostle of Jesus.According to theNew Testament,he was afishermanand one of the Twelve Apostles chosen by Jesus. The titleFirst-Called(Πρωτόκλητος,Prōtoklētos) stems from theGospel of John,where Andrew, initially a disciple ofJohn the Baptist,follows Jesus and, recognizing him as theMessiah,introduces his brotherSimon Peterto him.

According to Eastern Orthodox tradition, theapostolic successorto Andrew is thePatriarch of Constantinople.

Life

Early life

The name "Andrew"(meaningmanly, brave,fromGreek:ἀνδρεία,translit.andreía,lit."manhood, valour" ), like other Greek names, appears to have been common among theJewsand otherHellenizedpeople since the second or third century B.C.NoHebreworAramaicname is recorded for him.

Andrew the Apostle was born between 5 and 10 ADinBethsaida,inGalilee.TheNew Testamentstates that Andrew was the brother ofSimon Peter,and likewise a son of Jonah. "The first striking characteristic of Andrew is his name: it is not Hebrew, as might have been expected, but Greek, indicative of a certain cultural openness in his family that cannot be ignored. We are in Galilee, where the Greek language and culture are quite present."

The Calling of Saints Peter and AndrewbyCaravaggio(1603–1606)

With Jesus

Both he and his brother Peter were fishermen by trade and also Simon Peter who became a "fisher of men", hence the tradition thatJesuscalled them to be hisdisciplesby saying that he will make them "fishers of men"(Greek:ἁλιεῖς ἀνθρώπων,translit.halieîs anthrṓpōn).According to Mark 1:29, at the beginning of Jesus' public life, they occupied the same house atCapernaum.

In theGospel of Matthewand in theGospel of MarkSimon Peter and Andrew were both called together to become disciples of Jesus and "fishers of men". These narratives record that Jesus was walking along the shore of the Sea of Galilee, observed Simon and Andrew fishing, and called them to discipleship.

In the parallel incident in theGospel of LukeAndrew is not named, nor is reference made to Simon having a brother. In this narrative, Jesus initially used a boat, solely described as being Simon's, as a platform for preaching to the multitudes on the shore and then as a means to achieving a huge trawl of fish on a night which had hitherto proved fruitless. The narrative indicates that Simon was not the only fisherman in the boat (they signalled to their partners in the other boat…)but it is not until the next chapterthat Andrew is named as Simon's brother. However, it is generally understood that Andrew was fishing with Simon on the night in question.Matthew Poole,in hisAnnotations on the Holy Bible,stressed that 'Luke denies not that Andrew was there'.

TheGospel of Johnstates that Andrew was a disciple ofJohn the Baptist,whose testimony first led him, and another unnamed disciple of John the Baptist, to follow Jesus.Andrew at once recognized Jesus as the Messiah, and hastened to introduce him to his brother.The Byzantine Church honours him with the nameProtokletos,which means "the first called".Thenceforth, the two brothers were disciples of Christ. On a subsequent occasion, prior to the final call to theapostolate,they were called to a closer companionship, and then they left all things to follow Jesus.

Subsequently, in the gospels, Andrew is referred to as being present on some important occasions as one of the disciples more closely attached to Jesus.Andrew told Jesus about the boy with the loaves and fishes,and when certain Greeks went to see Jesus, they came to Philip, but Philip then had recourse to Andrew.Andrew was present at theLast Supper.Andrew was one of the four disciples who came to Jesus on theMount of Olivesto ask about the signs ofJesus' returnat the "end of the age".

After Jesus

Eusebiusin hisChurch History3.1 (4th century) quotedOrigen(c. 185 – c. 253) as saying that Andrew preached inScythia.TheChronicle of Nestor(1113) adds that he preached along theBlack Seaand theDnieperriver as far asKiev,and from there he travelled toNovgorod.Hence, he became apatron saintofUkraine,RomaniaandRussia.According toHippolytus of Rome,Andrew preached inThrace,and his presence in Byzantium is mentioned in the apocryphalActs of Andrew.According to tradition, he founded thesee of Byzantium(laterConstantinople) in AD 38, installingStachysas bishop. This diocese became the seat of thePatriarchate of ConstantinopleunderAnatolius,in 451. Andrew, along with Stachys, is recognized as the patron saint of the Patriarchate.Basil of Seleucia(5th century) also knew of Apostle Andrew's missions in Thrace, Scythia andAchaea.

Martyrdom

Andrew is said to have beenmartyredbycrucifixionat the city ofPatras(Patræ) inAchaea,in AD 60.Early texts, such as the Acts of Andrew known toGregory of Tours(6th century), describe Andrew as bound, not nailed, to aLatin crossof the kind on which Jesus is said to have been crucified; yet a tradition developed that Andrew had been crucified on a cross of the form calledcrux decussata(X-shaped cross, or "saltire" ), now commonly known as a "Saint Andrew's Cross"— supposedly at his own request, as he deemed himself unworthy to be crucified on the same type of cross as Jesus had been.Theiconographyof the martyrdom of Andrew — showing him bound to an X-shaped cross — does not appear to have been standardized until the laterMiddle Ages.

The crucifixion of Andrew the Apostle. Miniature from theMenologion of Basil II.

The Acts of Andrew

Main article:Acts of Andrew

TheapocryphalActs of Andrew,mentioned byEusebius,Epiphaniusand others, is among a disparate group of Acts of the Apostles that were traditionally attributed toLeucius Charinusbut it shows several signs of a mid-2nd-century origin.It describes the supposed travels of the title character, the miracles he performed during them, and finally a description of his martyrdom.Eusebius of Caesareaknew the work, which he dismissed as the product of ahereticand absurd.The Acts, as well as aGospel of St Andrew,appear among rejected books in theDecretum Gelasianumconnected with the name ofPope Gelasius I.Dennis MacDonaldposits the theory that the non-canonical Acts of Andrew was a Christian retelling of Homer's Odyssey.

Relics

Saint Andrew of Patras cathedral,where Saint Andrew's relics are kept

Statue of Andrew in theArchbasilica of St. John LateranbyCamillo Rusconi(1713–1715)

Relicsalleged to be those of the Apostle Andrew are kept at theBasilica of Saint AndrewinPatras,Greece;inAmalfi Cathedral(the Duomo di Sant'Andrea),Amalfiand inSarzana CathedralinSarzana,Italy;St Mary's Cathedral,Edinburgh,Scotland;and the Church of St Andrew and St Albert,Warsaw,Poland.There are also numerous smallerreliquariesthroughout the world.

Andrew's remains were preserved at Patras. According to one legend, Regulus (Rule), a monk at Patras, was advised in a dream to hide some of the bones. Shortly thereafter, most of the relics were transferred fromPatrastoConstantinopleby order of theRoman emperorConstantius IIaround 357 and deposited in theChurch of the Holy Apostles.

Regulus was said to have had a second dream in which an angel advised him to take the hidden relics "to the ends of the earth" for protection. Wherever he was shipwrecked, he was to build a shrine for them. St. Rule set sail, taking with him a kneecap, an upper arm bone, three fingers and a tooth. He sailed west, towards the edge of the known world, and was shipwrecked on the coast ofFife, Scotland.However, the relics were probably brought to Britain in 597 as part of theAugustine Mission,and then in 732 to Fife, by BishopAcca of Hexham,a well-known collector of religious relics.

The skull of Saint Andrew, which had been taken to Constantinople, was returned to Patras by EmperorBasil I,who ruled from 867 to 886.

In 1208, following thesack of Constantinople,those relics of Saint Andrew and Saint Peter which remained in the imperial city were taken toAmalfi,Italy,by CardinalPeter of Capua,a native of Amalfi. Acathedralwas built, dedicated to Saint Andrew, as is the town itself, to house a tomb in its crypt where it is maintained that most of the relics of the apostle, including an occipital bone, remain.

Thomas Palaeologuswas the youngest surviving son of Byzantine Emperor Manuel II Palaiologos. Thomas ruled the province ofMorea,the medieval name for the Peloponnese. In 1461, when the Ottomans crossed the Strait of Corinth, Palaeologus fled Patras for exile in Italy, bringing with him what was purported to be the skull of Saint Andrew. He gave the head toPope Pius II,who had it enshrined in one of the four central piers ofSt. Peter's Basilicain theVaticanand then inPienza,Italy.

In September 1964,Pope Paul VI,as a gesture of goodwill toward the Greek Orthodox Church, ordered that the one relic of Saint Andrew held inVatican Citybe returned to Patras. CardinalAugustin Bea,head of the Vatican'sSecretariat for Promoting Christian Unity,led a delegation that presented the skull to Bishop Constantine of Patras on 24 September 1964.The cross of Saint Andrew was taken from Greece during the Crusades by the Duke of Burgundy.It was kept in thechurch of St. Victorin Marseillesuntil it returned to Patras on 19 January 1980. The cross of the apostle was presented to the Bishop of Patras Nicodemus by a Catholic delegation led by CardinalRoger Etchegaray.All the relics, which consist of the small finger, the skull (part of the top of the cranium of Saint Andrew), and the cross on which he wasmartyred,have been kept in theChurch of St. Andrewat Patras in a special shrine and are revered in a special ceremony every 30 November, hisfeast day.

In 2006, the Catholic Church, again through Cardinal Etchegaray, gave the Greek Orthodox Church another relic of Saint Andrew.

Liturgical commemoration

Eastern Orthodoxy

TheEastern Orthodox Churchcommemorates the Apostle Andrew on several days throughout the Church Calendar. Fixed days of commemoration include:

• 20 June - The Translation of the Relics of the Apostles Andrew,Thomas,andLuke;the ProphetElisha;and the Martyr Lazarus.
• 30 June - The Twelve Apostles.
• 26 September - The Translation of the skull of Andrew in 1964.
• 30 November - Primary Feast Day.

There are also days which are movable:

• The Sunday before 30 November -Synaxisof the Saints of Achaea.
• The Sunday of the Samaritan Woman -Synaxisof the all the Holy Fathers, Archbishops, and Patriarchs of Constantinople.

Roman Catholicism

TheRoman Catholic Churchcommemorates Andrew on 30 November.

Traditions and legends

Georgia

A 13th-century fresco depicting Saint Andrew, fromKintsvisi Monastery,Georgia

Thechurch tradition of Georgiaregards Andrew as the first preacher of Christianity in the territory of Georgia and as the founder of the Georgian church. This tradition derives from Byzantine sources, particularlyNicetas of Paphlagonia(died c. 890) who asserts that "Andrew preached to theIberians,Sauromatians,Taurians,andScythiansand to every region and city, on theBlack Sea,both north and south. "The version was adopted by the 10th–11th-century Georgian ecclesiastics and, refurbished with more details, was inserted in theGeorgian Chronicles.The story of Andrew's mission in the Georgian lands endowed the Georgian church with apostolic origin and served as a defence argument toGeorge the Hagioriteagainst the encroachments from theAntiochian churchauthorities onautocephalyof the Georgian church. Another Georgian monk,Ephraim the Minor,produced a thesis, reconciling Andrew's story with an earlier evidence of the 4th-century conversion of Georgians byNinoand explaining the necessity of the "second Christening" by Nino. The thesis was made canonical by the Georgian church council in 1103.The Georgian Orthodox Church marks two feast days in honour of Saint Andrew, on 12 May and 13 December. The former date, dedicated to Andrew's arrival in Georgia, is apublic holiday in Georgia.

Cyprus

Cypriot tradition holds that a ship which was transporting Andrew went off course and ran aground. Upon coming ashore, Andrew struck the rocks with his staff at which point a spring of healing waters gushed forth. Using it, the sight of the ship's captain, who had been blind in one eye, was restored. Thereafter, the site became a place of pilgrimage and a fortified monastery, theApostolos Andreas Monastery,stood there in the 12th century, from whichIsaac Comnenusnegotiated his surrender toRichard the Lionheart.In the 15th century, a small chapel was built close to the shore. The main monastery of the current church dates to the 18th century.

Other pilgrimages are more recent. The story is told that in 1895, the son of a Maria Georgiou was kidnapped. Seventeen years later, Andrew appeared to her in a dream, telling her to pray for her son's return at the monastery. Living in Anatolia, she embarked on the crossing to Cyprus on a very crowded boat. As she was telling her story during the journey, one of the passengers, a young Dervish priest, became more and more interested. Asking if her son had any distinguishing marks, he stripped off his clothes to reveal the same marks and mother and son were thus reunited.

Apostolos Andreas Monastery(Greek:Απόστολος Ανδρέας) is amonasterydedicated to Saint Andrew situated just south ofCape Apostolos Andreas,which is the north-easternmost point of the island ofCyprus,inRizokarpasoin theKarpass Peninsula.The monastery is an important site to theCypriot Orthodox Church.It was once known as 'the Lourdes of Cyprus', served not by an organized community of monks but by a changing group of volunteer priests and laymen. BothGreek CypriotandTurkish Cypriotcommunities consider the monastery a holy place. As such, it is visited by many people for votive prayers.

Malta

Niche of St. Andrew (Luqa)

St. Andrew (Sant' Andrija) is the patron saint ofLuqa.The patron saint's traditional feast is celebrated on the first Sunday of July, with the liturgical feast being celebrated on 30 November.A local niche dedicated to him is found in Luqa, which is two storeys high. The first reference regards the small chapel atLuqadedicated to Andrew dates to 1497. This chapel contained three altars, one of them dedicated to Andrew. The painting showingMary with Saints Andrew and Paulwas painted by the Maltese artist Filippo Dingli. At one time, many fishermen lived in the village of Luqa, and this may be the main reason for choosing Andrew as patron saint. The statue of Andrew was sculpted in wood by Giuseppe Scolaro in 1779. This statue underwent several restoration works including that of 1913 performed by the Maltese artist Abraham Gatt. TheMartyrdom of Saint Andrewon the main altar of the church was painted byMattia Pretiin 1687.

Romania

Entrance to Saint Andrew's caves near Ion Corvin,Constanța County

Main article:Saint Andrew in Romania

Further information:History of Christianity in Romania

Saint Andrew is the patron saint of Romania. The official stance of theRomanian Orthodox Churchis that Andrew preached the Gospel in the province ofDobruja(Scythia Minor) to theDacianswho were similar toThracians,whom he is said to have converted to Christianity. Such a tradition was however not widely acknowledged until the 20th century,although substantiated by theChurch Historyof Eusebius.

According to Hippolyte of Antioch, (died c. 250 C.E.) in his On Apostles, Origen in the third book of hisCommentaries on the Genesis(254 C.E.), Eusebius of Caesarea in his Church History (340 C.E.), and other sources, such as Usaard's Martyrdom written between 845 and 865, and Jacobus de Voragine'sGolden Legend(c. 1260), Andrew preached in Scythia, a possible reference toScythia Minor,corresponding to the modern-day regions ofNorthern Dobruja(part of Romania) andSouthern Dobruja(part of Bulgaria). According to Hippolyte of Antioch, Saint Andrew had also preached to the Thracians.

Although the exclusive presence in the Romanian language of Latin vocabulary for concepts of Christian faith may indicate the antiquity of Daco-Roman Christianity,according to some modern Romanian scholars, the idea of early Christianisation (preceding theEdict of Milan) is unsustainable. They take the idea to be a part of the ideology ofprotochronism,which they claim to purport that the Eastern Orthodox Church has been a companion and defender of the Romanian people for its entire history, aspect supposedly used for propaganda purposes during the communist era.Historians such asIoan-Aurel Popconsider Romanians to be the first to adopt Christianity among the peoples which now inhabit the territories bordering Romania,conversion to Christianity until the third century (in the province ofDacia Traiana,dissolved c. 271/275 AD) playing a significant part in theethnogenesis of the Romanians.

ScholarMircea Eliadeargues in favor of structural links betweenZamolxismand Christianity,thus suggesting a higher likelihood of early conversion. As such, if Andrew the Apostle had preached in Dobruja (in proximity to the Thracians he had also preached to) and not in Crimea as per the Russian Orthodox Church, Christianity in Romania can be considered of apostolic origin.

Between the 4th and 6th centuries, the region of Scythia Minor played an influential role in the development ofChristiantheology.

Ukraine and Russia

Saint Andrew's prophecy of Kiev, depicted in theRadzivill Chronicle

Further information:Christianization of Kievan Rus' § Apostolic legends

Tradition regarding theearly Christian history of Ukraineholds that the apostle Andrew preached on the southern borders of modern-dayUkraine,along theBlack Sea.A legend, recorded in thePrimary Chronicle(pages 7.21–9.4), has it that he travelled fromSinopetowardsChersonesus(Korsun), up theDnieper Riverand reached the future location ofKyiv,where he erected a cross on the site where theSaint Andrew's Church of Kyivcurrently stands, and where he prophesied the foundation of a great Christian city.Next, he is said to have journeyed north to theSlovenesnear the future site ofVeliky Novgorod,although he had a negative attitude towards their customs; then he visited Rome and returned to Sinope.Because of this connection to Kyiv and Novgorod, Andrew is considered to be the patron saint of the twoEast Slavicnations descended from theKievan Rus:UkraineandRussia,the latter country using theSaint Andrew's Crosson itsnaval ensign.

Scotland

TheSaltire(or "Saint Andrew's Cross" ) is the nationalflag of Scotland.

Several legends claim that the relics of Andrew were brought by divine guidance fromConstantinopleto the place where the modernScottishtown ofSt Andrewsstands today (Gaelic,Cill Rìmhinn). The oldest surviving manuscripts are two: one is among the manuscripts collected byJean-Baptiste Colbertand willed toLouis XIV of France,now in theBibliothèque Nationale,Paris; the other is theHarleian Mssin theBritish Library,London. They state that the relics of Andrew were brought by oneRegulusto thePictishkingÓengus mac Fergusa(729–761). The only historical Regulus (Riagailor Rule) whose name is preserved in thetower of St Rulewas an Irish monk expelled fromIrelandwithColumba;his dates, however, are c. 573 – 600. There are good reasons for supposing that the relics were originally in the collection ofAcca, bishop of Hexham,who took them into Pictish country when he was driven from Hexham (c. 732), and founded a see, not, according to tradition, inGalloway,but on the site of St Andrews.

Saint Andrew (carvingc. 1500) in the National Museum of Scotland

According to legendary accounts given in 16th-century historiography,Óengus IIin AD 832 led an army ofPictsandScotsinto battle against theAngles,led byÆthelstan,near modern-dayAthelstaneford,East Lothian.The legend states that he was heavily outnumbered and hence whilst engaged in prayer on the eve of battle, Óengus vowed that if granted victory he would appoint Andrew as the patron saint of Scotland. On the morning of battle white clouds forming an X shape in the sky were said to have appeared. Óengus and his combined force, emboldened by this apparent divine intervention, took to the field and despite being inferior in numbers were victorious. Having interpreted the cloud phenomenon as representing thecrux decussataupon which Andrew was crucified, Óengus honoured his pre-battle pledge and duly appointed Andrew as the patron saint of Scotland. The white saltire set against a celestial blue background is said to have been adopted as the design of theflag of Scotlandon the basis of this legend.However, there is evidence that Andrew was venerated in Scotland before this.

Traditional stone fireplace in northern England. The carved Saint Andrew's cross in the left-hand wooden post was to prevent witches from flying down the chimney. InRyedale Folk Museum,Hutton-le-Hole.

Andrew's connection with Scotland may have been reinforced following theSynod of Whitby,when theCeltic Churchfelt that Columba had been "outranked" by Peter and that Peter's brother would make a higher-ranking patron. The 1320Declaration of Arbroathcites Scotland's conversion to Christianity by Andrew, "the first to be an Apostle". Numerous parish churches in theChurch of Scotlandand congregations of other Christian churches in Scotland are named after Andrew. The former national church of the Scottish people inRome,Sant'Andrea degli Scozzesiwas dedicated to Saint Andrew.

A localsuperstitionuses the cross of Saint Andrew as ahex signon the fireplaces in northernEnglandandScotlandto preventwitchesfrom flying down thechimneyand entering the house to do mischief. By placing the Saint Andrew's cross on one of thefireplaceposts orlintels,witches are prevented from entering through this opening. In this case, it is similar to the use of awitch ball,although the cross will actively prevent witches from entering, whereas the witch ball will passively delay or entice the witch, and perhaps entrap it.

The National Shrine of Saint Andrew is located atSt Mary's Cathedral, Edinburgh.

Spain

St. Andrew was the patron saint of the Dukes of Burgundy. A form of St. Andrew's cross called theCross of Bourgognewas used as the flag of the Duchy of Burgundy, and after the duchy was acquired by Spain, by the Spanish Crown, and later as a Spanish naval flag and finally as an army battle flag up until 1843.Today, it is still a part of various Spanish military insignia and forms part of the coat of arms of the king of Spain.

InSpain,Andrew is the patron of several locations:San Andrés(Santa Cruz de Tenerife),San Andrés y Sauces(La Palma),Navalmoral de la Mata(Cáceres),Éibar(Gipuzkoa),Baeza(Jaén),Pobladura de Pelayo GarcíaandPobladura de Yuso(León),Berlangas de Roa(Burgos),Ligüerzana(Palencia),Castillo de Bayuela(Toledo),Almoradí(Alicante),Estella(Navarra),Sant Andreu de Palomar,(Barcelona),Pujalt(Catalonia),Adamuz(Córdoba) andSan AndrésinCameros(La Rioja).

Legacy

Saint Andrew the Apostleby Yoan from Gabrovo, 19th century

Andrew is thepatron saintof several countries and cities, includingBarbados,Romania,Russia,Scotland,Ukraine,Sarzana,PienzaandAmalfiin Italy,Esgueirain Portugal,Luqain Malta,Parañaquein the Philippines andPatrasin Greece. He was also the patron saint ofPrussiaand of theOrder of the Golden Fleece.He is considered the founder and the first bishop of the Church ofByzantiumand is consequently thepatron saintof theEcumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople.Thus, Benedict XVI calls him "the Apostle of the Greek world," and since he is the brother of St. Peter, the first bishop of Rome, their brotherhood is "symbolically expressed in the special reciprocal relations of the See of Rome and of Constantinople, which are truly Sister Churches."

Theflag of Scotland(and consequently theUnion Flagand those of some of the former colonies of theBritish Empire) feature Saint Andrew'ssaltirecross. The saltire is also theflag of Tenerife,the formerflag of Galiciaand theRussian Navy Ensign.

Thefeast of Andrewis observed on 30 November in both the Eastern and Western churches, and is a bank holiday in Scotland, There are week-long celebrations in the town of St Andrews and in some other Scottish cities.

In the Catholic Church, Advent begins with First Vespers of the Sunday that falls on or closest to the feast of Saint Andrew.Andrew the Apostle isrememberedin theChurch of Englandwith aFestivalon30 November.

In Islam

TheQur'anicaccount of thedisciplesofJesusdoes not include their names, numbers, or any detailed accounts of their lives. Muslimexegesis,however, more or less agrees with theNew Testamentlist and says that the disciples included Andrew.

In Art

St. Andrew is traditionally portrayed with a long forked beard, a cross, and a book. Masaccio's 1426 "Saint Andrew" is a panel painting in tempora and gold leaf, once part of thePisa AltarpieceIt is now at theGetty Centerin Los Angeles, California.Andrew appears as part ofCarlo Crivelli'sSan Domenico Altarpiece(1476). This panel is now in theNational Galleryin London. Hans Holbein the Youngerdid a pen and ink drawing (c.1519) of the saint as a design for a stained glass window. It is in theKunstmuseum Basel.

• 
  Andrew the Apostle, detail of the mosaic in theBasilica of San Vitale,Ravenna,6th century
• 
  Saint Andrew, Masaccio (1426)
• 
  Polittico del 1476, S. Andrea
• 
  St Andrew, Design for a Stained Glass Window, by Hans Holbein the Younger (c.1519)

See also

• The Martyrdom of Saint Andrew (disambiguation)
• Order of Saint Andrew
• Patron saints of places
• Saltire– the X-shaped cross inheraldryandvexillology
• St. Andrew's Cross (disambiguation)
• Saint Andrew's Day
• University of St Andrews— named after the Royal Burgh of St Andrews, which was named after the saint
• Saint Andrew the Apostle, patron saint archive

References

Citations

This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "St. Andrew".Catholic Encyclopedia.New York: Robert Appleton Company.

Sources

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• Calvert, Judith (1984). "The Iconography of the St. Andrew Auckland Cross".The Art Bulletin.66(4): 543–555.doi:10.1080/00043079.1984.10788208.ISSN0004-3079.
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• Parker Lawson, John(1848).History of the Abbey and Palace of Holyroodhouse.H. Courtoy.
• Peterson, Peter M. (1958).Andrew, brother of Simon Peter: His history and legends.Leiden: Brill.ISBN978-90-04-26579-0.
• Rapp, Stephen H. (2003).Studies in Medieval Georgian Historiography: Early Texts and Eurasian Contexts.Peeters Publishers.ISBN978-90-429-1318-9.
• Réau, Louis (1958).Iconographie de l'art chrétien[Iconography of Christian Art] (in French). Vol. III.1. Paris:Presses Universitaires de France.
• Stan, Lavinia; Turcescu, Lucian (2007).Religion and Politics in Post-Communist Romania.Oxford University Press.ISBN978-0-19-804217-4.
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External links

• Andreas: The Legend of St. Andrewtranslated by Robert Kilburn Root, 1899, fromProject Gutenberg
• National Shrine to Saint Andrew in Edinburgh Scotland
• Grimm's Saga No. 150 about Saint Andrew
• "Saint Andrew"at theChristian Iconographywebsite
• "The Life of St. Andrew"from Caxton's translation of theGolden Legend