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St James Garlickhythe

Coordinates:51°30′39.99″N0°5′37.54″W/ 51.5111083°N 0.0937611°W/51.5111083; -0.0937611
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St James Garlickhythe
St James Garlickhythe from the southwest
Map
LocationCity of London
CountryUnited Kingdom
DenominationChurch of England
Previous denominationRoman Catholicism
ChurchmanshipTraditional Anglican/Book of Common Prayer/Anglo-Catholicism
Architecture
Heritage designationGrade Ilisted building
Architect(s)SirChristopher Wren
StyleBaroque
Specifications
Bells8 Royal Jubilee + 2 quarter and 1 hour
Administration
DioceseDiocese of London
Clergy
Bishop(s)The Rt RevdJonathan Baker(AEO)
RectorThe Revd Canon Anthony Howe MA FSA

St James Garlickhytheis aChurch of Englandparish church inVintry wardof theCity of London,nicknamed "Wren's lantern"[1]owing to its profusion of windows.

Recorded since the 12th century, the church was destroyed in theGreat Fire of Londonin 1666 and rebuilt by the office ofSir Christopher Wren.It is also the official church of several Citylivery companies.

History[edit]

The church is dedicated to the discipleSt Jamesknown as 'the Great'. St. James Garlickhythe is a stop on a pilgrims' route ending at the cathedral ofSantiago da Compostela.Visitors to the London church may have theircredencial,or pilgrim passport, stamped with the impression of a scallop shell.

The church as seen from the southwest

'Garlickhythe' refers to the nearby landing place, or "hythe", near whichgarlicwas sold in medieval times.[2]

The earliest surviving reference to the church is asecclesiam Sancti Jacobiin a 12th-century will. Other records of the church refer to it as St James in the Vintry, St James Comyns, St James-by-the-Thames and St James super Ripam.

The ships fromFranceloaded with garlic also carried wine and St James has a long association with wine merchants. The church is located in the city ward of Vintry, and in 1326 the Sheriff of London and vintner Richard de Rothing paid to have the church rebuilt. Another company with long associations with the church is theJoiners' Company,who trace their origins back to a religious guild founded in St James in 1375.

In the following century, the church became collegiate[3]and was served by seven chantry priests. The eminence of St. James in theMiddle Agesis reflected in its being the burial place of six Lord Mayors.

St. James became a parish church upon thedissolution of the monasteriesunderHenry VIII,although the church was not adversely affected – indeed it was a beneficiary of the demolition of church furnishings associated with theRoman Catholic rite.In 1560, therood screenof the nearby St. Martin Vintry was dismantled and fashioned intopewsfor St. James. At the same time, the choir was provided with song books.

Another change introduced under Henry VIII was the order that all parishes in England were to maintain a weekly register of births, deaths and marriages. The oldest surviving registers are those of St. James, the first entry being the baptism of Edward Butler on 18 November 1535.

St. James was repaired and expanded several times during the first half of the 17th century – the north aisle being rebuilt in 1624[4]and a gallery added in 1644.

Under theCommonwealth,the parishioners provided a pension for therectorafter he was ousted, in 1647, for using the bannedBook of Common Prayer.

All was lost in the Great Fire.[5]Rebuilding began a decade later, as recorded on theVictorianvestry boards prominent in the church porch;

"The foundation thereof were laid AD 1676 – John Hinde and John Hoyle, Church Wardens. It was rebuilt and re-opened 1682 and completely finished AD 1683…". The body of the church may have been finished, but the tower lacked a steeple.

Recorded in the church’s accounts for 1682 are the items

  1. Two bottles of sherry and pipes [wine containers] at the opening of the church 3.4
  2. Hire of 3 dozen cushions and porterage 13.4
  3. Wine when the Lord Mayor and Aldermen were at our church 1.11.0
  4. Wax links to enlighten my Lord Mayor home 4.6

and a payment of 40s each to Wren's two clerks "for their care and kindness in hastening the building of the church, and to induce them to do the like for the more speedy finishing of the Steeple."

This inducement had no effect. Building on the tower began 33 years later and was finished in 1717 byNicholas Hawksmoor.The tower was built byEdward Strong the Youngera friend ofChristopher Wren the Younger.[6] The total cost of the church and tower was £7230.

1988 replica of 1682 clock

On 12 August 1711Richard Steeleattended a Sunday service led by the RectorPhilip Stubbsat St. James, and published the ensuing reflections in Issue 147 ofThe Spectator.He compares the moving delivery of the rector with a number of stereotypes – the quiet talker, the negligent reader, the fast talker and the bombast, then goes on to criticise the ranting of Presbyterians and Dissenters. Unfortunately, his account includes no description of the congregation or of the church itself.

One month after this sermon, the future composer and Master of the King’s Musick,William Boyce,was baptised in St. James Garlickhythe.

The second half of the 19th century saw a movement of population from the City of London to suburbs inMiddlesex,Kent,EssexandSurrey.This left many of the city churches with tiny congregations. In 1860,Charles Dickensattended a Sunday service at St. James Garlickhythe which he describes inThe Uncommercial Traveller.The congregation had dwindled to twenty, the building was pervaded with damp and dust, which Dickens uses to convey an impression of the presence of dead parishioners.

TheUnion of Benefices Act 1860was passed by Parliament, permitting the demolition of City churches and the sale of land to build churches in the suburbs. While several nearby churches – some of architectural eminence – were destroyed under the Union of Benefices Act, St. James was spared, perhaps due to its links to the guilds.

DuringWorld War I,a bomb dropped by aZeppelinmissed the church. In thanksgiving, the church introduced an annual Bomb Sermon.

In May 1941, during theLondon Blitza 500 lbGermanhigh explosive bomb crashed through the roof of St. James and buried itself below the floor in the south aisle.[7]It did not explode, but was removed toHackney Marshesand detonated. The buildings surrounding St. James were destroyed byincendiary bombsand this caused much external damage to the church, including the destruction of its clock. While this damage was being repaired in 1953, it was found that the woodwork was infested with thedeath watch beetle.This caused the church to be closed until 1963, while it was being restored by D. Lockhart-Smith and Alexander Gale. The result was said bySir John Betjemanto be the best restoration of a City church.

In 1991, during construction of Vintners Hall across Upper Thames Street, a crane collapsed and the jib buried itself in the south wall. This caused the church to be closed again while the south face was rebuilt and some of the furnishings replaced.

Present day[edit]

The official dedication is The Parish Church of St James Garlickhythe with St Michael Queenhythe and Holy Trinity the Less. The parish stretches from Gardners Lane in the west to Angel Passage in the east. Its southern border is the River Thames, and to the north it snakes through the lanes south of Cannon Street.

The area now covers seven pre-Fire parishes: St James Garlickhythe, St Michael Queenhythe, Holy Trinity the Less, St Michael Paternoster Royal, St Martin Vintry, All Hallows the Great, and All Hallows the Less.

It is also responsible for services at the nearby St Michael Paternoster Royal, which lies within the parish boundary.

Sunday and daily services are drawn from the 1662Book of Common Prayer.It is the church for more than a dozen livery companies (Clockmakers,Coachmakers,Dyers,Educators,Fanmakers,Glass Sellers,Gold and Silver Wyre Drawers,Horners,Joiners and Ceilers,Needlemakers,Painter-Stainers,Parish Clerks,Skinners,Vintners,andWeavers), as well as being the church of theIntelligence Corps.[8]

The parish has passed resolutions A and B of thePriests (Ordination of Women) Measure 1993;this means thatfemale priests and bishopsare not permitted to officiate in the church.[9]It receivesalternative episcopal oversightfrom theBishop of Fulham(currentlyJonathan Baker).[10]

Building[edit]

The south face of St. James Garlickhythe

St James Garlickhythe is in the shape of a rectangle, with the tower adjacent to the West and a protrudingchancel(uniquely for a Wren church) projecting from the East. It is built from brick and Kentish ragstone, partly stuccoed, partly faced (since World War II) withPortland stone.[11]Entrance is through a pedimented doorway with acherubkeystone in the tower, which is flanked by pairs of round headed windows in the west wall. Above is a recessedclerestorywall joined to the tower by semi-rounded pediments.

The south front, facing Upper Thames Street, was formerly built against, and it has only become the main façade since 1971. It is five bays long, with blind round headed windows, the one in the centre being much larger. Above the four outer windows are round clerestory windows. These additions were only made in 1981. The north front is similar, although the windows are real.

The 125 foot tower was originally stuccoed. The plaster was removed in 1897 and old photographs of the church show the undressed wall. It was faced with Portland stone after World War II. The clock on the West face, with the image of St James, is a 1988 replica of a 1682 original. The figure of St James originally stood between two urns. The tower is plain, with round headed belfry windows, until the spire. At the top is a parapet with stirrup shaped piercings and squat urns on the corners. The stone spire was designed by Nicholas Hawksmoor and is similar to those ofSt Stephen Walbrook,St. Michael Paternoster Royaland, to a lesser extent, the west towers ofSt. Paul’s Cathedral.It has three levels. The lowest is square, with a contraption of two columns standing in front of two pilasters protruding from each corner on top of which is an entablature and tiny urns. This is linked to the next stage by corner volutes, with a smaller square stage with more urns, and at the top is a tiny concave stage. The whole is capped with a flag finial.

Sacheverell Sitwellstated the spire suggested the grinding out of bell music by turning, as in ahurdy-gurdy.The vine leaf and grape motif gates to the west were a gift from theVintners' Company.

The church was designated a Grade Ilisted buildingon 4 January 1950.[12]

Interior[edit]

The church interior is, at 40 feet, the highest of any Wren church. As it was originally surrounded by other buildings, Wren created tall main windows, as well as clerestory windows. The largest window of all was in the East, filling the arched alcove. Early in the 19th century, this was found to be weakening the wall and so was filled in. In 1815, the painting of theAscensionbyAndrew Geddeswas installed above thereredosin the place previously occupied by the window.

When built, the main entrance was in the middle of the north wall. This, too, has now been filled in. The church has a nave and two narrow aisles and is of five bays. There are two rows of fiveIonic columnsand two semi-columns, running from West to East. The columns support anentablature,which is broken in the middle and turned to the outside walls, effectively forming transepts. The columns are evenly spaced, except for those in the middle. With the original round-headed windows in the centre (now replaced by round windows), this would have given St. James a strong north–south axis. The cross-axial design was a conceit also used by Wren inSt Magnus the MartyrandSt Martin Ludgate.Subsequent rearrangement has made this less apparent.

The church was much renovated by the Victorians, most significantly byBasil Champneysin 1866. Their legacy, including stained glass windows, has been removed in the post-World War II renovation.

The chancel to the east is flanked bypilasters,and is slightly narrower than the nave, the ratio of the width being 1/3 chancel and 1/6 each for the aisles. Unlike the rest of the church, which has a flat ceiling, it has abarrel vault.

To the west is a gallery, erected in 1714 and supported by iron columns. It supports the original organ case of 1719 by Father Smith, decorated with trumpeting cherubs and palm trees. It is surmounted by a scallop shell.

The crystal chandelier, a gift from theGlass Sellers' Company,is a replica of that destroyed by the crashing crane in 1991 and is based on an 18th-century original hanging in Wren'sEmmanuel College, Cambridge.

The reredos is original, withCorinthian columnsflanking a Decalogue and supporting an entablature. The pediment was removed in 1815 to accommodate the painting. Also original are the communion table, with doves carved on the legs, thecommunion rail,and the churchwardens' pews with iron hat stands. The font was made by the church's mason,Christopher Kempster,and has anogeecover. The joiners for the original furnishings were Fuller and Cleer, and the carverWilliam Newman.[13]

In 1876, the parish was combined with that ofSt Michael Queenhithe– a nearby Wren church, and St James received much of the furnishings. From St Michael's are the pulpit, with a tester and twisted balusters, as well as a wig peg for the preacher. Aroyal coat of armsof theHouse of Stuarton the south wall and a sword rest also come from St Michael's, as do two grand doorways, now used as screens. In addition, the church's own royal arms (which is of theHouse of Hanover) is on display on the north wall, almost opposite the other royal arms – making St James Garlickhythe the only City church with two reliefs of the royal arms.

No longer on display is a well-preservedmummyof a man known as "Jimmy Garlick". His embalmed body was discovered in the vaults in 1855. Analysis by theBritish Museumat one time had postulated that he was an adolescent who died at the turn of the 18th century[citation needed].The body used to be on display in a glass cabinet, but has been closed to public view. In 2004, Jimmy Garlick featured in theDiscovery Channeldocumentary seriesMummy Autopsy,which used modern analytical techniques including carbon dating and x-ray analysis, establishing that he died between 1641 and 1801 and that he suffered fromosteoarthritis,a disease that afflicts older people. Physical examination by the Discovery team showed that the mummy appeared to be balding and suffered tooth decay at the time of death, both consistent with an older person. The body is now interred in a sarcophagus in the only remaining part of the church crypt, and so is no longer open for public viewing.

Bells[edit]

Main article:Royal Jubilee Bells
The Royal Jubilee Bells arranged down the aisle of St James Garlickhythe

A new ring of eight bells, which were granted the title "The Royal Jubilee Bells", was cast by theWhitechapel Bell Foundryon 3 June 2012. They were temporarily installed on a barge and rung on theRiver Thamesduring theThames Diamond Jubilee Pageant,part of theDiamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II,and have since been installed permanently in the tower of the church.[14][15]

Burials[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

Parish boundary mark.
  1. ^Betjeman, John(1974).The City of London Churches.London: Pitkin Pictorials.ISBN0-85372-112-2.
  2. ^The Visitors Guide to the City of London ChurchesTucker, T.: London, Friends of the City Churches, 2006ISBN0-9553945-0-3
  3. ^London: the City Churches,Pevsner, N.; Bradley, S., New Haven, Yale, 1998ISBN0-300-09655-0
  4. ^"The City Churches" Tabor, M. p75:London; The Swarthmore Press Ltd; 1917
  5. ^"The Survey of Building Sites in London after the Great Fire of 1666" Mills, P/ Oliver, J Vol I pp 75-77:Guildhall LibraryMS. 84 reproduced in facsimile, London,London Topographical Society,1946
  6. ^Dictionary of British Sculptors 1660-1859 by Rupert Gunnis
  7. ^The London EncyclopaediaHibbert, C.; Weinreb, D.; Keay, J.: London, Pan Macmillan, 1983 (rev 1993,2008)ISBN978-1-4050-4924-5
  8. ^"St James Garlickhythe: Other services".stjamesgarlickhythe.org.Retrieved15 October2023.
  9. ^"The Church".St James Garlickhythe.Retrieved3 February2017.
  10. ^"Vacancy in the benefice of St James Garlickhythe"(PDF).St James Garlickhythe.January 2017.Retrieved27 February2017.Our PCC has passed the Resolution under the terms of the House of Bishops' Declaration on the Ministry of Bishops and Priests, and under the terms of the London Plan the parish will be under the episcopal care of the Bishop of Fulham.
  11. ^"The City of London Churches: monuments of another age" Quantrill, E; Quantrill, M p62: London; Quartet; 1975
  12. ^Historic England."Details from listed building database (1064669)".National Heritage List for England.Retrieved23 January2009.
  13. ^A. Saunders,The Art and Architecture of London(Phaidon 1988), p. 51.
  14. ^"Queen Elizabeth Diamond Jubilee Bells Appeal - Church of St. James Garlickhythe".stjamesgarlickhythe.org.
  15. ^"LovesGuide".
  16. ^“Richard Platt, Alderman” in Alfred Freer Torry,Founders and benefactors of St. John's college, Cambridge(Cambridge: W. Metcalfe & Son, 1888),p. 14
  • Jeffery, Paul.The City Churches of Sir Christopher Wren,Hambledon Press, 1996
  • Cobb,Gerald.London City Churches,Batsford, 1977
  • Blatch, Mervyn.A Guide to London's Churches,Constable, 1995
  • Bradley, Simon & Pevsner, Nikolaus.The Buildings of England: London 1: The City of London,Penguin, 1997
  • Middleton, Paul & Hatts, Leigh.London City Churches,Bankside Press, 2003
  • Betjeman, John.The City of London Churches,Pitkin, 1992
  • Sitwell, Sacheverell.British Architects and Craftsmen,Batsford, 1945

External links[edit]

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