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St Symphorien Military Cemetery

Coordinates:50°25′56″N4°0′38″E/ 50.43222°N 4.01056°E/50.43222; 4.01056
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St Symphorien Military Cemetery
Commonwealth War Graves Commission
Military Cemetery (English and German) and British memorial of Saint-Symphorien
Used for those deceased World War I
Established1916
Location50°25′56″N4°0′38″E/ 50.43222°N 4.01056°E/50.43222; 4.01056
near
Saint-Symphorien, Belgium
Designed byCaptain Bäumer (original)
William Harrison Cowlishaw(redesign)
Total burials513
Unknowns
105 (40 German, 65 Commonwealth)[1]
Burials by nation
Burials by war
Official nameFunerary and memory sites of the First World War (Western Front)
TypeCultural
Criteriai, ii, vi
Designated2023(45thsession)
Reference no.1567-WA08
Statistics source:Cemetery details.Commonwealth War Graves Commission.

TheSt Symphorien Military Cemeteryis aFirst World WarCommonwealth War Graves Commissionburial ground inSaint-Symphorien, Belgium.It contains the graves of 284 German and 229 Commonwealth soldiers, principally those killed during theBattle of Mons.The cemetery was established by the German Army on land donated byJean Houzeau de Lehaie.It was initially designed as awoodland cemeterybefore being redesigned byWilliam Harrison Cowlishawafter the Imperial War Graves Commission took over maintenance of the cemetery after the war.

Notable Commonwealth burials in the cemetery includeJohn ParrandGeorge Lawrence Price,traditionally believed to be the first and last Commonwealth soldiers killed in action during the First World War, andMaurice Dease,the first posthumous recipient of theVictoria Crossof World War I. Notable German burials includeOskar Niemeyer,the firstIron Crossrecipient of World War I.

History[edit]

Battle of Mons[edit]

Main article:Battle of Mons

TheBattle of Monstook place as part of theBattle of the Frontiers,in which the advancing German armies clashed with the advancing Allied armies along the Franco-Belgian and Franco-German borders. The British position on the French flank meant that it stood in the path of the German1st Army.[2]The British reached Mons on 22 August 1914 and at the time, the French Fifth Army, located on the right of the British, was heavily engaged with the German2ndand3rdarmies at theBattle of Charleroi.[3]The British agreed to hold the line of the Condé–Mons–Charleroi Canal for twenty-four hours, to prevent the advancing German 1st Army from threatening the French left flank. The British thus spent the day digging in along the canal.[4]

At dawn on 23 August a German artillery bombardment began on the British lines; throughout the day the Germans concentrated on the British at the salient formed by the loop in the canal.[5]At9:00 a.m.,the first German infantry assault began, with the Germans attempting to force their way across four bridges that crossed the canal at the salient.[6]The initial German attack was repulsed with heavy losses but after the Germans switched to an open formation their advance progress more quickly as the looser formation made it more difficult for the British to inflict casualties rapidly.[7]By the afternoon the British position in the salient had become untenable and by3:00 p.m.the British began retreating to a new defensive line.[8]

Establishment[edit]

Most of the British and German dead from the Battle of Mons were initially buried in church and local cemeteries inMonsand surrounding villages rather than a purpose built military cemetery. Subsequently, the German Army decided to exhume and re-inter the dead in a single location, as they determined the care and maintenance of isolated graves was unsustainable over the long term.[9]

In spring 1916, a German officer by the name of Captain Roemer was searching for an appropriate piece of cemetery land south-east of Mons. During this search he approached renowned biologist and local landownerJean Houzeau de Lehaie,who offered some former quarry land on his family estate lands between the districts of St. Symphorien and Spienne, possibly to ensure that land associated withNeolithic flint mines of Spienneswas not employed instead.[9]Roemer initially proposed that the land be requisitioned, with compensation being provided by the local authorities. Houzeau de Lehaie refused to accept payment for the land and agreed to part with it only under the condition that it be donated instead of requisitioned, and that in the cemetery the dead of both sides be treated with equal respect.[9]During 1916 and 1917 Landsturm Infantry Battalions exhumed burials from isolated and less maintainable sites and re-interred them in the new cemetery.[9]Most of the bodies that were exhumed were from the north and north east of the Mons battlefield especially near Nimy and Obourg where the British stopped Imperial German units from crossing the Mons-Conde canal.[10]The German and British dead were reburied in graves with markers containing the messageEnemies in Life but United in Death(German:Im Leben ein Feind, im Tode vereint), a common German practice during the First World War.[9]The cemetery was inaugurated on 6 September 1917 with a ceremony attended by prominent German figures, includingRupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria,Albrecht, Duke of Württemberg,andFrederick Francis IV, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin.[9][11]

The cemetery contained 245 German and 188 British graves at the end of the war. This number increased in the post-war period, as both British and German remains from numerous isolated burial locations were concentrated to St. Symphorien until the cemetery reached its current number of 284 German soldiers and 229 Commonwealth soldiers.[9][12]Most of the identified German dead in the cemetery died in 1914 and were from units ofIX Corps,which originated from the north of Germany from towns likeKiel,HamburgandBremen,and inSchleswig-Holstein.[10][9]

Post-war[edit]

a map showing the areas of raised land as well as the location of each plot and memorial
Map showing the lay-out following the redesign by William Harrison Cowlishaw

At the end of the war in November 1918, the maintenance of Commonwealth graves passed to Imperial War Graves Commission (now theCommonwealth War Graves Commission).[11]From June 1921, the Belgian War Graves Commission appointed a supervisor to maintain the German graves as the Germans could not do so themselves on account of the terms of theTreaty of Versailles.[9]In 1926, Belgium and Germany reached an agreement for the gradual transfer of maintenance responsibility to the Official German Burial Service in Belgium (German:Amtlicher Deutscher Gräberdienst in Belgien) representative at the embassy to Germany in Brussels.[9]The Germans officially referred to the cemetery asEhrenfriedhof Saint-Symphorien-Spiennes. Number 191.The name recognized that the cemetery was both located in close proximity to the town of Saint-Symphorien and technically located in the administrative areas ofSpienneswhile concurrently incorporating the number assigned to the cemetery in a Belgian ordered list of German cemeteries.[9]

On 13 October 1930, representatives of the Official German Burial Service in Belgium, the Belgian War Graves Commission and the Imperial War Graves Commission met in Brussels to discuss the status of mixed British-German cemeteries in Belgium.[9]In particular, they met to discuss the status of cemeteries established by Germans during the war where the majority of those buried in the cemetery were German.[9]This meeting was brought about because the Imperial War Graves Commission had begun altering the layout of cemeteries containing a high percentage concentration of German dead and began replacing the existingheadstoneson the Commonwealth graves with the standardized Imperial War Graves Commission headstones, all without first consulting with the German Burial Service in Belgium.[9]The German delegation hoped to retain the established design character of the cemeteries but were ultimately unsuccessful. Control for the cemetery was immediately passed to the Imperial War Graves Commission and further German contribution was limited to providing headstones for a number of graves that were lacking markers.[9]Now that the Imperial War Graves Commission was in full control of the cemetery they immediately set about redesigning it, assigning the task to Assistant Architect William Harrison Cowlishaw.[9]In 1933 Fritz Schult, Chief of the Official German Burial Service in Belgium, wrote to theMinistry of Foreign Affairsin Berlin to request that the Imperial War Graves Commission be approached to take control over other split British-German cemeteries such as those atMarcinelle New Communal CemeteryandHautrage Military Cemetery.[9]The Imperial War Graves Commission was maintaining the German graves at St. Symphorien at no cost to Germany and Schult believed it favorable to transfer management of other cemeteries if the Imperial War Graves Commission would assume all maintenance costs for those cemeteries as well.[9]

Modern[edit]

On 4 August 2014, a ceremony was held at the cemetery to mark the100th anniversary of the British and Belgian declaration of warfollowing theGerman invasion of Belgium.[11]It was attended by many important dignitaries including:King PhilippeandQueen Mathildeof The Belgians,Prince William,Catherine, Duchess of CambridgeandPrince Harryas representatives of QueenElizabeth IIof theUnited KingdomandHead of the Commonwealth,Joachim GauckPresident of Germany,Michael D. HigginsPresident of the Republic of Ireland,Prime Minister of BelgiumElio Di RupoandPrime Minister of the United KingdomDavid Cameron.[13]

Design[edit]

Original design[edit]

Captain Bäumer designed the cemetery, assisted by militia-private Pieper.[9]They developed a site plan based on the concept of Cemetery Reform (German:Friedhofsreform), which was popular in Germany at the time.[9][14]In the cemetery design, particular attention was paid to ensuring simplicity with uniformity in each plot, all within a calming, arboreal environment consistent with awoodland cemetery(German:Waldfriedhof) style.[9][15]Thirteen plots were marked off and young trees – and later extra conifers – were planted between the plots to ensure their visual and physical separation.[9]The cemetery land itself had many artificial created differences in elevation due to the site being used as a dumping location for surplus soil associated withphosphatemining in the area.[9]The cemetery plants were donated by the city ofBielefeld.[9]

In the foreground, a collection of differently designed headstones in a green, mostly open, field surrounded by trees. In the background the German designed obelisk and British designed Cross of Sacrifice, each on raised hills, can be seen.
The forestry and German burial groupings with different headstones are remnants of the original cemetery design.

The German graves were grouped according to military unit. Every grave in each grouping receiving a similar headstone, but not necessarily the same as that in other groupings.[9]There were a number of organizations in Germany that were particularly opposed to mass-produced identical headstones and by consequence the cemetery contains a number of differently styled headstones.[14]The German headstones were carved from locally quarried stone, principallybluestoneand BelgianPetit Granit.[9]German officers were offered larger headstones to illustrate their highermilitary rank.[9]The cemetery contains a number of German regimental memorials within the cemetery which were paid and provided by the city or town where the regiment was based.[9]

The Germans treated the British dead in a similar manner to their own. All of the British were buried in individual plots and, like the Germans, grouped by unit as far as possible.[9]The deceased British officers were buried in a plot separate from their troops and it is not known how these graves were marked before they were provided with the standardized Imperial War Grave Commission headstone.[9]The Germans also erected simple regimental memorials that identified the unit or regiment within a number of the British groupings.[9]This included one to the Middlesex Regiment which was mistakenly referred to as the "Royal Middlesex Regiment" although that was not its name at the time.[10]

A classical 7 metres (23 ft) highobeliskmemorial made of bluestone was placed near the entrance at the highest point in the cemetery.[9]Themonumental inscriptionon the obelisk is written in German and is dedicated to the German and British soldiers that died during the Battle of Mons: "In memory of the German and English soldiers who fell in the actions near Mons on the 23rd and 24th August 1914." (German:Zum Gedächtnis der am 23. und 24. August 1914 in den Kämpfen bei Mons gefallenen deutschen und englischen Soldaten).[9][16]Near the cemetery entrance, a tablet in Latin was set out to explain the land was gifted for the purpose of a cemetery by Jean Houzeau de Lehaie.[17]

Cowlishaw redesign[edit]

Full control of the St Symphorien cemetery was transferred to the Imperial War Graves Commission in 1930 after which William Harrison Cowlishaw set about redesigning the cemetery.[9]The main change was the conversion from a woodland cemetery to the more open English garden style cemetery present at most Imperial War Graves Commission cemeteries.[9]Many of the trees were chopped down, particularity those in the predominantly British south-eastern side, and grass sown in this area.[9]The cemetery was made to feel more open but no changes were made to the location of the graves, effectively leaving each plot layoutin situchoosing instead to remove vegetation that provided the visual compartmentalization to each plot.[9]The predominantly German north-eastern half was left more characteristically in a woodland cemetery style, although many trees were pruned to ensure that an open view was created between the various plots.[9]The original German headstones were retained and several German headstones added due to transferred graves from other sites.[9]The other principal change wasearthworkto create a raised hill where theCross of Sacrificewould be erected. The German general monument was in no way modified but Cowlishaw likely created the hill to ensure the Cross of Sacrifice was not dwarfed by the German monument.[9]Special memorials were erected to five soldiers of theRoyal Irish Regimentbelieved to be buried in unnamed graves. Other special memorials record the names of four British soldiers, buried by the Germans inObourgChurchyard, whose graves could not be found.[18]Approximately 100 Commonwealth soldiers buried at St Symphorien were unidentified. They are interred under a headstone with a quote byRudyard Kipling:"A Soldier of the Great War, Known Unto God."[10]

Notable graves[edit]

A headstone made of white Portland stone with the Middlesex Regiment cap badge on top in John Parr's name, age and date of death below
A headstone made of white Portland stone with the a maple leaf cap badge on top and George Lawrence Price, age and date of death below
John Parr (left) and George Price (right), the first and last Commonwealth soldier killed in combat

Notable German burials include MusketierOskar Niemeyerfrom the 84th Infantry Regiment was the first recipient of theIron Crossduring the war.[19]Having come to a crossing of the Mons–Condé canal with a closedswing bridgehe swam across the canal, returned across the canal with a requisitioned small boat, paddled back across the canal with a team and then opened the bridge allowing the Germans troops to cross in greater numbers. He was killed shortly after opening the bridge.[9][20]

Notable Commonwealth burials in the cemetery include PrivateJohn Parr,of the 4th Battalion,Middlesex RegimentandGeorge Lawrence Priceof the Canadian28th (Northwest) Battalioneach believed to be the respective first and last Commonwealth soldiers killed in action during the First World War, as isGeorge Ellison.[21][22][23]Also buried in the cemetery isMaurice Deasewho was the first posthumous recipient of theVictoria Crossin the war.[24]Dease was awarded the Victoria Cross for defending Nimy Bridge and maintained firing of a machine gun until he was hit for a fifth and final time.[25]and Pte EW Mason of 4th Middlesex Regiment because he is much loved by his family.

Notes and sources[edit]

  1. ^abn.d."Saint-Symphorien".Volksbund Deutsche Kriegsgräberfürsorge(in German). Volksbund Deutsche Kriegsgräberfürsorge.Retrieved19 November2015.
  2. ^Zuber 2011,pp. 95–97.
  3. ^Hamilton 1916,p. 5.
  4. ^Gordon 1917,p. 24.
  5. ^Hamilton 1916,pp. 13–14.
  6. ^Hamilton 1916,p. 14.
  7. ^Hamilton 1916,pp. 15–16.
  8. ^Hamilton 1916,p. 26.
  9. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacadaeafagahaiajakalamanaoVancoillie, Jan (2014)."Ehrenfriedhof Nr. 191 Saint – Symphorien – Spiennes"(PDF).Shrapnel.26(2): 194–199.Retrieved15 November2015.
  10. ^abcdCommonwealth War Graves Commission 2014
  11. ^abcMadigan, Edward."St. Symphorien Military Cemetery, the Battle of Mons and British Centenary Commemoration".Oxford University.Retrieved4 August2014.
  12. ^The additional German graves were mostly the result of graves being moved from Gembloux, Havre Noirchain, Obourg, Spiennes, St. Symphorien-parish cemetery, St. Symphorien municipal cemetery, and Wasmes-en-Borinage.[1]British dead were gathered from Gembloux Communal Cemetery (where 22 British soldiers were buried in 1918–1919), Havre Old Communal Cemetery, Norchain Churchyard, Obourg Churchyard, Spiennes Communal Cemetery, St Symphorien Churchyard, St Symphorien Communal Cemetery, and Wasmes-en-Borinage Communal Cemetery.
  13. ^Henley, Jon (4 August 2014)."Europe's leaders hail ties of peace as they mark first world war centenary".The Guardian.Retrieved8 August2014.
  14. ^abMosse 1991,pp. 88–90.
  15. ^Ben Djaffar & De Smet 2015,p. 228.
  16. ^"St. Symphorien Military Cemetery".WW1 Cemeteries. Archived fromthe originalon 22 December 2010.Retrieved6 July2010.
  17. ^"Virtual Tour of St. Symphorien Military Cemetery".Commonwealth War Graves Commission. 21 August 2014.Retrieved19 November2015.
  18. ^"Cemetery Details – St Symphorien Cemetery".Commonwealth War Graves Commission.Retrieved8 May2008.
  19. ^Henley, Jon (4 August 2014)."Enemies in life, comrades in death: a century to count the cost of war".The Guardian.Retrieved19 November2015.
  20. ^Mallinson, Allan (2013).1914: Fight the Good Fight: Britain, the Army and the Coming of the First World War.Random House. p. 312.
  21. ^"Treasure trove for military history buffs in Belgium"(PDF).The Maple Leaf.10.19 September 2007.Retrieved26 February2010.
  22. ^Hayes-Fisher, John (29 October 2008)."The last soldiers to die in World War I".Retrieved19 November2015.
  23. ^Gibson & Ward 1989,p. 121.
  24. ^"Casualty details—Dease, Maurice James".Commonwealth War Graves Commission.Retrieved30 October2008.
  25. ^"No. 28976".The London Gazette.13 November 1914. pp. 9373–9374.

Bibliography[edit]

External links[edit]

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