Stabiae

Stabiae

Wall painting from Stabiae, 1st century AD
Location	Castellammare di Stabia,Province of Naples,Campania,Italy
Region	Southern Italy
Coordinates	40°42′11″N14°29′56″E
Type	Settlement
Site notes
Management	Soprintendenza Speciale per i Beni Archeologici di Pompei, Ercolano e Stabia
Website	Sito Archeologico di Stabiae(in Italian and English)

Stabiae and other cities affected by the eruption ofMount Vesuvius.The black cloud represents the general distribution of ash and cinder. Modern coast lines are shown.

Stabiae(Latin:[ˈstabɪ.ae̯]) was an ancient city situated near the modern town ofCastellammare di Stabiaand approximately 4.5 km southwest ofPompeii.Like Pompeii, and being only 16 km (9.9 mi) fromMount Vesuvius,it was largely buried bytephraash in the 79 ADeruption of Mount Vesuvius,in this case at a shallower depth of up to 5 m.

Stabiae is most famous for the Roman villas found near the ancient city which are regarded as some of the most stunning architectural and artistic remains from any Roman villas.They are the largest concentration of excellently preserved, enormous, elite seaside villas known in the Roman world. The villas were sited on a 50 m high headland overlooking theGulf of Naples.Although it was discovered before Pompeii in 1749, unlike Pompeii andHerculaneum,Stabiae was reburied by 1782 and so failed to establish itself as a destination for travellers on theGrand Tour.

Many of the objects and frescoes taken from these villas are now in theNational Archaeological Museum of Naples.

History

City gate of Stabiae

The settlement at Stabiae arose from as early as the 7th century BC due to the favourable climate and its strategic and commercial significance as evocatively documented by materials found in the vastnecropolisdiscovered in 1957 on via Madonna delle Grazie, situated betweenGragnanoandSanta Maria la Carità.The necropolis of over 300 tombs containing imported pottery of Corinthian, Etruscan,ChalcidianandAtticorigin clearly shows that the town had major commercial contacts.The necropolis, covering an area of 15,000 m²(160,000 sq ft), was used from the 7th to the end of the 3rd century BC and shows the complex population changes with the arrival of new peoples, such as theEtruscans,which opened up new contacts.

Stabiae had a smallportwhich by the 6th century BC had already been overshadowed by the much larger port at Pompeii. It later became anOscansettlementand it appears that theSamniteslater took over the Oscan town in the 5th century.

With the arrival of the Samnites the city suffered a sudden social and economic slowdown in favour of the development of nearby Pompeii, as shown by the almost total absence of burials: however, when the influence of the Samnites became more marked in the middle of the 4th century BC Stabiae began a slow recovery,so much so that it was necessary to build two new necropoles, one discovered in 1932 near theMediaevalCastle, the other in Scanzano. A sanctuary, probably dedicated to Athena, was built in the locality of Privati.

It then became part of theNucerianfederation, adopting its political and administrative structure and becoming its military port, although it enjoyed less autonomy than Pompeii, Herculaneum andSorrento;in 308 BC, after a long siege, it was forced to surrender in the Samnite wars against the Romans.

The earliest Roman evidence is coins from Rome andEbususfound in the sanctuary of Privati dating back to the 3rd century BC probably brought in by merchants.During thePunic WarsStabiae supported Rome against theCarthaginianswith young men in the fleet ofMarcus Claudius Marcellus,according toSilius Italicuswho wrote:

Irrumpit Cumana ratis, quam Corbulo ducato lectaque complebat Stabiarum litore pubes.

The location of the early city of Stabiae is still to be identified but it was most probably a fortified town of some importance, since when conflict with the Romans reached a head during theSocial War (91–88 BC),the Roman generalSulladid not simply occupy the town on 30 April 89 BC but destroyed it. Its location is said to be delimited by the Scanzano gorge and the San Marco stream which partly eroded its walls.

Roman Period

Map of excavations at Stabiae

The Roman author and admiralPliny the Elderrecorded that the town was rebuilt after the Social Wars and became a popular resort for wealthy Romans. He reported that there were several miles of luxury villas built along the edge of the headland, all enjoying panoramic views out over the bay.The villas that can be visited today come from the time between the destruction of Stabiae bySullain 89 BC and the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD.

In 1759Karl Weberidentified and described part of the city near the Villa San Marco which extended over about 45000 m².He found five paved streets intersecting at right angles, theforum,atempleon a podium, agymnasium,tabernaewith arcades, pavements and small private houses.

In the plain around Stabiae was theAger Stabianus,the land administered by the city and an agricultural area in which about 60villae rusticaehave been identified: farmhouses that vary from 400 to 800 m²,from which intensive agriculture took advantage of the fertility of the soil, and which included production and processing of agricultural products with wine and olive presses, threshing floors and storehouses,making the owners wealthy, considering the villas'thermal bathsand frescoed rooms.

Stabiae established itself as a luxury residential centre, so much so that Cicero wrote in a letter to his friendMarcus Marius Gratidianus:

"For I doubt not that in that study of yours, from which you have opened a window into the Stabian waters of the bay, and obtained a view ofMisenum,you have spent the morning hours of those days in light reading "

The phenomenon of the construction of the luxury villas along the entire coast of the Gulf of Naples in this period was such thatStraboalso wrote:

"The whole gulf is quilted by cities, buildings, plantations, so united to each other, that they seem to be a single metropolis."

Stabiae was also well known for the quality of its spring water according toColumella,which was believed to have medicinal properties.

Fontibus et Stabiae celebres(Stabiae is also famous for its springs).

The Eruption of 79 AD

Main article:Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD

In 62 AD the city was hit by a violent earthquake that affected the whole region, causing considerable damage to the buildings and creating the need for restoration work, which was never finished.

According to a letter written byhis nephew,Pliny the Elder was at the other side of the bay inMisenumwhen the eruption of 79 AD started. He sailed bygalleyacross the bay, partly to observe the eruption more closely, and partly to rescue people from the coast near the volcano.

Pliny died at Stabiae the following day. This coincides with the arrival of the sixth and largestpyroclastic surgeof the eruption caused by the collapse of theeruption plume.The very diluted outer edge of this surge reached Stabiae and left two centimetres of fine ash on top of the immensely thick aerially-depositedtephrawhich further protected the underlying remains.

Post-eruption

Milestone found on the cathedral site, 121 AD

Unlike Pompeii, the eruption did not end human activity as about 40 years later the road toNuceriawas rebuilt, as its 11th milestone recovered from the cathedral site shows. AlsoPublius Papinius Statius(c. 45–96) asked in a poem for his wife to join him in what he called "Stabias renatas" (Stabiae reborn).It continued to be an important centre for trade as the surrounding agricultural area needed a port and that of Stabiae was restored whilst that of Pompeii had been destroyed. In the 2nd c. AD newnecropoleswere created at Grotta S.Biagio (below theVilla Arianna), Santa Maria la Carità and Pimonte.

After theCrisis of the Third Centurythe city decreased in importance. Between the third and fourth centuries, as demonstrated by the discovery of asarcophagus,were the first traces of a Christian community.The fifth century saw the formation of the diocese with the first bishops Orso and Catello. In the 5th century it was known as a centre of theBenedictine Order.

Archaeology

Plan of part of the town of Stabiae, (Villa San Marco top right)

Springfresco from the Villa Arianna, Stabiae, one of the best-known and iconic Roman frescoes

Victim of eruption found in 2006 in Villa San Marco

The archaeological remains at Stabiae were originally discovered in 1749 by CavaliereRoque Joaquín de Alcubierre,an engineer working for KingCharles VII of Naples.These ruins were partially excavated by Alcubierre with help fromKarl Weberbetween 1749 and 1775.Weber was the first to make detailed architectural drawings and delivered them to the court of Naples. He proposed the systematic unearthing of the buildings and their display on site, in their context. In 1759 Weber partially identified and described part of the old city that extended over an area of about 45000 m².The ruins that had been excavated, however, were reburied.

A second excavation campaign until 1782 was assisted by the architectFranceso La Vegaafter Weber's death. He diligently collected all the preceding material to reconstruct the history of the excavations. He introduced new concepts for the first time about context, emphasising direct observation of ancient buildings in their landscape or in their historical and archaeological context. In seven years at Stabiae La Vega resumed excavations in some villas built on the plateau of Varaniumalready partially excavated, the Villa del Pastore, Villa Arianna andSecond Complexand extended research to a large number ofvillae rusticaein theager stabianusand made precise reports. However he could not persuade the court to keep excavated buildings exposed and avoid their backfilling. So excavation of Stabiae continued with the usual technique of digging and backfilling.The location of Stabiae was again widely forgotten.

In 1950whenLibero D'Orsi,an enthusiastic amateur, brought to light some rooms of Villa San Marcoand Villa Ariannawith the help of the maps from the Bourbon excavations, and also Villa Petraro, adomusfound by chance in 1957 (in the commune of Santa Maria la Carità) but then reburied after a few years of study.He also found parts of a residential area of the city about 300 m from Villa San Marco including remains of houses, shops, and parts of themacellumto which roads from the port converged.These remains were again reburied. News of the finds quickly attracted important visitors and nobility from all over Europe. Some of the most important frescoes were detached to allow better conservation and almost 9000 finds collected were housed locally. His work finally stopped in 1962 following lack of funds.

The site was declared an archaeological protected area in 1957.

Sporadically, numerous remains of villas and necropolises were found; as when Villa Carmiano (now in commune of Gragnano) was excavated in 1963 then reburied; in 1967 part of the "Second Complex" and the Villa del Pastore resurfaced and was reburied in 1970;in 1974 a villa belonging to theager stabianuswas discovered located in the current municipality of Sant'Antonio Abate but whose excavation has not yet been completed.In addition other villas, especially rural ones, were discovered throughout theager stabianus,especially between Santa Maria la Carità and Gragnano and all were reburied.

In 1980 the violentearthquake of Irpiniacaused huge damage to the villas and destroyed part of the colonnade of the upper peristyle of Villa San Marco.It caused the closure of the excavations to the public. Nevertheless, in 1981 part of the courtyard of Villa Arianna was found, inside which were two agricultural wagons, one of which was restored and put on view to the public. In the rest of the eighties and nineties, only maintenance and restoration works were carried out, except for a few important events, such as the discovery of substructures at Villa Arianna in 1994 and thegymnasiumin 1997.The archaeological site was reopened to the public in 1995.

The year 2004 saw an Italian-American collaboration between the Superintendency of Archaeology of Pompeii, the region of Campania and theUniversity of Marylandto form the non-profit Restoring Ancient Stabiae Foundation (RAS) whose goal was to restore and build an archaeological park.

The year 2006 was eventful: following clearance on the Varano hill, rooms belonging to theVilla of Anteros and Heracles,already discovered by theBourbonsin 1749, but reburied and lost, were brought to light. In July the RAS revealed the upper peristyle of Villa San Marco and in its south-east corner Stabiae's first human skeleton was also found, probably a fugitive who fell victim to falling debris.

In 2008 Villa San Marco and Villa Arianna were re-explored and in the former threecubiculawere uncovered areas behind the peristyle and twolatrines,and a garden was brought to light, with the latter part of the great peristyle looking directly over the sea.

In 2009 new excavations brought to light a Roman road running along the northernperimeterof Villa San Marco. It is a paved road that connected the town of Stabiae with the seashore below: across this artery is a gate to the city and along the walls are amyriadof graffiti and small drawings in charcoal. On the other side of the road, a baths area of a new villa was discovered, partly explored in the Bourbon era. A Roman road also led to the entrance of adomusbelonging to the "Ager stabianus".In May 2010 a villa dating to the first century was discovered during the work to double the railway track of the Torre Annunziata-Sorrento line of theCircumvesuviana,between the stations of Ponte Persica and Pioppaino.

From 2011 to 2014,Columbia Universityand H2CU (Centro Interuniversitario per la Formazione Internazionale) have been excavating in the Villa San Marco, investigating it as a Roman elite structure and the pre-79 AD history of the site.

In 2019 excavations in the Piazza Unità d'Italia unearthed an Augustan or Julio-Claudian building and a 4th-century building.

Villas

Atrium, Villa San Marco

Vista from Triclinium, Villa San Marco

Among the many villas found at Stabiae are firstly large leisure villas (villaotium) without agricultural buildings such as:

• Villa San Marco
• Villa Arianna
• theSecond Complex
• Villa del Pastore
• Villa del Fauno (or of Anteros and Heracles)

and secondly residential villas with agricultural sections (villa rustica) such as:

• Villa del Petraro
• Villa Carmiano (Villas A and B)
• Villa Sant'Antonio Abate
• Villa Medici
• Villa del Filosofo (of the Philosopher)
• Villa Marchetti
• Villa detto Carmiano in Masseria Buonodono
• Villa Petrellune
• Villas in Ogliaro
• Casa dei Miri
• Villa Sassole

Plan of Villa San Marco

Villa San Marco

Entrance to Villa San Marco and atrium

Nymphaeum in the peristyle

One of the largest villas ever discovered inCampania,it measured more than 11,000 m²,although only half has been excavated. It was being renovated at the time of the eruption as shown by building materials present and displaced artefacts. Nevertheless, it was lavishly decorated with frescoes, withstuccowork, floor mosaics and wall mosaics all of very high artistic quality, many of which were removed and are now held in museums.

This villa derived its name from a nearby chapel that existed in the 18th century. It was the first to be explored in the excavations inBourbontimes between 1749 and 1754.The villa was re-buried after the removal of its furnishings and of the better-preserved frescoes. Excavations were resumed in 1950 by Libero d’Orsi and O. Elia of the Archaeological Superintendency.

The villa was built at least in part on a 6th c. BC platform that may have levelled the ground on the hill.Construction started at the latest inAugustus' reign and was significantly enlarged with the garden and swimming pool underClaudius.The owner's name is not exactly known but it could belong to a certain Narcissus, afreedman,on the basis of stamps found on tiles, or to the Virtii family who had tombs not far away.

It has an entranceatrium(44) containing a pool, aoecustriclinaris(banqueting hall) (16) with views of the bay, and several colonnaded courtyards. There are also many other small rooms, a kitchen and two internal gardens. This villa is also important because it has provided frescoes, sculptures,mosaicsand architecture, which show styles and themes comparable to those found in Pompeii and Herculaneum.

The great peristyle (9) is surrounded by a long porch with a central pool (15) of 36×7 m which at the end has anymphaeum(64,65) that has yet to be explored, decorated with frescoes depictingNeptune,Venusand several athletes, that were removed by theBourbonsand are now at the Naples museum and theCondé MuseuminChantilly,France. In the peristyle garden large plane trees grew and their root cavities were found; just as with the casts of humans these cavities were filled with plaster to make casts and archaeologists have also calculated that their age ranged from 75 to 100 years.

The villa has an even larger second peristyle on the southern side, partially excavated, approximately 140m long, with arcades supported by spiral columns which collapsed during the1980 Irpinia earthquake:the ceilings are painted with scenes depictingMelpomene,the Apotheosis ofAthenaetc. In this peristyle was asundialfound during the excavation in a deposit as the villa at the time of the eruption was under renovation; the sundial was subsequently placed in its original position.

The baths of the villa are of considerable size on a triangular plot. The remains of the frescoes show they were finely decorated with depictions of large pendulous branches. Access to the baths is via anatrium,painted with wrestlers and boxers, followed byapodyterium,tepidarium,frigidarium,palaestraandcaldarium:the pool in thecaldarium,accessible by stone steps, is 7x5m and 1.5m deep. In excavations in the pool, part of the bottom was removed exposing a large brick furnace heating a large bronze boiler which was removed in 1798 by Lord Hamilton to be transported to London, but during the trip the Colossus was shipwrecked. Thecaldariumwas covered with marble slabs. From the baths there are a number of ramps connecting the villa with the shore.

Art from Villa San Marco

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  Fresco of woman with tray
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  Fresco of winged figure
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  Fresco of a tree
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  Perseuswith head ofMedusa
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  Fresco detail of aplanisphere(Antiquarium)
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  Skyphosin obsidian with incastonatura (Naples Museum)

Villa Arianna

Villa Arianna

Peristyle

Named for thefrescodepictingDionysussavingAriadnefrom the island of Dia (a mythological name forNaxos), this villa is particularly famous for its frescoes, many of which depict light, winged figures. Notably some of the most exquisite and famous Roman frescoes were found in bedrooms 23 to 26 on Weber's plan, the latter room having an especially fine decor with 18 outstanding frescoes.

It is the oldestvilla d'otium(a leisure villa) in Stabiae, dating back to the 2nd century BC.The villa was extended over the course of 150 years. It is skilfully designed so that the residential quarters take advantage of the panorama along the ridge overlooking theBay of Naples.It occupies an area of about 11000 sqm. of which only 2500 have been excavated. Some of the rooms were lost as a result of landslides on the slope.

Another feature is its private tunnel system that links the villa from its location on the ridge to the sea shore, which was probably only between 100 and 200 metres away from the bottom of the hill in Roman times. The shoreline has since changed, leaving the site further inland than it was in antiquity.

It was first excavated between 1757 and 1762when the villa was called the "First Complex" to distinguish it from the "Second Complex", from which it is separated by a narrow alley. The excavations were resumed by D'Orsi in 1950. In 2008 the large peristyle, one of the largest of any Roman villa at 370m in length, was brought to light almost completely, along with new rooms, columns and windows.

Layout

It has a complex plan, the result of several expansions of the building and was conveniently divided into four sections: theatrium,thethermal baths,thetricliniumand theperistyle.

The "Tuscan"atrium,dating back to the late Republican age, is paved with white-black mosaic and has wall frescoes, often female figures andpalmetteson a black and red background attributable to thethird style.At the centre of the atrium is animpluviumwhile all around are numerous rooms: two of these, placed at the ends of the entrance of theatrium,preserve decorations that imitate architectures such asIonic columnsthat support thecofferedceiling belonging to thesecond style.

Map of Villa Arianna and theSecond Complexon the left

In the other rooms the most important frescoes of all of Stabiae were found, all removed in the Bourbon era and preserved in the National Archaeology Museum of Naples. They include theFloraorPrimaverafound in 1759; it has a size of only 38x22 cm and dates to the first century BC: the fresco represents the Greeknymph Flora,understood by the Romans as the goddess of Spring, turning round in the act of collecting a flower, an allegory of purity, all on a pale-green background; Flora is certainly the best known work of Stabiae, so much so that it has become its symbol, not only in Italy, but also abroad.

Another work of great importance is the "Seller of cupids", found in 1759, also dating to the first century BC, which represents a woman in the act of selling acupidto a girl: this fresco was already famous across Europe in the 18th century, influencingneoclassicaltaste and was copied on porcelain, prints, lithographs and paintings.

Thetricliniumdirectly overlooks the edge of the hill and dates fromNero's reign. On the centre of the rear wall is the fresco found in 1950 of the myth ofAriadne,abandoned byTheseuson the island ofNaxosin the arms ofHypnoescorted byDionysus(represented with hawk eyes).

The bath area is smaller than the other villas in Stabiae, nevertheless there is anapsedcalidariumwith bath, atepidariumand afrigidarium.In 2009 a large garden of 110x55 m was found, considered as the best preserved in the world, as the traces of the plants present at the time are still clearly visible.There are also numerous service areas such as the kitchen, a fishpond, a masonry staircase leading to the first floor and a stable, where two agricultural carts were found,one of which has been restored and on show to the public: this wagon has two large wheels made of iron and wood; in the immediate vicinity the skeleton of a horse with its hind legs raised was found, having become frightened by the eruption. The horse's name, Repentinus, is also known from an inscription in the stable.

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  Fresco showing a woman looking in a mirror as she dresses (or undresses) her hair, from the Villa of Arianna at Stabiae (Castellammare di Stabia),Naples National Archaeological Museum
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  Leda and the swan
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  Fresco depicting a seated woman, from the Villa Arianna at Stabiae,Naples National Archaeological Museum
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  AriadneonNaxos,triclinium,Villa Ariana
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  Nereidon sea-horse
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  Nereid on sea-panther
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  Duck, Roman fresco from Villa Arianna, Naples Museum
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  Cupid seller
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  Roman cart

TheSecond Complex

Portico, Second Complex

The so-called Second Complex is avilla otiumlocated on the edge of the Varano hill between the Villa del Pastore and Villa Arianna and separated by a narrow alley from the latter which because of its proximity is often confused as the same villa. The site was explored for the first time in 1762 byKarl Weber,in 1775 byPietro La Vegaand finally in 1967 by Libero D'Orsi: only about 1000 m²has been brought to light.

The villa consists of two areas, the oldest around the peristyle which was built around the first century BC and the later part, probably widening or emerging out of an existing structure, dating back to the imperial age. The peristyle has aporticoon three sides and different areas including anoecus(lost following a landslide), and several scenic areas that looked out on the sea. On the west side there is a square fish pond with lead pipes and water spouts. The south side is a pseudoportico adorned with columns resting on a wall, behind which lies the baths that includes acaldariumwith a bathtub, atepidariumalso with tub and garden and alaconicumwith domed roof and a kitchen. On the north side next to Ariana Villa are atriclinium,and acubiculum.

Most of the villa's objects were taken away by the Bourbons, as well as part of the black and white geometrictessellatedpavement; however, the black walls in thethird styleare well preserved.

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  Second Complex
• 
  Fresco, Villa Arianna
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  Fragments from Second Complex

Villa del Pastore

Plan of the Villa del Pastore

Labrum from Villa del Pastore

Shepherd from the Villa del Pastore

"Villa of the Shepherd" in English, this villa gets its name from a small statue of a shepherd that was discovered at this site. The villa, at 19,000 m²area, is one of the very largest ever discovered and is even larger than Villa San Marco with many rooms, large baths and luxurious gardens. It lacks, however, any domestic rooms suggesting that it may not have been a residence. One hypothesis is that it is instead avaletudinarium(health spa or a sort of domestic hospital and infirmary for sick slaves) to allow people to take advantage of the famous spring waters of Stabiae.

The villa stands on the edge of the plateau Varano with a panoramic view, a short distance from Villa Arianna. It was explored three times: its discovery dates back to 1754 to 1759 when Karl Weber brought to light a large garden; the second campaign under Pietro la Vega was carried out between 1775 and 1778; the third and final exploration dates to 1967–68 when the villa was rediscovered following the discovery of a perimeter wall after removal of a layer oflapillion agricultural land. This excavation was funded by the landowner and the superintendent at the time tried to expropriate church land in the area between Villa Arianna and Villa San Marco in order to combine the areas of the villas of Stabiae. While waiting for the permit, the villa was re-buried in 1970 to prevent it from ruin. As a result of various bureaucratic problems related to the expropriation, the villa remains buried and has not yet been fully excavated.

The Villa del Pastore dates from between the eighth century BC and 79 AD. It is divided into two parts: a large outdoor area and a series of residential rooms. The garden area is bordered to the south by the semicircular wall, while on the north is a 140m longcryptoporticuswhich runs parallel to a colonnade on a slightly lower level. At the centre of the garden is a swimming pool (natatio) with marble staircase. In the centre of the semicircularalcovewas found the statue that gives the villa its name, of marble, 65 cm tall inHellenisticstyle and is an old shepherd dressed in hides, carrying on his shoulders a kid, with a basket with grapes and bread on his left hand while in the right hand is a hare. Also in the garden to the south west is a porch 10x2m portico paved with black and white mosaic. Also a small squarenymphaeumwas found in the centre of which was placed a marblelabrum.

The second part of the villa has fifteen rooms around a central courtyard, on the north side of which lies the baths area in which is located anapodyterium,a steam bath, a kitchen and avestibule.

The villa is spread over three levels as revealed by recent landslides, including a number of substructures which had the dual function of containment of the hill and as the villa's support base. Like the other villas nearby, it was directly connected to the sea by a series of ramps sloping toward the beach.

Villa of Anteros and Heracles

Plan of Villa del Fauno

Situated on the Varano plateau, thisvilla otium(also known as the Villa del Fauno or Villa Chapel San Marco) is situated on the border between Castellammare di Stabia and Gragnano, a few meters from Villa San Marco.It was the first Stabian villa to be excavated during the Bourbon excavations of the ancient town in 1749 and was explored again by Karl Weber in 1779. After being investigated and plundered of all items considered of value it was reburied.

The site was lost until 2006 when a group of volunteers clearing the Varano ridge witnessed a landslide which brought to light various structures, including a doorway and the hinge of a door. After the initial enthusiasm and initiatives to recover the remains, lack of funds has led to villa becoming overgrown again.

Most of what is known of the villa derives from the descriptions of the Bourbons.

In the southwest corner of a small peristyle were the remains of alararium.In the niche was the figure of a young Julio-Claudian woman with a brooch, perhapsLiviaorAntonia Minor,adorned with curly hair and now held in theNaples museum(inv. 6193). Analtarwas found next to it and on the wall above it was a plaque about 1.5m wide in red letters from theAugustanorTiberianera that read:

ANTEROS L HERACLIO SUMMAR MAG LARIB ET FAMIL D D

It reports the dedication of a gift, perhaps the altar itself, to theLaresand theFamiliaby thefreedmanAnteros and the servant Heracleus, an employee of the administration of finance, bothmagistratus,officials of the cult.

They had the tasks of keeping the documents of the village, collecting taxes and organising festivals. Also discovered was a large number of scales and coins, sometimes in gold.

Acameodepicting a woman, perhaps Venus, holding a branch was also found.

From the excavation journal and the detailed plan of La Vega, the villa was composed of three parts: the service area around the small peristyle with a statue-fountain of aFaunlying on a stone, which gave the villa its name and which seems out of place. To the west is a symmetrical sector with reception and living rooms decorated with paintings and mosaic floors. To the south is a triple portico with double row of columns, of which the lower side along the panoramic edge of about 46 m was excavated. The 18th c. documentation shows it was avillaotiumowing to its large size (almost 6000 m2). Its position and resemblance to the neighbouring Villa San Marco also suggests it was an imperial property.

Villa Petraro

The villais located on Via Cupa S. Marco, Petraro, on the border with Santa Maria la Carità. The villa was on the Sarno plain, a wooded area close to the Roman paved road between Stabia and Nuceria.

It was discovered in 1957 during industriallapilliextraction and its exploration continued until 1958, followed by Libero D'Orsi, when after stripping it of frescoes and the best artworks it was reburied.

It comprised an estate with a working farm dating from before AD 14.When the eruption struck it was being renovated and being converted to avilla otium,as evidenced by heaps of building decoration materials, probably because of its situation overlooking the sea. Among the finds were blown-glass bottles, terracotta jugs and an oil press.

It had a large courtyard withcryptoporticus,an oven and a well. The rooms branch off from the central area: there are workspaces,triclinia,cubiculaand sixergastula,or cells for slaves.

Following the renovation, the eastern part of the villa was equipped with a spa composed of acalidariumwith abarrel-vaultedroof, afrigidariumin which new pools were under construction, atepidariumequipped with clay pipes for heating the room, a furnace and anapodyterium,the changing room.The decorative panels representedbucolic scenes,river gods, cupids and mythological representations such asPasifaewithNarcissusreflected in the water, Psyche, aSatyrwith goat and a Satyr withrhyton;however, most of the walls of the villa had been covered with white plaster as well as twenty-five unfinished finestuccopanels.

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  Unfinished stucco panels
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• 

Villa Carmiano (Villa A)

The villa was one of two nearby in Carmiano, Gragnano, excavated by Libero D'Orsi from 1963 but re-buried in 1998. Many fine frescoes were found and removed for preservation.

It is a rustic villa of theager stabianuslocated just under a kilometre from the plateau of Varano. It has an area of 400 m²and dates from the end of the 1st c. BC. The quality of the paintings indicates that the owner was a wealthy farmer.The most important works come from thetricliniumsuch as the representation ofNeptuneandAmymone,BacchusandCeresand the Triumph ofDionysus.

The entrance includes a dog's kennel. The atrium has alarariumdedicated toMinerva.The service rooms include a wine press, tank for the collection of the must and a wine cellar with twelvedoliawith a total capacity of seven thousand litres. The rooms used for the storage of the crop and tools for working the land are paved in clay, while the residential areas such as thetriclinium,finely decorated with paintings inFlavianart, has tiled floors.

A seal with the lettersMAR. A. Sfound during excavations may record the first name of the patron MAR, followed by the initial of thegens(family) A and then the word S(ervi).

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  Triumph ofDionysus
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  BacchusandCeres,from thetriclinium,Villa Carmiano

Villa Sant'Antonio Abate

This is avilla rusticain Casa Salese in the upper part ofSant'Antonio Abateand was in the outskirts of theager stabianuson the border with Pompeii and Nuceria. It was discovered in 1974 and provided important information on Roman life. Having never been excavated before, not even by the Bourbons, it contained a great variety of objects.It is thought that only one wing of the villa was brought to light. In 2009, a restoration and recovery project was approved for €40,000.

The villa dates to theAugustus-Tiberiusera and is probably built around a square courtyard. The area found is a large room near theperimeterwall with a small farmyard enclosed by lower walls and three square-base columns as part of a portico in the entrance to the villa, decorated with images of animals, plants and masks.

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Villa Medici

Plan of Villa Medici

Named after its locality, it was explored by la Vega in 1781–2. The villa has a rectangular plan with a courtyard in the centre with six columns frescoed in red, adolium,a well and a basin with a canal that served as a drinking trough for animals. From the courtyard there are a series of rooms such as the kitchen with oven, a latrine, anapotheca(upstairs store-room) where fruits were collected and laid on a straw bedand atorcularium(a shed or out-house where the presses for oil or wine were worked), which in turn gives access to a large frescoed room with a yellowplinthand red stripes while the upper part has green bands on a dark background with drawings of flowers and leaves. In this room were found a cup, a bell and an axe. There is also a wine cellar.

Villa del Filosofo

Plan of Villa del Filosofo

It was found in 1778 and owes its name to the discovery of a ring adorned with a carvedcorneliandepicting the bust of a philosopher. The villa had not been disturbed since the eruption in 79 and many portable objects were found including the ring and an ivory needle with Venus, agricultural tools,terracottaobjects,candelabra,bronze vases and the skeleton of a horse.

It is located near the Villa Casa dei Miri and the great villas of Stabiae.

The villa was built around a courtyard with a windowedcryptoporticuson the north and arcades on the south and east sides, while in the centre there is atufaaltar and a well for water collection. Around the courtyard are rooms for residential and farming use. There is a spa area paved with a white mosaic with a dolphin in black entwining a rudder, while the walls are frescoed with paintings of animals and masks. One of the most beautiful frescoes represents Venus.

Villa Marchetti

The villa Marchetti located in Santa Maria La Carità was a very large villa, over 2000 sqm. where, in addition to the cultivation of grapes (wooden poles were found for the vineyard), horses and cattle were bred, cereals were grown, and the production cycle was completed with the mill and cooking in the ovens. Cheese was probably produced, as evidenced by a bronze boiler. Large lead pipes andhydraulic valves,found near the villa and along the roads (for example in the current Piazza Trivione and throughout the Carmiano area), are testimony to the extent of services in use. A housing block for 14 slaves was found.

Villa detto Carmiano in Masseria Buonodono

Plan of Villa detto Carmiano in Masseria Buonodono

The part of the villa shown in red was excavated in 1762 while the rest was done in 1781.It was centred around a peristyle and an olive mill was found in thetorcularium.Several agricultural implements were found includinghoes,a hammer andamphorae.

Villa Casa dei Miri

This is avilla rusticaexcavated in 1779–80 and is near thevillas ofotiumof ancient Stabia. It is divided into residential and the rustic areas; the living area consists of an entrance portico with three columns, in which a staircase leads to the upper floor and divides the entrance from a smallatrium.Around this are several rooms and a doorway into a large peristyle with twenty columns, with frescoed walls and floors decorated with mosaics and marbleopus sectile.There are alsothermal baths.

The agricultural part includes a series of rooms mainly for the production of oil as evidenced by the discovery of two oil presses with a tank. There is also a farmyard in which an unusual terracotta pot was found, divided into various compartments used to fattendormice,one of the favourite foods of the Romans.

Temples

The rock of Rovigliano

Column from the Temple of Diana

The almost total absence oftemplesin the central Stabiae area suggests that these were most likely razed to the ground during the occupation ofSulla:however, some remains suggest the presence of various sacred structures such as a temple dedicated toHercules,Diana,Athena,Cybeleand most importantly the Genius Stabianum.

The temple of Hercules was located on the rock of Rovigliano (Petra Herculis), a limestone islet about 200 metres from the coast. The name Rovigliano derives either from an ancient Roman family name, thegensRubilia or from theconsulRubelio, owner of the rock, or from the Latin termrobiliatheleguminous plantswhich grew abundantly in theagerarea. Few traces of the temple of Hercules survived but include a wall inopus reticulatum,and a bronze statue representing Hercules which has since been lost.

The temple of Diana was located in the hamlet of Pozzano at the southern end of theager stabianuson the hill near the basilica of the Madonna di Pozzano. In 1585 remnants were found in the church garden including an altar with deer heads, flowers and fruits, which is now kept in the Villa San Marco.

The temple of Athena was brought to light in 1984 in the Privati area, on the banks of the Rivo Calcarella, over an area of about 200 square metres. The temple dates from theSamniteperiod, probably built around the 4th century BC and contained a large quantity ofartifacts.Among the most important finds found in this temple is areliefof the head of Hercules, of Hellenistic inspiration, made between the fourth and third century BC.

The temple of Cybele was discovered in 1863, in Trivione, Gragnano, during widening of a road.

The temple of the Genius Stabianum was brought to light in 1762 and after its exploration reburied. It is supposed to be between the hill of Varano and Santa Maria Charity. A plaque commemorated that the temple was restored after the earthquake of 62 and that the work had been carried out by Caesius Daphnus.

Necropoles

Severalnecropoleshave been identified and explored in the area ofAger Stabianus,in particular those along the roads that lead to Pompeii,NoceraandSorrento.The most important are located near Madonna delle Grazie, Gragnano and in the hilly ancient area of Castellammare di Stabia near the Medieval Castle and the cathedral. These necropoles have many children's tombs, testifying to high infant mortality.

See also

• Aeclanum
• Oplontis

External links

• Restoring Ancient Stabiae Foundation site
• Stabiae – Comprehensive site on the eruption of 79 ADArchived27 January 2022 at theWayback Machine
• Herculaneum/Pompeii/Stabiae WebsiteArchived16 December 2008 at theWayback Machine
• Video Villa San Marco
• Romano-Campanian Wall-PaintingArchived7 March 2011 at theWayback Machine