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Death and state funeral of Winston Churchill

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Death and state funeral of Sir Winston Churchill
Funeral procession in London, 1965
Date24 January 1965(1965-01-24)
(date of death)
30 January 1965
(date of state funeral)
LocationSt Paul's Cathedral,London
(official funeral ceremony)
CauseStroke
BurialSt Martin's Churchyard,Bladon

Sir Winston Churchill,the British statesman, soldier, and writer who served asPrime Minister of the United Kingdomduring theSecond World War,died on 24 January 1965, aged 90.[1][2][3]His was the firststate funeral in the United Kingdomfor a non-member ofthe royal familysinceEdward Carson's in 1935.[4][5]It was the last state funeral untilQueen Elizabeth II'son 19 September 2022.[6]The official funeral lasted for four days. Planning for the funeral, known asOperation Hope Not,began after Churchill's stroke in 1953 while inhis second term as prime minister.After several revisions due to Churchill's continued survival (mainly because "the pallbearers kept dying", explainedLord Mountbatten), the plan was issued on 26 January 1965, two days after his death.[7]

By decree ofQueen Elizabeth II,his bodylay in stateatWestminster Hallfor three days from 26 January. On 30 January, the order of funeral was held atSt Paul's Cathedral.From there the body was transported by water along theRiver ThamestoWaterloo station,accompanied by military salutations. In the afternoon he was buried atSt Martin's Church, Bladon,the resting place of his ancestors and his brother. Attended by representatives from 120 countries, 6,000 people, and (unusually) by Queen Elizabeth II, the funeral involved more than 1,000 police and security personnel, nine military bands, 18 military battalions, 16English Electric Lightningfighter jets of theRoyal Air Force,a special boatMVHavengore,and afuneral trainhauled byWinston Churchill,homage paid by 321,360 people, and witnessed by over 350 million people. It was the largest state funeral in British history, and was noted "as demonstrating the British genius for public spectacle".[8][9]

Background and funeral plan[edit]

Main article:Operation Hope Not

Voted as thegreatest Britonin aBBCpoll in 2002, Sir Winston Churchill is remembered for leading his country (with theAllies) to victory asPrime Minister of the United Kingdomduring theSecond World War.In June 1953, duringhis second term as prime minister,he had a severe stroke at a dinner party atDowning Street.Unknown to his guests, he collapsed and was left partially paralysed. The family kept the incident secret.[10]Among the few who were informed of the news wasQueen Elizabeth II,who had occupied the throne for just a year. She instructed theDuke of Norfolk,who, asEarl Marshal,was in charge of state funerals, to make preparations in the event of Churchill's death that should be "on a scale befitting his position in history".[11]A meticulous and confidential plan titled Operation Hope Not was prepared.[12]Churchill survived the next 12 years, during which necessary modifications were frequently made. During that period, in 1958, Churchill nearly died from a sudden attack of pneumonia.[13]

The final documents, titledState Funeral of the Late Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill, K.G., O.M., C.H.,were issued on 26 January 1965, two days after Churchill's death. The documents dictated the entire course of the funeral down to the minutest detail.[14]

Death[edit]

Churchill died on the morning of Sunday 24 January 1965 in his home at 28Hyde Park Gate,London, exactly 70 years after the death ofhis father.Since 1949, he had suffered eight strokes. The last was on 15 January 1965, from which he never recovered. After the stroke, he was mostly in acoma;his last words were to his son-in-lawChristopher Soames:"I'm so bored with it all."[15][16]His physicianLord Moranfirst informed the Queen and the Prime MinisterHarold Wilsonof the death, and then made the announcement at 8:35 a.m. which was given to the press, saying, "Shortly after eight this morning, Sunday, Jan the 24th, SirWinston Churchilldied at his London home. [Signed] Moran. "[17][18]

Reactions and tributes[edit]

Leading the world in tributes were QueenElizabeth II,prime ministerHarold Wilson,andLyndon B. Johnson,thepresident of the United States.[19][20]

The Queen immediately sent a letter of condolence toLady Churchillafter hearing Churchill's death, saying:

The whole world is the poorer by the loss of his many-sided genius while the survival of this country and the sister nations of the Commonwealth, in the face of the greatest danger that has ever threatened them, will be a perpetual memorial to his leadership, his vision and indomitable courage.[21]

Wilson announced:

Sir Winston will be mourned all over the world by all who owe so much to him. He is now at peace after a life in which he created history and which will be remembered as long as history is read.[19]

Johnson, hospitalised atBethesda Naval Hospitalwith influenza,[13][22]issued an official statement, saying:[23][24]

WHEN THERE was darkness in the world, and hope was low in the hearts of men, a generous Providence gave usWinston Churchill.

As long as men tell of that time of terrible danger and of the men who won the victory, the name of Churchill will live...

He is History's child, and what he said and what he did will never die.[23][25]

He also ordered flags throughout the United States flown at half-staff to pay tribute to America's first honorary citizen through the day of the funeral.[25]This was also the first time that the American flag was flown at half-staff for a foreign leader.[26]

Other tributes[edit]

Other world leaders who joined in the tributes included former British prime ministersClement Attlee,Anthony Eden,Harold Macmillan,andSir Alec Douglas-Home,French PresidentCharles de Gaulle,Soviet PremierAlexei Kosygin,former US presidentsHarry S. TrumanandDwight D. Eisenhower,andPope Paul VI.[19]

Authorisation of state funeral[edit]

The Queen sent a message to theHouse of Commonsconcerning the procedures for Churchill's funeral, and was read on 25 January, which ran:

I know that it will be the wish of all my people that the loss which we have sustained by the death of the Right Honourable Sir Winston Churchill, K.G., should be met in the most fitting manner and that they should have an opportunity of expressing their sorrow at the loss and their veneration of the memory of that outstanding man who in war and peace served his country unfailingly for more than fifty years and in the hours of our greatest danger was the inspiring leader who strengthened and supported us all. Confident that I can rely upon the support of my faithful Commons and upon their liberality in making suitable provision for the proper discharge of our debt of gratitude and tribute of national sorrow, I have directed that Sir Winston's body shall lie in state in Westminster Hall and that thereafter the Funeral Service shall be held in the Cathedral Church of St. Paul. – ELIZABETH REGINA[27]

When members of the House met to pay tribute,[27][28]the Prime Minister moved the motion that was a request from the Queen regarding the places for lying in state and funeral service, and was resolved as:

That an humble Address be presented to Her Majesty humbly to thank Her Majesty for having given directions for the body of the Rt. Hon. Sir Winston Churchill, K.G., to lie in State inWestminster Halland for the funeral service to be held in theCathedral Church of St. Pauland assuring Her Majesty of our cordial aid and concurrence in these measures for expressing the affection and admiration in which the memory of this great man is held by this House and all Her Majesty's faithful subjects.[27]

Embalming[edit]

J. H. Kenyon Ltd, ofPaddington,London,thefuneral directors to the Royal Householdsince 1928, were tasked with preparing Churchill's remains for the funeral.Desmond Henley,the company's chiefembalmer,went to Churchill'sHyde Park Gatehome to oversee the process.[29]Churchill's body was embalmed in the same room where he had died. When the process was completed, the remains were dressed in his silk pyjamas and dressing gown and placed back into his bed. Churchill lay in repose in private at his home until 9:00 p.m. Tuesday evening when Kenyon's staff transported his remains toWestminster Hallfor public viewing.[29]

Funeral programme[edit]

Lying in state[edit]

A plaque inWestminster Hallcommemorating the lying in state

The funeral started on Tuesday 26 January 1965. By 8:30 p.m. police and security personnel had taken up their positions in whatThe Daily Telegraphreported as "the most extensive security operation of this sort ever undertaken in England".[9]At 9:15 p.m. Churchill's body was transported from his London home to Westminster Hall for thelying in state.It was led byCameron Cobbold, 1st Baron Cobbold,theLord Chamberlain,in the company of family members.[28]He was placed on acatafalquebeforeLady Churchilland theEarl Marshal.At 9:00 p.m. the first watch was mounted in the hall by theGrenadierandColdstream Guards.In the subsequent days theRoyal Navy,five regiments offoot guardsand theQueen's Royal Irish Hussarsalso took turns.[30]

Thelying-in-statelasted from Wednesday 27 January to 6:00 a.m. on 30 January,[31]during which Westminster Hall was kept open for 23 hours daily. An hour was reserved for cleaning. The queue was most times more than one mile long, and the waiting time was about three hours;[28]321,360 people came to pay their respects.[32][33]

Procession[edit]

At 9:45 a.m. on Saturday, 30 January, the funeral began with the chiming ofBig Ben.The clock was muted for the rest of the day. A ninety-gun salutewas fired atHyde Parkto mark the ninety years of Churchill's life.[34]The coffin was carried from the hall by a bearer party of eight guards from the 2nd Battalion Grenadier Guards, placed on agun carriageand draped with theUnion Flag,on which was placed the insignia of theOrder of the Garteron a black cushion. The procession started upon a drum beat by theRoyal Navyand was then led by theRoyal Air Forceand the Foot guards.[28]The gun carriage itself was drawn by ninety-eight sailors, with forty more behind holding drag ropes.[34]

Following the gun carriage wereRandolph Churchilland his sonWinstonside by side, followed by male members of the Churchill family and Churchill's private secretary,Anthony Montague Browne,[28]all on foot. Lady Churchill and two daughters followed in the Queen's town coach.[35]As the procession was leaving theNew Palace Yardof thePalace of Westminster,a single gunshot was fired atSt James's Park.[36]The march processed throughWhitehall,Trafalgar Square,the Strand,Fleet Street,and upLudgate Hill.A marching band consisted of three officers and 96 soldiers of the 2nd Battalion,Scots Guards.Banners of theDanish resistance movementswere lowered in respect atthe Cenotaph.[37]Altogether 2,500 soldiers and civilians took part in the procession, while four half-companies of soldiers lined the streets.[30]Four majors of theQueen's Royal Irish Hussarswere assigned to carry Churchill's medals, orders and decorations. A single gunshot was fired every minute until they arrived at St Paul's.[36]

Entry to St Paul's Cathedral[edit]

The coffin arrived at St Paul's at 10.45 a.m.[38]Thepallbearerspicked up the coffin from the gun carriage at the west end of the cathedral, and carried it up the 24 steps[39]leading to the entrance.[40]The main pallbearers were eight soldiers of the Grenadier Guards.[41]

There were twelve honorary pallbearers walking in front of the main pallbearers, includingLouis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma,thePrime Minister of Australia,Robert Menzies,and the former British Prime MinistersClement Attlee,Anthony EdenandHarold Macmillan.[37]Aged 82, Attlee was frail with ill-health but insisted he be the pallbearer as Churchill had asked him to do the honour.[42]Walking just in front of the main pallbearers, he stumbled on the steps, making the pallbearers lose their balance, almost dropping the coffin, only being saved by two soldiers, "pushers", from the back.[40][43]

Order of service[edit]

The service began as the coffin was laid inSt Paul's Cathedral.With officials from more than 112 countries attending, 3,500 people attended the service, and it was the largest gathering of dignitaries in history until the 1980funeral of Josip Broz Tito,the 2005funeral of Pope John Paul IIand the 2013funeral of Nelson Mandela.Guests included theFrench PresidentCharles de Gaulle,theCanadian prime ministerLester B. Pearson,theprime ministerofRhodesiaIan Smith,formerUS presidentDwight D. Eisenhower,many other past and present heads of state and government, and members of multiple royal families. Churchill had expressly objected to inviting de Gaulle as he believed, although they were allies in the war, he was anti-British[44]and was pleaded with by the Duke of Norfolk on the ground of political amnesty; to which Churchill agreed on the condition thatLondon Waterloo stationbe used instead ofPaddington,as planned.[45]Sir Robert Menzies, then the longest-serving Commonwealth Prime Minister, and Eisenhower, both of whom had known Churchill well in wartime, paid tribute on the BBC's broadcast of the funeral.[46][47]Churchill's favourite hymns were sung, including "Fight the Good Fight","He Who Would Valiant Be"and"Battle Hymn of the Republic".[28]Choral music wasWilliam Croft'sFuneral Sentencessung during the entry procession, and theKontakionof the Departed,"Give rest, O Christ, to thy servant with thy Saints".[48]"Battle Hymn of the Republic" paid tribute to Churchill's American roots,[49]including his honorary US citizenship, his close relationship with the US, particularly his friendship with US presidentFranklin D. Roosevelt,and his American-born mother.[49][50][51]The other two recalled his personality and career.[51]

The (cavalry) Last Post was played by Trumpet Corporal Peter Wilson of the Life Guards with Reveille played by Trumpeter Basil King of the Queen's Royal Irish Hussars.[52]As the service was over at one o'clock,[36]Handel's "Dead March"was played on the organ while the pallbearers were getting ready. The congregation sang"Our God, Our Help in Ages Past"as the coffin was carried out through the Great West Doors.[53]

Menzies and Eisenhower gave their tributes after the funeral, speaking from the cathedral's crypt.[47]Menzies recited:

In the whole of recorded history this [theSecond World War] was, I believe, the one occasion when one man, with one soaring imagination, with one fire burning in him, and with one unrivalled capacity for conveying it to others, won a crucial victory not only for the Forces (for there were many heroes in those days) but for the spirit of human freedom. And so, on this day, we thank him, and we thank God for him.[54]

Eisenhower gave his tribute after Menzies:

With no thought of the length of time he might be permitted on earth, he was concerned only with the quality of the service he could render to his nation and to humanity. Though he had no fear of death, he coveted always the opportunity to continue that service. Among all the things so written or spoken, there will ring out through the entire century one incontestable refrain: Here was a champion of freedom.[35][46][55]

QueenElizabeth IIbroke certain royal protocols at Churchill's funeral.[56]Firstly, it was a common royal etiquette for the monarch to not attend funeral service outside of the royal family.[57]Secondly, she not only attended the service but was among the first officials to arrive at St Paul's, making her presence even before the coffin and Churchill family arrived. It is a royal custom in any event that the monarch is always the last to arrive.[58]Additionally, it is a royal convention that the monarch is also the first to exit or end an ongoing event.[59]As the funeral service was over, Queen Elizabeth II followed the Churchill family out of the cathedral. To these unusual deeds by Queen Elizabeth II, Nicholas Soames commented: "It is absolutely exceptional if not unique for the Queen to grant precedence to anyone. For her to arrive before the coffin and before my grandfather was a beautiful and very touching gesture." There was a historical precedent however; Queen Elizabeth II's grandfather,George V,had attended the state funeral ofLord Robertsin 1914 and similarly forgone his royal privileges for the occasion.[60]

St Paul's to Bladon[edit]

Procession to Tower Pier[edit]

After the church service, Churchill's coffin was carried by a bearer party from the Grenadier Guards to theTower of London;the journey lasting 18 minutes, making it the longest distance that a coffin had been carried by bearers in any state funeral. Arriving atTower Hillthe procession was led by 60pipersfrom the Scots Guards, theRoyal Inniskilling Fusiliersand theKing's Own Scottish Borderers,playingScottish laments,and then aRoyal Marinesband playedSunseton Tower Wharf. TheHonourable Artillery Companyfired a19-gun salute,[61]acknowledging Churchill's positions (ashead of governmentandLord Warden of the Cinque Ports). The procession moved toTower Pier,where the coffin was taken on board theMVHavengore.

On the River Thames[edit]

MVHavengorewhich carried the coffin fromTower PiertoWaterloo station

AboardMVHavengore,naval ratings 'piped the side' and the Royal Marine band played the musical saluteRule, Britannia!to the formerFirst Lord of the Admiralty.Sixteen Royal Air ForceEnglish Electric Lightningfighter jetsflew-pastin formation as the boat sailed.

As the coffin passed up theRiver Thames,more than 36 dockers lowered theircranejibs in a salute on the south side of the bank. It was not part of the plan and was initially disapproved byNew Scotland Yardas an unnecessary private tribute.[62]The cranes were under the Hay's Wharf (nowHay's Galleria) and the homage was praised as a gesture of respect[63]in an unrehearsed[64]and spontaneous action.[65][66]

Nicholas Soames,grandson of Churchill, remarked this unexpected activity as one that "undid us all".[67]But whenJeremy Paxmanaired his BBC documentaryChurchill: A Nation's Farewellin 2015, he created a controversy. In it, Paxman interviewed one of the surviving dockers John Lynch, who claimed that the workers were paid to show up for work and did the gesture only because they were paid to do so as it was a Saturday, their day off. Lynch further went on to say that the dockers hated Churchill.[68]In response, David Freeman reported that way back in 1965, David Burnett, the then managing director of Hay's Wharf, had publicly revealed that the gesture was voluntary. Talking to theDaily Mail,Burnett had stated: "We thought we should add our own little tribute to Sir Winston. The dock workers concerned immediately agreed to give up their time off... Our men have not asked for any overtime. They will be paid something to cover their expenses".[69]Rodney J. Croft also described in his 2014 bookChurchill's Final Farewellthat the crane drivers voluntarily did the job "without any resort to asking for overtime pay".[62]

Festival Pier to Waterloo Station[edit]

From the MVHavengore,the coffin was borne to a blackAustin Princesshearse atFestival Pierby non-commissioned soldiers of the Queen's Royal Irish Hussars in No. 1 Dress Uniform. The hearse was escorted only by a large limousine for the Churchill family.

Funeral train[edit]

Sir Winston Churchill's funeral trainpassingClapham Junction

The coffin arrived at Waterloo Station at 1:23 p.m. and was picked up by ten commissioned officers from the Queen's Royal Irish hussars in No 1 Dress uniform and was placed in a specially preparedfuneral train,[36]the locomotive of which was namedWinston Churchillthat was to carry it to the final destination,Hanborough stationin Oxfordshire.[70][71]The hearse van, No. S2464S, had been set aside in 1962 specifically for the funeral train.[72][73]In the fields along the route, and at the stations through which the train passed, thousands stood in silence to pay their last respects.

Burial at Bladon[edit]

At Bladon, the coffin was carried toSt Martin's Churchyardby the officer bearer party of the Queen's Royal Irish Hussars and interred in a private family ceremony. He was laid in a grave near to his parents and his brother.[74]

Observances outside of Britain[edit]

There were many memorial services taking place for Churchill outside of Britain during the funeral. For example, in the United States, a memorial service for Churchill took place atFDR's grave at his home inHyde Park, New Yorkto mark the anniversary of Roosevelt's birth. Those attending the service heard speakers talk about the coincidence of the date in the records of two leaders who shared history.West PointSuperintendent Major GeneralJames Lampertlaid a wreath from President Johnson to pay tribute to both FDR and Churchill.[75]

Dignitaries[edit]

Churchill's funeral was the largest gathering of world leaders during the 1960s—and, at that time, in history. Representatives from 112 countries and many organisations attended,[51]including 5 kings, 2 queens, 1 emperor, 1 grand duke, 2 queen consorts, 15 presidents, 14 prime ministers and 10 former leaders.[6]After the funeral, the Queen made another unprecedented gesture in hosting a buffet lunch for all the dignitaries.[49]

Some of the guests were:

Delegations[edit]

Three countries were permitted to send delegations:[82][83]

FranceFrance

Soviet UnionSoviet Union

United StatesUnited States

The chief members of the delegation were initially Warren,Secretary of StateDean Rusk,and Bruce.[90]However, while in London, Rusk became ill and so did not attend,[35]resulting in Hand becoming a chief representative.[82]

Prominent absences[edit]

Irish PresidentÉamon de Valerawas not invited,[77]being an outspoken antagonist of Churchill, particularly for the latter's involvement in thepartition of Ireland.Upon hearing of the death, he praised Churchill as "a great Englishman", while adding that he had also been "a dangerous adversary" for Ireland.[78]He had stirred a controversy as he signedAdolf Hitler's condolence book on 2 May 1945 at the German Embassy in Dublin two days after Hitler's death.[91]

US President Lyndon Johnson did not attend upon the advice of his doctors after hospitalisation for influenza.[92]However, his decision not to sendVice PresidentHubert Humphreyfor no particular reason provoked sharp criticism in newspapers in the US, Britain, and elsewhere abroad.[93][24][94]TheWhite House press corpsrepeatedly questionedPress SecretaryGeorge Reedyfor an explanation of the absence.[95]Johnson said during a press conference that not sending Humphrey was a "mistake".[88][95]

Media coverage[edit]

News of death[edit]

TheBBCrelayed the news of the death at 9:00 a.m.[96][97][1]and continued playingSymphony No. 5 by Beethoven,the opening theme with three short notes and a long note that indicated the letter "V" inMorse codeto symbolise Churchill's iconic wartime gesture, two fingers held aloft to show "V"for victory.[98]

Coverage of state funeral[edit]

The funeral was watched by 25 million people in the United Kingdom;[99]it was not, however, broadcast live in Ireland, which, in 1965, had no daytime TV (the single Irish network,RTÉ,broadcast only in the evening, between 5:30 p.m. and 11:30 p.m.[51]There were 350 million viewers worldwide, making it a record for a television event at the time.[6][51]

In Britain, the funeral was broadcast live on BBC, presented byRichard Dimbleby,[100]and onITVwith Brian Connell doing the commentary.[101]This would be the last state occasion Dimbleby would present because he died in December that year from cancer.[102][100]

In North America, which is five to eight hours behindGreenwich Mean Time,the funeral occurred during the time usually taken up by networkbreakfast televisionprogrammes. However, then, the only such programme in the United States wasNBCToday,but it wasn't broadcast on Saturdays. Although the funeral took place in the early morning hours in North America, the audience in the United States was larger thanJFK's fourteen months before.[51]NBChad the highest ratings among the three networks at the time (ABC,CBS,and NBC) for their live coverage,[103]withChet Huntley,David Brinkley,andMerrill Mueller(himself a former NBC London bureau chief) presenting the coverage live from London.[104][103][105]The networks also carried highlights of the funeral in the evening hours.[106][107]

Aftermath[edit]

As Lady Churchill was retiring to bed she said to her daughterMary, Lady Soames,"It wasn't a funeral, Mary – it was a triumph".[28]

The Scots GuardsBattalion Digestreported, stating, "without a doubt the State Funeral of 30 January was the most moving parade that the majority of the battalion had ever taken part in or observed. Perfect timing, detailed rehearsal and greater dignity all combined to make it a proud and wonderful occasion".[30]

The Observerreported on 31 January, saying, "This was the last time that London would be the capital of the world. This was an act of mourning for the imperial past. This marked the final act in Britain's greatness... It was a triumph. It was a celebration of a great thing that we did in the past".[108]

Within a week, more than 100,000 people had visited the grave. In 1998, Churchill's tombstone had to be replaced due to the large number of visitors over the years having eroded it and its surrounding area. A new stone was dedicated in 1998 in a ceremony attended by members of the Spencer-Churchill family.[109]

De Gaulle commented: "Now Britain is no longer a great power."[57]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

Inline citations[edit]

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