Steve Bannon
Steve Bannon | |
|---|---|
 Bannon in 2024 | |
| Senior Counselor to the President[1] | |
| In office January 20, 2017 – August 18, 2017 Serving withKellyanne Conway | |
| President | Donald Trump |
| Preceded by | John Podesta (as Counselor, 2015) |
| Succeeded by | Kellyanne Conway |
| White House Chief Strategist | |
| In office January 20, 2017 – August 18, 2017 | |
| President | Donald Trump |
| Preceded by | Office established |
| Succeeded by | Office abolished |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Stephen Kevin Bannon November 27, 1953 Norfolk, Virginia,U.S. |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouses |
|
| Children | 3 |
| Education | Virginia Tech(BA) Georgetown University(MA) Harvard University(MBA) |
| Military service | |
| Branch/service | United States Navy |
| Years of service | 1976–1983 |
| Rank | Lieutenant[5] |
| Criminal information | |
| Criminal status | In prison |
| Conviction(s) | July 2022: Contempt of Congress(2 counts) |
| Criminal charge | September 2022: (New York)[2] |
| Penalty | Contempt of Congress:4 months in prison[3] |
| Imprisoned at | Federal Correctional Institution, Danbury,2024[4] |
| This article is part ofa serieson |
| Conservatism in the United States |
|---|
 |
Stephen Kevin Bannon(born November 27, 1953) is an American media executive,political strategist,and formerinvestment banker.He served as theWhite House's chief strategist for the first seven months of U.S. presidentDonald Trump'sadministration,[6][7]before Trump discharged him.[8]He is a former executive chairman ofBreitbart Newsand previously served on the board of the now-defunct data-analytics firmCambridge Analytica.[9]
Bannon was an officer in theUnited States Navyfrom 1977 to 1983, after which he worked for two years atGoldman Sachsas an investment banker. In 1993, he became acting director of the research projectBiosphere 2.He was anexecutive produceron 18Hollywood filmsfrom 1991 to 2016. In 2007, he co-foundedBreitbart News,a website which he described in 2016 as "the platform for thealt-right".[a]
In 2016, Bannon became the chief executive officer ofTrump's 2016 presidential campaign[18][19]and was appointed chief strategist and seniorCounselor to the Presidentfollowing Trump's election. He left the position eight months later and rejoinedBreitbart.In January 2018, after his criticism of Trump's children was reported inMichael Wolff's bookFire and Fury,he was disavowed by Trump and subsequently leftBreitbart.[20][21]
After leaving the White House, Bannon opposed theRepublican Partyestablishment and supported insurgent candidates in Republicanprimary elections.Bannon's reputation as a political strategist was questioned when formerAlabama Supreme Courtchief justiceRoy Moore,despite Bannon's support, lost the2017 United States Senate election in Alabamato DemocratDoug Jones.[22][23][24]Bannon had declared his intention to become "the infrastructure, globally, for the global populist movement".[25]Accordingly, he has supported manynational populistconservativepolitical movements around the world, including creating anetwork of far-right groups in Europe.
In August 2020, Bannon and three others were arrested on federal charges ofconspiracyto commitmail fraudandmoney launderingin connection with theWe Build the Wallfundraising campaign. According to thegrand juryindictment, Bannon and the defendants promised that all contributions would go to building a U.S.–Mexico border wall, but instead enriched themselves. Bannon pleaded not guilty.[26]On January 20, 2021, on his last day in office, Trump pardoned Bannon, sparing him from a federal trial.[27][28]Federal pardons do not cover state offenses, and in September 2022, Bannon was charged inNew York state courton counts offraud,money laundering, and conspiracy in connection with the campaign.[2][29]
Bannon refused to comply with asubpoenaissued by theSelect Committee on the January 6 Attack,theU.S. House of Representativescommittee investigating the2021 United States Capitol attack.He was subsequently indicted by a federal grand jury on two criminal charges ofcontempt of Congress.In July 2022, he was convicted on both counts in ajury trial.He was sentenced in October 2022 to four months in prison and a $6,500 fine.[30][3][31][32]After losing his appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court, Bannon surrendered to a federal prison inDanbury,Connecticuton July 1, 2024.[33]
Early life and education
Stephen Kevin Bannon was born November 27, 1953,[34][35][36]inNorfolk, Virginia,to Doris (née Herr), a homemaker, and Martin J. Bannon Jr.,[37]who worked as anAT&Ttelephonelinemanand as a middle manager.[38][39]He grew up in a working-class family that was pro-Kennedyand pro-unionDemocrat.[40]He is of Irish and German descent. Much of his mother's side of the family settled in theBaltimorearea.[41]Bannon graduated fromBenedictine College Preparatory,a private, Catholic, military high school inRichmond, Virginia,in 1971, and then attendedVirginia Tech,[42]where he served as the president of the student government association.[43]During the summers he worked at a local junkyard.[44]
In 1976, he graduated fromVirginia Tech College of Architecture and Urban Studieswith abachelor's degreein urban planning. While serving in the navy, he earned a master's degree in national security studies in 1983 fromGeorgetown UniversitySchool of Foreign Service.[45]In 1985,[47]Bannon earned aMaster of Business Administrationdegree with honors fromHarvard Business School.[48][49]
Career
U.S. Navy
Bannon was an officer in theUnited States Navyfrom 1977 to 1983;[50][42]he served on thedestroyerUSSPaul F. Fosteras asurface warfare officerin thePacific Fleet,and afterwards as a special assistant to thechief of naval operationsatthe Pentagon.[51]Bannon's job at the Pentagon was, among other things, handling messages between senior officers and writing reports about the state of the Navy fleet worldwide.[52]While at the Pentagon, Bannon attended Georgetown University at night and obtained his master's degree[42]in national security studies.[44]
In 1980, Bannon was deployed to thePersian Gulfto assist withOperation Eagle Clawduring theIran hostage crisis.In a 2015 interview, Bannon said that the mission's failure marked a turning point in his political worldview from largely apolitical to stronglyReaganite,which was further reinforced by theSeptember 11 attacks.[5][53]He recounted,
"I wasn't political until I got into the service and saw how badlyJimmy Carterfucked things up. I became a huge Reagan admirer.[42]Still am. But what turned me against the whole establishment was coming back from running companies in Asia in 2008 and seeing that[George W.] Bushhad fucked up as badly as Carter. The whole country was a disaster. "[48]
Investment banking
After his military service, Bannon worked atGoldman Sachsas aninvestment bankerin the Mergers and Acquisitions Department.[54]In 1987, he relocated from New York to Los Angeles, to assist Goldman in expanding their presence in the entertainment industry.[42]He stayed at this position with Goldman in Los Angeles for two years, and left with the title of vice president.[55][b]
Media and investing
In 1990, Bannon and several colleagues from Goldman Sachs launched their own company Bannon & Co., aboutique investment bankspecializing in media. In one of Bannon & Co.'s transactions, the firm representedWestinghouse Electric,which wanted to sellCastle Rock Entertainment.[48]Bannon negotiated a sale of Castle Rock toTurner Broadcasting System,which was owned byTed Turnerat the time.[42]Instead of a full adviser's fee, Bannon & Co. accepted a financial stake in five television shows, includingSeinfeld,[42]which was in its third season. Bannon still receives cash residuals each timeSeinfeldis aired.[42][57]In 1998,Société Généralepurchased Bannon & Co.[42][48]
Earth science
In 1993, while still managing Bannon & Co., Bannon became acting director of the earth science research projectBiosphere 2inOracle, Arizona.Under Bannon, the closed-system experiment project shifted emphasis from researching human space exploration and colonization toward the scientific study of earth's environment, pollution, and climate change.[42]He left the project in 1995.[58][59]
Entertainment and media
In the 1990s, Bannon ventured into entertainment and media and became a Hollywood film and media executive producer. Bannon produced 18 films,[39]includingSean Penn's dramaThe Indian Runner(1991), andJulie Taymor's filmTitus(1999).[42][60]Bannon became a partner with entertainment industry executiveJeff Kwatinetzat film and television management companyThe Firm, Inc.,where he served in 2002 and 2003.[48][61]
In 2004, Bannon made a documentary aboutRonald Reagan,In the Face of Evil.[62][42]While making and screening the film, Bannon metReagan's WarauthorPeter Schweizerand publisherAndrew Breitbart,[42]who described him as theLeni Riefenstahlof theTea Party movement.[48]Other films Bannon financed and produced includeFire from the Heartland: The Awakening of the Conservative Woman(2010),The Undefeated(2011), andOccupy Unmasked(2012).[63]
In 2006, Bannon persuadedGoldman Sachsto invest in a company known asInternet Gaming Entertainment.[64]Following a lawsuit, the company rebranded as Affinity Media, and Bannon took over as CEO. From 2007 through 2011, Bannon was the chair and CEO of Affinity Media.[65][66]
In 2007, Bannon wrote an eight-pagetreatmentfor another documentary,Destroying the Great Satan: The Rise of Islamic Facism(sic)in America.The outline states, "although driven by the 'best intentions,' institutions such as the media, the Jewish community and government agencies were appeasing jihadists aiming to create an Islamic republic."[67]In 2011, Bannon spoke at the Liberty Restoration Foundation inOrlando, Florida,about theeconomic crisis of 2008,theTroubled Assets Relief Program,and their impact in the origins of theTea Party movement,and his filmsGeneration Zero(2010) andThe Undefeated.[68]
Breitbart News
In 2007, Bannon was a founding board member ofBreitbart News,[69][70]afar-rightnews, opinion and commentary website. Philip Elliott and Zeke J. Miller ofTimehave said that the site has "pushed racist, sexist, xenophobic andantisemiticmaterial into the vein of the alternative right ".[10]Bannon said thatBreitbart's ideological mix included libertarians, Zionists, the conservative gay community, same-sex marriage opponents, economic nationalists, populists, as well as thealt-right,with the alt-right comprising a very small proportion overall. Conceding the alt-right holds views with "racial and anti-Semitic overtones", Bannon said he has zero tolerance for such views.[71][72]
In March 2012, following the death ofBreitbart NewsfounderAndrew Breitbart,Bannon became executive chairman of Breitbart News LLC, the parent company ofBreitbart News.[73][74][75]Under his leadership,Breitbart's editorial tone became more nationalistic, and also became increasingly friendly to the alt-right.[76]In 2016, Bannon declared the website "the platform for the alt-right".[11]Speaking about his role atBreitbart,Bannon said, "We think of ourselves as virulently anti-establishment, particularly 'anti-' the permanent political class."[77]Ben Shapiro,a formerBreitbarteditor and colleague of Bannon, called Bannon a "'bully' who 'sold out [Breitbart founder] Andrew's mission in order to back another bully, Donald Trump.'"[78]
On August 18, 2017,Breitbartannounced that Bannon would return as executive chairman following his period of employment at the White House.[79]Because of the break with Trump, Bannon's position as head ofBreitbart Newswas called into question byBreitbart's owners.[24][80]On January 9, 2018, five months after his appointment, he stepped down as executive chairman.[81]The billionaire funders ofBreitbart,RobertandRebekah Mercer,[80]reportedly decided to push Bannon out fromBreitbart,in part because of his break with Trump and in part because they had become weary of Bannon's "impulsive and attention-seeking antics" and Bannon's expenditures on "travel and private security".[82]
Bannon hosted a radio show,Breitbart News Daily,on theSiriusXM Patriotsatellite radio channel.[83]
Other media activities
In 2005, Bannon secured $60 million in funding fromGoldman Sachsand other investors forInternet Gaming Entertainment(IGE), a company based inHong Kongthat employed "low-wage Chinese workers" to playWorld of Warcraft,amassively multiplayer online role-playing game,to earn gold in-game that could be traded for virtual items, which could then be sold to players of the video game for real money.[84]
While somegamersliked IGE's offers ofWorld of Warcraftmoney that would typically take hours to farm, other gamers called it cheating. Many gamers responded by postinganti-Chinese vitriol.Blizzard Entertainment,the video game's owners, eventually shut down accounts used by gold farmers. IGE was also the target of a class action lawsuit by a player who said IGE's practices were "substantially impairing" people's enjoyment of the game.[84]
While IGE's business model failed, Bannon became interested in the game's online community, describing its members as "rootless white males, [who] had monster power". ThroughBreitbart NewseditorMilo Yiannopoulos,whom Bannon recruited, Bannon realized that he could "activate that army" of gamers andInternet trolls,adding, "They c[a]me in throughGamergateor whatever and then get turned onto politics and Trump. "[84]
Since 2019, Bannon has hostedBannon's War RoomonRobert J. Sigg'sReal America's Voicetelevision network, podcast platforms, and radio.[85][86]
Government Accountability Institute
Bannon was executive chair and co-founder of theGovernment Accountability Institute,a tax-exempt501(c)(3) organizationwhere he helped orchestrate the publication ofBreitbart NewsseniorEditor-at-large[87]Peter Schweizer's bookClinton Cash,[48][88]from its founding in 2012 until his departure in August 2016.[89]The organization creates fact-based indictments against politicians using the deep web, tax filings, flight logs, and foreign government documents and then forwards their findings to the media.[90][48]The organization is registered as nonpartisan but it mainly investigates alleged corruption, crony capitalism, and misuse of taxpayer money within theDemocratic Party.The group has spread conspiracy theories aboutHillary ClintonandJoe Biden.[91][90]For the years 2012 through 2015, he received between $81,000 and $100,000 each year; the organization reported that he worked an average of 30 hours per week for the organization.[89]
Cambridge Analytica
Bannon served as vice president of the board ofCambridge Analytica,a data-analytics firm owned largely by theMercer family,[9]who also co-ownsBreitbart News;the firm allegedly used illegal tactics to target American voters in the 2016 election.[92]According to former Analytica employeeChristopher Wylie,Bannon oversaw the collection of Facebook data which was used to target American voters.[93]Wylie who helped with creation of the company referred to the company as a "psychological warfare tool".[94]Bannon was paid more than $125,000 for his work at Cambridge Analytica.[95][96]Bannon's stake in Cambridge Analytica was estimated at $1–5 million, but he sold his stake in the company once he joined the Trump administration in April 2017.[97][98][99]
The Movement
In 2017, Bannon foundedthe Movement,a populist organization which frequently promotes right wing populist groups in Europe which are against the EU government and political system in Europe. The group is also known for its opposition toGeorge Soros'sOpen Society Foundations,Bannon has referred to Soros as "evil but brilliant".[100]The organization employees 10 full time staff members.Mischaël Modrikamen,the leader of the Belgian People's Party, serves as executive director. The organization has received praise from figures like Prime MinisterViktor Orbánand Italian Eurosceptic party M5S leaderLuigi Di Maio.[101]
Political career
Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign
On August 17, 2016, with 88 days until the 2016 presidential election, Bannon was appointed chief executive of Donald Trump's presidential campaign.[102]Bannon leftBreitbart,the Government Accountability Institute[89]and Cambridge Analytica,[103]to take the job. Shortly after he had assumed the chief executive role, the chairman of the Trump campaign,Paul Manafort,was dismissed.[73][74][104][105]
On November 13, following Donald Trump's election to the presidency, Bannon was appointed chief strategist and senior counselor to the president-elect.[106]His appointment drew opposition from theAnti-Defamation League(ADL), theCouncil on American–Islamic Relations,theSouthern Poverty Law Center,DemocraticSenate Minority LeaderHarry Reid,and some Republican strategists because of statements inBreitbart Newsthat were alleged to be racist or antisemitic.[107][108][19][109]However, a number of prominent Jews of the (politically) conservative persuasion defended Bannon against the allegations of anti-Semitism, including Ben Shapiro,[107][110][111]David Horowitz,[112]Pamela Geller,[113]Bernard Marcusof theRepublican Jewish Coalition,[114]Morton Klein,[115]theZionist Organization of America,[114]andRabbiShmuley Boteach.[116] Alan Dershowitzat first defended Bannon, saying there was no evidence he was antisemitic,[117][118]but then in a later piece stated that Bannon had made bigoted statements against Muslims, women, and others.[119]The ADL stated "We are not aware of any anti-Semitic statements from Bannon."[120]Bannon had referred to French National Front (nowNational Rally) politicianMarion Maréchal-Le Penas "the new rising star".[121]
On November 15, 2016, U.S. representativeDavid Cicillineof Rhode Island released a letter to Trump signed by 169 Democratic House representatives urging the president-elect to rescind his appointment of Bannon. The letter stated that appointing Bannon "sends a disturbing message about what kind of president Donald Trump wants to be",[122][123][124]because his "ties to the White Nationalist movement have been well documented"; it went on to present several examples ofBreitbart News's alleged xenophobia.[125][124][126]Bannon denied being a white nationalist and said, rather, that he was an "economic nationalist".[127]
On November 18, during his first interview not conducted by Breitbart Media since the2016 presidential election,Bannon remarked on some criticisms made about him, saying, "Darkness is good:Dick Cheney.Darth Vader.Satan.That's power. It only helps us when they get it wrong. When they're blind to who we are and what we're doing. "[128]The quote was published widely in the media.[129][130][131][132]
In an interview withThe New York Timesin late November, Trump responded to the controversy over Bannon's appointment, saying, "I've known Steve Bannon a long time. If I thought he was a racist, or alt-right, or any of the things that we can, you know, the terms we can use, I wouldn't even think about hiring him."[133]
In an interview withBBC Newsnight,Bannon said that his role was to "recalibrate" the campaign, which had at that point lost its message. He "stepped in and got the campaign refocused", but he rebuffed the idea that he was the reason Trump won the presidency, saying "Trump is unique in American political history, he's his own closer." Bannon said his role was to make sure that Hillary Clinton was held up as a "guardian of a corrupt and incompetent establishment" and this that was key to winning votes in states that Trump needed to win.[134]
Reutersreported on October 31, 2018, that theSenate Intelligence Committeeis conducting a "wide-ranging" investigation of Bannon's activities during the campaign, including knowledge he may have had about any contacts between Russia and two campaign advisors,George PapadopoulosandCarter Page,as well as his role withCambridge Analytica.[135]
Trump administration
Transition to the presidency
In 2018,Michael Lewispublished a quote ascribed to Bannon, made while the transition team for Trump was supposed to be preparing for the next administration, andThe Guardianused it twice in the title of an excerpt from the 2018 Lewis bookThe Fifth Risk.[136]The book examined the difference between the transition preparations provided by the administration that was exiting and what did or did not occur, and it revealed a profound lack of preparedness and concern, as expressed in the quote.
National Security Council
At the end of January 2017, in a departure from the previous format of theNational Security Council(NSC), the holder of Bannon's position, along with that of thechief of staff,were designated by presidential memorandum as regular attendees to the NSC's Principals Committee, a Cabinet-level senior inter-agency forum for considering national security issues.[137][138]The enacted arrangement was criticized by several members of previous administrations and was called "stone cold crazy" bySusan E. Rice,Barack Obama's last national security adviser.[139]In response,White House press secretarySean Spicerpointed to Bannon's seven years experience as a Navy officer in justifying his presence on the committee.[140]
Presidency of Donald Trump
Upon his inauguration, Trump appointed Bannon to be hischief strategist,a newly created position. The title made him acounselor to the president,nearly equivalent in authority to the chief of staff.[106]As a staff member in theExecutive Office of the President,the position did not requireSenate confirmation.[141]Breitbart NewseditorJulia Hahnfollowed Bannon to the White House, where she was appointed as Bannon's aide, as well as special assistant to President Trump.[142]
In an interview withThe Hollywood Reporterin the aftermath of the 2016 election, Bannon analogized his influence with Trump to that of "Thomas Cromwellin thecourtof theTudors".[143][144][145]
Several days afterTrump's inauguration,on January 26, Bannon toldThe New York Times,"The media should be embarrassed and humiliated and keep its mouth shut and just listen for a while. I want you to quote this: the media here is the opposition party. They don't understand this country. They still do not understand why Donald Trump is the president of the United States."[146]
Bannon andStephen Millerwere involved in the creation ofExecutive Order 13769,which resulted in restricted U.S. travel and immigration by individuals from seven countries, suspension of theUnited States Refugee Admissions Program (USRAP)for 120 days, and indefinite suspension of the entry ofSyriansto the United States.[147][148]According toThe Economist,a British news magazine, Bannon and Miller "see Mr [Vladimir] Putin as a fellow nationalist and crusader against cosmopolitanism".[149]
In February 2017, Bannon appeared on the cover ofTime,on which he was labeled "the Great Manipulator".[150]The headline used for the associated article was "Is Steve Bannon the Second Most Powerful Man in the World?", alluding to Bannon's perceived influence in the White House.[151]
In a March 14, 2019, hearing of the HouseCommittee on Oversight and Government Reform,Commerce DepartmentsecretaryWilbur Rosswas questioned about his conversations regarding the adding of a citizenship question to the 2020 census surveys, which he had with Bannon, who in turn had referred him to immigration hardlinersKris KobachandAttorney GeneralJeff Sessions.Missouri Democratic representativeLacy Clayaccused Ross of being "complicit" regarding his efforts to weaken minority group voting rights, additionally accusing him of committing perjury with respect to those contacts. Clay called for Ross to tender his resignation, saying, "You lied to Congress. You misled the American people and you are complicit in the Trump administration's intent to suppress the growing political power of the non-white population." Ross said the change was in response to a request by the Justice Department for statistics to protect voting rights.[152]On April 23, 2019, theUnited States Supreme Courtheard arguments regarding appeals of rejections by three circuit courts of the proposed inclusion of the survey question.[153][154]
It was reported that Bannon intentionally published stories to undermineH. R. McMaster.Bannon allegedly did this by leaking information to the alternative media, including alt-right writerMike Cernovich.[155][156]It was also reported that the Trump administration retroactively granted Bannon a blanket exemption from federal ethics rules that allowed him to communicate with editors atBreitbart News,[157]which according to formerBreitbartconsultant Kurt Bardella would be proof of the administration's intent to allow him to continue being "thede factoeditorial director ofBreitbart"(italics added).[158]In the final hours ofDonald Trump's administration, Steve Bannon was issued a presidential pardon. The accompanying announcement said he was "an important leader in the conservative movement and is known for his political acumen".[159]
Bannon was removed from his NSC role in early April 2017 in a reorganization byU.S. national security advisorH. R. McMaster,whom Bannon had helped select.[160]Some White House officials said Bannon's main purpose in serving on the committee was as a check against former national security advisorMichael T. Flynn,who had resigned in February 2017 for misleading the vice president about a conversation with the Russian ambassador to the United States.[161][162]Hence, with Flynn gone, Bannon was no longer needed.[160]Bannon reportedly opposed his removal from the council and threatened to quit if President Trump went forward with it, although Republican megadonorRebekah Mercerurged him to stay.[9]The White House said Bannon had not attempted to leave, and Bannon said any indication that he threatened resignation was "total nonsense".[9][163]Bannon only attended one NSC meeting.[164]
Russia investigation
Bannon was interviewed multiple times byRobert Muelleras part of theinvestigation into Russian interference in the 2016 United States presidential election.Bannon was reportedly interviewed about Roger Stone's contact with WikiLeaks.[165]In November 2019, Bannon gave evidence in the federal criminal trial ofRoger Stone.Bannon did not voluntarily testify; rather, he was compelled to give evidence undersubpoena.[166]Bannon testified that Stone wasWikiLeaks' access point for theTrump campaign;the testimony helped establish that Stone lied to Congress. Stone was subsequently convicted on all charges (lying to Congress andwitness tampering),[167][168]but on July 10, 2020, his federal prison sentence was commuted by President Trump.[169]Asked for a comment after Bannon himself was arrested on August 20, 2020, Stone replied, "Karma is a bitch. But I am praying for him."[170]
In August 2020, members of the Senate intelligence committee told theDepartment of Justice(DOJ) that they believed that Bannon, Jared Kushner, andDonald Trump Jr.may have misled them with their testimony about Russia investigation.[171][172]
Quotes in Michael Wolff books
In January 2018, upon the publication of Michael Wolff's bookFire and Fury: Inside the Trump White House,which attributed many controversial and inflammatory statements to Bannon, Bannon and Trump became estranged and were widely seen as enemies.[173][174]The book quoted Bannon as saying thatIvanka Trumpwas "as dumb as a brick";[21]that themeetingamong Donald Trump Jr., Jared Kushner, Paul Manafort, and agents of Russia was "treasonous";[175]and that Special Prosecutor Robert Mueller would causeDonald Trump Jr.to "crack like an egg on live television".[176]Bannon also warned that investigators would likely uncovermoney launderinginvolvingJared Kushnerand his family business loans fromDeutsche Bank.[177]
In his 2019 bookSiege,Wolff wrote, "Trump was vulnerable because for 40 years he had run what increasingly seemed to resemble a semi-criminal enterprise," then quoted Bannon as saying, "I think we can drop the 'semi' part." Wolff wrote that Bannon predicted investigations into Trump's finances would be his political downfall, quoting Bannon as saying, "This is where it isn't a witch hunt – even for the hard core, this is where he turns into just a crooked business guy, and one worth $50 million instead of $10 billion. Not the billionaire he said he was, just another scumbag."[178]
Relationship with Donald Trump
In January 2018, after excerpts fromFire and Furywere published, Trump promptly disavowed Bannon, saying that Bannon "lost his mind" when he left the White House, and attacking him in multiple angry statements.[179][180]Trump asserted in a tweet that Bannon had "cried when he got fired and begged for his job"[181][182]and publicly referred to Bannon with anunflattering nickname( "Sloppy Steve" ) in reference to Bannon's usually disheveled appearance.[183][184]On January 7, 2018, Bannon expressed regret over his delayed response, declared his "unwavering" support for Trump and his agenda, and praised Donald Trump Jr.[185]Bannon said his remarks about the campaign meeting were aimed at Manafort instead of Trump Jr., a detail which Wolff contested.[186]
Despite Trump's disparagement of him, Bannon retained ties with Trump.[183][181]In an appearance in August 2019 onCNBC,Bannon praised Trump as a "great leader as president" and "amazing campaigner"; in response, Trump called Bannon "one of my best pupils" and "still a giant Trump fan" and said he "loved working with" Bannon.[181]In 2018, Bannon released a pro-Trump documentary,Trump @Warthrough his production company, Victory Films; the film aimed to galvanize Trump supporters ahead of the 2018 elections in a bid to keep a Republican majority in the House.[187][188]In October 2019, Bannon began co-hostingWar Room: Impeachment,a daily radio show and podcast in which he offered advice to the Trump administration and its allies on how to counter theimpeachment inquiry against Donald Trump.[189]In 2020, Bannon began a podcastWar Room: Pandemic,broadcast from his Capitol Hill townhouse; Bannon told friends that Trump had "told others that he watches the program and that the president was familiar enough with it to cite specific interviews he had seen when the two men spoke this summer".[183]A February 2023Brookings Institutionstudy found Bannon's podcast contained the highest proportion of false, misleading and unsubstantiated statements among 36,603 episodes produced by 79 prominent political podcasters.[190]
Departure from the White House
Bannon's employment in the White House ended on August 18, 2017, less than a week after the August 11–12, 2017, CharlottesvilleUnite the Right rallywhich degenerated into violence and acrimony. Whereas members of both political parties condemned the hatred and violence of white nationalists, neo-Nazis and alt-right activists,The New York Timesnoted that Trump "was the only national political figure to spread blame for the 'hatred, bigotry and violence' that resulted in the death of one person to 'many sides'."[191]The decision to blame "many sides" was reported to have come from Bannon.[192]TheNAACPreleased a statement saying that while they "acknowledge and appreciate President Trump's disavowment of the hatred which has resulted in a loss of life today", they called on Trump "to take the tangible step to remove Steve Bannon – a well-known white supremacist leader – from his team of advisers". The statement further described Bannon as a "symbol ofwhite nationalism"who" energized that sentiment "through his current position within the White House.[193][194]
Some sources stated that White House chief of staffJohn F. Kellyasked Bannon on August 18, 2017, to submit his immediate resignation in lieu of being fired.[195]Bannon, however, stated he was not fired but rather submitted his two-week resignation notice on August 4, 2017.[196]He remindedThe Weekly Standardthat he had joined then-presidential candidate Trump's campaign on August 14, 2016, and said he'd "always planned on spending one year", but that he stayed a few more days due to theUnite the Right rallyin Charlottesville, Virginia.[197]
In an official statement, White House press secretarySarah Huckabee Sanderssaid: "John Kelly and Steve Bannon have mutually agreed today would be Steve's last day. We are grateful for his service and wish him the best."[198][199][200]
The same day,Breitbart Newsannounced that Bannon would return to the site as executive chairman.[79]Several weeks after his departure it was reported that Trump still called Bannon using his personal cell phone and was only calling when chief of staff Kelly was not around.[201]The Washington Postreported in October 2017 that Trump and Bannon remained in regular contact.[202]
Republican Senate primaries
Bannon has made efforts to unseat incumbent Republican members of Congress he deemed to be insufficiently supportive of Trump's agenda.[203][204][205]In October 2017, Bannon said he planned to sponsor primary challenges against six of the seven incumbent Republican senators in the 2018 elections. He said he had two requirements for a candidate to earn his support: they must pledge to vote againstMitch McConnellasSenate majority leaderand to end theSenate filibuster.[206]Bannon used his group Citizens of the American Republic to aide him in his efforts to help keep Republican control of theHouse of Representatives in the 2018 election.[207]The group is adark moneyorganization;[208]Bannon declined to "describe his donors or how much money the group has raised".[207]
Bannon received credit for helpingRoy Mooredefeat incumbent senatorLuther Strangein the September Republican primary for the2017 special Alabama Senate election,despite Trump's having endorsed Strange.[209]After nine womenalleged sexual misconduct,Bannon doubled down on his support for the candidate, raising doubt about the veracity of the accusations.[210]WhenIvanka Trumpcondemned Moore's campaign in Alabama, saying "there's a special place in hell for people who prey on children", Bannon responded, "What about the allegations about her dad and that 13-year-old?", in reference to a woman who accused Trump and sex offenderJeffrey Epsteinof raping her at that age.
In what had been considered a safe Republican seat, Moore lost the election on December 12, 2017. Bannon's reputation as a political strategist was subsequently questioned by Republican commentators.[22][23]
Post-White House career
Work abroad
After leaving the White House in August 2017, Bannon declared his intention to become "the infrastructure, globally, for the global populist movement".[25]He toured Europe to speak at events with variousfar-rightpolitical parties there, in a bid to build a network of right-wing populist-nationalist parties aspiring to government.[211]Bannon visited the DutchParty for Freedom,[212]theFreedom Party of Austriain October 2017,[213]the UKConservative Partyin December 2017,[214][215][216][217][218][219]theSwiss People's Partyin March 2018,[220]theUK Independence Party,[221]the FlemishVlaams Belang,[100]the BelgianPeople's Party,[100]Alternative for Germanyin March 2018,[222]France's National Front (now theNational Rally) in March 2018,[223]the ItalianLeague,theBrothers of Italyin September 2018,[101]Hungary'sFideszin March 2018,[224]theSweden Democratsin March 2018,[225]the PolishLaw and Justicein September 2018,[226]Spain'sVoxin July 2018,[227]theFinns Partyin July 2018,[100]the pan-Europeanidentitarian movementin March 2018,[228]Republika Srpska'sAlliance of Independent Social Democratsin August 2018,[229]theFive Star Movementin May 2019,[230][231]and the IsraeliLikud.[232]Bannon believes that these movements – along with Japan'sShinzo Abe,India'sNarendra Modi,Russia'sVladimir Putin,Saudi Arabia'sMohammad bin Salman,China'sXi Jinping,Turkey'sRecep Tayyip Erdoğan,[233]andTrump,as well as similar leaders in Egypt, the Philippines, Poland, and South Korea – are part of a global shift towards nationalism.[234][235][236]Bannon's attempt to build a network of far-right parties in Europe had only limited success;[237]while he appeared at events with the French National Rally'sMarine Le Penand the Italian League'sMatteo Salvini,the Sweden Democrats said that it had "no interest" in Bannon's initiative, the FlemishVlaams Belangcalled it "poorly organized", and the Alternative for Germany cited divergent views among the parties.[238]Right-wing populist parties did not achieve a surge in support in the2019 European Parliament elections.[238]TheAtlanticcited a number of factors inhibiting Bannon's project, including differing national and ideological views among the European far right and U.S.-skeptical views held by some parties of the European extreme right.[238]
Bannon supports theDignitatis Humanae Institute,a right-wing Catholic organization in Italy formerly based in what was previouslyTrisulti Charterhouse;Bannon drafted a leadership course curriculum for the group to train conservative Catholic political activists.[239]In 2018, Bannon announced that he planned to establish a right-wing academy on the site,[240][241]with the support of Benjamin Harnwell, a British associate of Bannon's who underwrote the project and aimed to create a "gladiator school for culture warriors".[242][243]However, in 2019, the group's rights to use the former monastery were revoked by the Italian government because it determined that the lessee Dignitatis Humanae Institute failed to meet several criteria to operate the monastery and failed in its obligation to pay a "concession fee" as well as maintenance and security expenses.[244][241]
In August 2018, Bannon met withEduardo Bolsonaro,the son of far-right candidateJair Bolsonaro,and served as informal advisor to theBolsonaro campaignin theBrazilian presidential electionsthat year.[245]In February 2019, the younger Bolsonaro joined Bannon's organization the Movement as its representative in South America.[246][247]In March 2019, Bannon met with both Bolsonaros in Washington, D.C.[248]
In October 2017, after leaving theWhite House,Bannon met exiled Chinese billionaire businessmanGuo Wengui(also known as Miles Kwok), and the pair cultivated a friendship, frequently meeting in Dallas, at Guo's apartment atthe Sherry-Netherlandin New York, and on Guo's yacht.[249]In 2017, Guo reportedly gave a $150,000 loan to Bannon shortly after he left the White House, and a Guo-linked company entered into a $1 million consulting contract with Bannon, beginning in August 2018.[208]In early 2020, Bannon and Guo raised hundreds of millions of dollars in aprivate offeringfor a company calledGTV Media Group.In August 2020, theWall Street Journalreported that the fundraising for the company was under investigation of federal and state authorities.[250]
Guo has allowed Bannon to use one of his two private jets, and during the 2018 election campaign, Bannon flew on Guo'sBombardier Global Expressto events in support of Republican congressional candidates in New Mexico and Arizona.[208]The flights were revealed in February 2020 byProPublica.[208]Bannon made the flights under the auspices of hisdark moneygroup,Citizens of the American Republic.[208]Several campaign finance experts who spoke withProPublicasaid the trips could violate federal campaign finance law, which prohibits foreign nationals from making contributions to candidates in U.S. political campaigns (includingin-kindcontributions such as payment for campaign-related travel).[208]Guo and Bannon denied that the travel was for campaign activity; an attorney for Bannon's group stated that the trips on the private jet were to promote Bannon's film,Trump@War.[208]
On June 3, 2020, Bannon and Guo participated in declaring a "New Federal State of China"(also called" Federal State of New China "). It was said that they would overthrow the Chinese government. In New York City, planes were seen carrying banners which said," Congratulations to Federal State of New China! ".[251]
On August 20, 2020, federal prosecutors in New York unsealed criminal charges against Stephen K. Bannon and three other men they alleged defrauded donors to a massive crowdfunding campaign that said it was raising money for construction of a wall along the U.S.-Mexico border. After Bannon's arrest, Guo Wengui hurriedly cut ties with him, stressed that he was not involved in Bannon's affairs outside their shared efforts "fighting for democracy in China", and would no longer allow Bannon to continue to serve as a member of Guo Media's board of directors.[252]
In November 2020,The New York Timesreported that Bannon along withGuo Wenguihad been promotingLi-Meng Yan'saccount of COVID-19. The pair had bought Yan a plane ticket to the United States, provided her accommodation, coached her in media appearances and helped secure interviews with conservative television hosts includingTucker Carlson.Yan later said that the COVID-19 virus was artificially made, however her interview was rejected on social media as misinformation and her research rejected by scientists who said it was "based on conjecture" though filled with jargon.[253][254]
Treatment of colleagues
In an interview with Frontline, former writer forBreitbart NewsBen Shapirosaid that he tried to avoid interacting with Bannon due to a fear of being on his bad side. Shapiro also recalled Bannon yelling and cursing at people atBreitbart News.[255][256]Those who worked with Bannon have described him as "egomaniacal" and "purely Machiavellian".[257]Other former staffers at Breitbart who spoke to Politico said that Bannon would degrade employees by mocking their intelligence and would imply they were "expendable, low-life creatures". Several employees who left Breitbart alleged that when they attempted to find employment outside of Breitbart, Bannon attempted to sabotage them. However, other employees praised Bannon's leadership describing him as a generous, loyal, caring, and supportive. Many described Bannon as someone who would pay out of his own pocket for personal expenses.[258]
In his memoir, White House senior adviserJared Kushnerrecalled having an abrasive relationship with Bannon and two occasions in which Bannon threatened him, including one in which he threatened to 'break Kushner in half' after he accused Bannon of leaking to the press.[259][260]Also in his memoir Kushner writes "Bannon single-handedly caused more problems for me than anyone else in my time in Washington. He probably leaked and lied about me more than everyone else combined. He played dirty and dragged me into the mud of the Russia investigation".[261]
He only paid part of the $850,000 legal bill charged by Davidoff, Hutcher & Citron LLP, who represented him in the case for contempt of Congress for his defiance of the January 6 committee subpoena and in the case for the "We Build the Wall" fraud scheme. The law firm sued Bannon, and in July 2023, he was ordered to pay the remaining balance.[262]
Connection to Jeffrey Epstein
According toMichael Wolff,Bannon was introduced toJeffrey Epsteinin 2017 and Epstein introduced Bannon to some of his friends.[263]Bannon also worked withEhud Barakand attorney Reid Weingarten to attempt to reform Epstein's public image.[264][263]Later reports showed Bannon reportedly prepped Epstein for an interview with60 Minutesthat ultimately never occurred. Bannon confirmed that he did tape 15 hours of interviews with Epstein but denied that he was coaching him for further interviews and that the footage was for an unannounced documentary on Epstein.[265][266][267]
Criminal prosecutions
Dismissed 1996 domestic violence charges
Bannon was charged with misdemeanordomestic violence,battery,and dissuading a witness in early January 1996 after his then-wife, Mary Piccard, accused Bannon of domestic abuse. TheSanta Monica Police Departmentcrime report states that after Piccard called 911, an officer arrived at their home and observed red marks on Piccard's wrist and neck.[268][269]The charges were later dropped when Piccard did not appear in court.[270]In her divorce filing, Piccard stated her absence was due to threats made against her by Bannon and his lawyer: Bannon, she said, told her, "if I went to court, he and his attorney would make sure that I would be the one who was guilty." She said that Bannon's lawyer also threatened her, telling her that if Mr. Bannon went to jail, she "would have no money and no way to support the children". Bannon's lawyer denied pressuring Piccard not to testify.[270]
Charges related to We Build the Wall campaign
2020 federal fraud and money laundering indictment
On August 20, 2020, afederal grand juryindictment was unsealed against Bannon and three others, charging them with conspiracy to commitwire fraudandmoney laundering.Each charge has a maximum penalty of 20 years in prison upon conviction.[271][272][273]Federal prosecutors of theU.S. Attorney's Office for the Southern District of New Yorkallege that Bannon,United States Air ForceveteranBrian Kolfageand the two other defendants used funds received from theWe Build the Wallfundraising campaign, marketed to support the building of aborder wall between the U.S. and Mexico,in a way which was "inconsistent" with how they were advertised for use to the public.[274][275][276]According to the indictment, donations were collected through aGoFundMecampaign that was launched in December 2018.[277][278]Bannon promoted the project until the day before the indictment, saying "You've been the leader of this, assisting President Trump in building this wall in these tough areas" in hisWar Room: Pandemicpodcast.[279]
Federal prosecutors allege that Bannon and the three other men conspired to use a non-profit group run by Bannon, and ashell companycontrolled by one of the other defendants, to make payments to themselves, despite promises to donors that their contributions would go to build a wall. Prosecutors also alleged that Bannon received more than $1 million in connection with the plan, some of which was paid to Kolfage in secret[277][272][273]and some of which Bannon and two other defendants allegedly used for personal expenses ranging from paying off credit cards to personal travel.[280]Prosecutors stated that they plan to seize the assets of Bannon's non-profit Citizens of the American Republic, as well as other organizations "politically aligned with [Donald] Trump".[281]
Bannon was arrested byU.S. postal inspectorsonLong Island Sound,off the coast of Connecticut,[282]on boardPeople's Republic of ChinaexpatriateGuo Wengui'sluxury yacht.Later that day, Bannon pleaded not guilty to the charges.[272][283]Bannon was released pending trial on a $5 million bond, of which Bannon was required toput up$1.7 million.[276]He was required to surrender his passport and his domestic travel was restricted.[284]Following the indictment, Donald Trump[285]and his son,Donald Trump Jr.distanced themselves from Bannon. Trump Jr. had originally been supportive of Bannon's fundraising efforts for theTrump wall.[286][287][288][278]
At apreliminary hearingon August 31, U.S. district judgeAnalisa Torresset a trial date for May 24, 2021.[26]Prosecutors revealed that they had collected a large number of emails found on various devices and online storage accounts after search warrants were executed—some earlier in the year.[289]
Pardon by Trump
Shortly before midnight on Tuesday, January 19, the final full day of Trump's presidency,Trump issued a series of pardons[290]to 144 individuals, including Bannon.[291]The White House released the list of pardoned individuals at 12:50am on January 20, Trump's final day in office.[27]
In May 2021, Judge Torres, following the precedent of criminal cases being dismissed following presidential pardons, dismissed the fraud case against Bannon. Torres said that because the pardon was valid, dismissal of the indictment was "the proper course".[292]In her ruling, Torres stated that despite Bannon not pleading guilty, "the issuance of a pardon may carry an imputation of guilt; acceptance a confession of it."[293]She further quoted: "If there be no guilt, there is no ground for forgiveness."[292]
2022 New York state indictment
Federal pardons only cover federal offenses, so Trump's pardon of Bannon did not preclude state charges against him. By February 2021, theManhattan district attorneyhad issued subpoenas toWells Fargo BankandGoFundMe,which had provided accounts for the venture.[294][295]In August 2022, Bannon was indicted on New York state charges of money laundering, conspiracy and fraud related to the $25 million "We Build the Wall" scheme.[296]Bannon claimed the charges were politically motivated, and—invoking a common right-wing conspiracy theory—somehow linked the charges to financierGeorge Soros.[297]Bannon said that he and Trump would not "stop fighting" and "they will have to kill me first".[297]
He surrendered to authorities on September 8, 2022.[296]The trial was originally expected to start May 27, 2024, however it was postponed to September 23, 2024 because the judge in that case, Juan Merchan, was also overseeing theTrump "hush-money" caseand was unavailable at that time.[298][299]Due to an ongoing conflict, Bannon's case was reassigned to JudgeApril Newbauerwho later rescheduled it for December 9, 2024.[300][301]
2022 contempt of Congress conviction and prison stay
On September 23, 2021, theU.S. House Select Committee on the January 6 Attacksubpoenaed Bannon, ordering him to appear on October 14. His lawyers gave the committee advance notice that he would not comply. After he did not appear, the House of Representatives voted to hold him in criminal contempt of Congress and to refer him to the Justice Department. This was initiated by the nine-member committee's unanimous vote on October 19,[302]followed by the full House of Representatives which voted 229–202, with all 220 Democrats and 9 Republicans in favor of the resolution, on October 21.[303]He was indicted by a federal grand jury on November 12, 2021, on two criminal contempt charges: one count of not providing documents, and one count of not testifying.[304][305]Three days later, Bannon surrendered to theFBI.[306]He was represented bycriminal defense attorneyDavid Schoen.[306]He pleaded not guilty.[307]
Bannon wasreleased pending trial,withoutbail,but on conditions, including keeping authorities informed of his whereabouts, and not leaving the country.[308]An appeals court in April 2022 rejected his appeal regarding his failure to testify before the committee.[309]
In the days leading up to his trial, Bannon offered to testify before theJanuary 6 committeeafter all; U.S. district judgeCarl J. Nichols,a Trump appointee, rejected Bannon's offer as a "last-ditch attempt to avoid accountability." Bannon sought to delay his trial to October, citing negative publicity from the concurrenttelevised committee hearings;the court denied the motions.[310]Bannon incorrectly asserted Trump had claimedexecutive privilegeover his testimony and documents,[311]and said he would call prominent Democrats such asNancy Pelosito testify at his trial, asserting on his podcast, "we're going medieval on these people."[312]Nichols denied the defense motions, finding that Bannon was not entitled to raise an "advice of counsel" defense or an executive privilege defense.[313]After the judge's ruling, Bannon's attorney Schoen asked the court, "what's the point of going to trial if there are no defenses?", to which Nichols replied, "agreed", hinting that Bannon should seek a plea deal.[310]
The trial began on July 18, 2022, with the jury being finalized the next day.[314][315][316]Bannon declined to call witnesses or testify in his own defense.[313]
On July 22, 2022, the jury found Bannon guilty on both charges.[317][318]Bennie ThompsonandLiz Cheney,the chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the January 6 Committee, called Bannon's conviction "a victory for therule of lawand an important affirmation of the Select Committee's work ".[319]The DOJ prosecutor said that Bannon "chose allegiance to Donald Trump over compliance with the law" and "No one is above the law";[319]prosecutors also said that Bannon had "thumbed his nose" at American democracy and law.[30]
On October 21, 2022, Judge Nichols sentenced Bannon to serve four months in prison and pay a $6,500 fine.[320][321]Nichols stated in issuing the sentence, "Others must be deterred from committing similar crimes." The DOJ had requested the maximum penalty (six months in jail), plus a $200,000 fine.[30]
On November 4, 2022, Bannon appealed his conviction and sentence; he remained free pending appeal, with his sentence put on hold.[30][322]In January 2023, his lawyers argued that the DOJ had improperly searched his private communications.[323]Due to the unexpected death of a government lawyer's son, Bannon's appeal hearing was delayed from October 12[324]to November 9 at the request of the DOJ.[325][326]Bannon did not attend the hearing; his attorney David Schoen did.[327]On May 10, 2024, the appellate court unanimously upheld the conviction and on May 14, the DOJ filed a motion to lift Bannon's stay of sentence and have him report to prison.[328][329]
On June 6, 2024, Judge Carl Nichols granted the motion and ordered Bannon to report to prison by July 1 unless the full appeals court were to take the case and pause enforcement of the sentence.[330]Because of the pending case against him in New York, he was not eligible for a minimum-security prison, and it was decided that he would instead go toFederal Correctional Institution, Danbury,a low-security prison in Connecticut.[331]On June 26, House SpeakerMike Johnsonsaid that House Republicans would intercede on behalf of Bannon with the federal court considering his appeal, though they did not file any briefs doing so.[332]
On June 21, Bannon made an emergency application to the U.S. Supreme Court,[333]which denied it in a one-sentence order on June 28.[334]He reported to the low-level securityFederal Correctional Institution, DanburyinDanbury, Connecticuton July 1, 2024, where he lives in a special veterans housing unit according to his federal prison consultant Sam Mangel.[4][335][336][337][338]He is scheduled to be released on October 29.[339]He is the second Trump era official to be jailed for contempt related to defying a subpoena from the January 6 Committee, afterPeter Navarro.[335]
Social media bans
During the November 5, 2020, edition of his webcast, Bannon called for the beheadings ofAnthony Fauci,the government's top infectious diseases expert, and FBI directorChristopher Wray.Bannon said that if it were up to him, after beheading Fauci and Wray, "I'd put theheads on pikes"and display them outside the White House" as a warning to bureaucrats "who dared oppose Trump. By the end of the day,FacebookandYouTubehad deleted the video from their platforms, andTwitterhad permanently banned his account for glorifying violence.Mailchimpalso disabled Bannon's email newsletter.[340]The next day, Bannon was dropped by a lawyer who had been defending him against federal charges of fraud.[341]
On January 9, 2021,Rudy Giulianiappeared onWar Room,accusing Democrats of stealing therecent presidential electionand blaming them for thestorming of the Capitol.Hours later, YouTube removed both the podcast channel and another one called "Trump at War – A Film by Stephen K. Bannon", citing a "violation of YouTube's Terms of Service".[342][343]
Political ideology
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Bannon is aReaganite[5][42]and has described himself as a populist.[344][345]
Lebanese-American authorNassim Nicholas Taleb,neoreactionarybloggerCurtis Yarvinand conservative intellectualMichael Antonhave been pointed out as three of the main influences in Steve Bannon's political thinking.[346][234]Political theorist and philosopherEdmund Burkehas also been described as a major influence on Bannon's ideological outlook.[347]According toThe Guardianin January 2018, Bannon's ideology is similar to that ofStephen Miller,Tucker Carlson,Benny Johnson,Raheem Kassamand Matthew Boyle, the latter two having been protégés of Bannon atBreitbart.[348]
Despite being arrested on federal charges of conspiracy to commit mail fraud and money laundering in connection with the We Build the Wall fundraising campaign in August 2020, in an interview, Bannon told journalistMichael Lewisin February 2018, "We got elected onDrain the Swamp,Lock Her Up,Build a Wall.This was pure anger. Anger and fear is what gets people to the polls. "He added," The Democrats don't matter. The real opposition is the media. And the way to deal with them is toflood the zonewith shit. "[349]
Individual issues
A self-describedeconomic nationalist,Bannon advocates forreductions in immigration[350]and restrictions on free trade with China and Mexico.[351][352]He has referred to himself as a "proudChristian Zionist"in reference to his support of Israel. He has been described as awhite nationalistbut rejects the description.[353]He generally believes in reducing the size of the federal bureaucracy, declaring at theConservative Political Action Conferencehe favored the "deconstruction of the administrative state".[354]
Paris climate agreement
Bannon was a strong opponent of theParis climate agreement.During his time in the Trump administration, he successfully persuadedDonald Trumpto withdraw from it.[355]
Immigration
Bannon favorsreducing immigration,bothlegalandillegal immigration,to the U.S. and asserts that immigration threatens national sovereignty.[356]Bannon has suggested that too manySilicon Valleychief executives are Asian or South Asian,[356][357]and that this undermines "civic society".[357]In a 2015 radio appearance, Bannon expressed opposition to resettling anyrefugees of the Syrian Civil Warin the U.S.[356]In a 2016 radio appearance, Bannon asserted that illegal immigration was "horrific" but that legal immigration was "the beating heart of this problem"; that levels of legal immigration to the U.S. were "scary"; and that legal immigrants had "kinda overwhelmed the country".[358]
Bannon was the chairman ofWe Build the Wall,an organization involved in the construction of theproposed expansion of Mexico–United States barrier.[359]
Economics
Bannon often describes himself as aneconomic nationalist,criticizingcrony capitalism,Austrian economics,and theobjectivistcapitalism ofAyn Rand.[353][360][361][362]He also generally considers himself afree-market capitalist.[363]Bannon favors raising federal income taxes to 44 percent for those earning incomes over $5 million a year as a way to pay for middle class tax cuts.[364]He also supports significantly increasing spending on infrastructure, describing himself as "the guy pushing a trillion-dollar infrastructure plan".[128]
In 2014, during a conference at the Vatican, Bannon criticized Wall Street for its role in the2008 financial crisis.He has also criticized bail outs for big banks and is angered by the fact that Wall Street banks have not been held accountable for the financial crisis, which he says fueled populist fury and groups such as theTea Party.[365]
Gun control
Amid ongoing national debates ongun violenceandgun control,Bannon has been vocal in advocating for broader access to firearms, emphasizing the importance of theSecond Amendment.He has been vocal in warning Trump against any shifts towards gun control, emphasizing the potential for intense backlash from the president's base. A notable instance of this was his reaction to the 2017Las Vegas shooting,where Bannon insisted that any move by Trump towards gun control would be the "end of everything," suggesting that it would be received even more negatively than an immigration amnesty bill by Trump's political base.[366][367]Expanding on his pro-gun stance, Bannon sparked controversy by advocating for the arming and training of children in the use of firearms. Speaking atTurning Point USA's America Fest in December 2023, he proposed that gun classes should be integrated intoschool curriculumsas a means for children to defend themselves against bullies.[368][369]
Foreign policy
He is generally skeptical of military intervention abroad, opposing proposals for the expansion of U.S. involvement in theWar in Afghanistan,[370]theSyrian Civil War,[371]and thecrisis in Venezuela.[372]
In Afghanistan, he supported a proposal byErik Princefor the deployment ofprivate military contractorsinstead of the U.S. military.[373]He believes "there is no military solution" to the2017 North Korea crisis.[351]
Bannon has described U.S. allies in Europe, thePersian Gulf,theSouth China Sea,theStrait of Malacca,as well as South Korea and Japan, as having become "protectorates of the United States" that do not "make an effort to defend [themselves]", and believesNATOmembers should pay a minimum of 2% of GDP on defense.[374]
Bannon opposes upgrading the U.S. nuclear arsenal.[375][376]Bannon strongly favors U.S. withdrawal from theIran nuclear deal,[377]and was supportive of the approach taken by Saudi Crown PrinceMohammed bin Salmanduring the2017 Qatar diplomatic crisis.[378]
During his tenure as White House chief strategist, Bannon opposed the2017 Shayrat missile strike,but lost the internal debate on the matter to Kushner.[379]He also expressed skepticism about the 2020assassination of Qasem Soleimani,questioning whether it was "necessary to kill this guy and to kill him now and to exacerbate the military issues", and warned that an escalation with Iran could undermine Trump's support with "working-class, middle-class people, particularly people whose sons and daughters actually fight in these wars".[380]
He has referred to himself as a "proudChristian Zionist"in reference to his support ofIsrael.[381][382][383]Bannon reportedly spoke often with Trump donorSheldon Adelson,and was alarmed at a push for a renewed Middle East peace process.[384]He has described Palestinian presidentMahmoud Abbasas a "terrorist".[385]He has advocated giving the land in theWest Bankto Jordan and inGazato Egypt.[386]
China
Bannon believes the U.S. is not merely in aCold Warbut already in a "hot war" withChina,especially in the domains ofinformationandeconomics.Bannon expressed concerns about China's growing influence in Asia, viewing the nation as expansionist and anticipating a global culture clash.[387]He holds the view that theChinese Communist Party(CCP) must be confronted and suggests that the ongoing informational and economic confrontations will escalate into a "kinetic war". Bannon believes a military confrontation between the US and China in the South China Sea will occur within the next decade. He highlighted China's construction ofartificial islands,equating them to stationary aircraft carriers with missiles, as a primary concern.[388][389]
United Kingdom
Although "those who met him say" Bannon initially favored theBritish National Party(BNP) and theEnglish Defence League(EDL) in the United Kingdom, he later backed theUK Independence Party(UKIP).[390][221]
Bannon urgedBoris Johnson,who Bannon said in July 2018 that he had known "over the last year" and was "very impressed" with, to challenge Prime MinisterTheresa May.[391][392]According to aBuzzFeed Newsreport, Bannon was in private contact with Johnson during his visit to Britain that month, and the two men were previously in text communication during their respective tenures as White House chief strategist and British foreign secretary.[393]
Europe
Bannon has defended Trump's ties to and praise for Russian presidentVladimir Putin.[376][394]He expressed a belief that traditionalists see Russia as an ally. Bannon said they "believe that at least Putin is standing up for traditional institutions, and he's trying to do it in a form of nationalism—and I think that people, particularly in certain countries, want to see the sovereignty for their country. They want to see nationalism for their country" rather than a "pan-European Union".[394]According to the bookWar for Eternity,Bannon met notorious Russian ideologueAleksandr DugininRomein 2018 to advocate closer relations between the United States and Russia, as well asTraditionalistphilosophy.[395][396]
In 2018, Bannon announced plans to launch a new political operation beginning with an attempt to unite populist parties across Europe before the2019 European Parliament election.With the project to be based inBrussels,he indicated he would spend 50 percent of his time in Europe from the following November working at locations throughout the continent.[100]Later that year, Bannon formed a foundation calledThe Movementto connect far-right groups throughout Europe.[397]
Bannon is supportive of Europeanright-wing populistnational conservativemovements such as the HungarianFidesz,the French National Front (nowNational Rally), the SpanishVox,the DutchParty for Freedom,Alternative for Germany,the ItalianNorthern League,theFreedom Party of Austria,theSweden Democrats,theDanish People's Party,the FlemishVlaams Belangand theNew Flemish Alliance,the PolishLaw and Justice,and theSwiss People's Party.[101][225][398][399][400]
Islam
In 2007, Bannon proposed and developed a script for a documentary titledDestroying the Great Satan: The Rise of Islamic Fascism in America.The film's plot was that there was an effort by Muslims to take over America.[401][402]
In 2010, Bannon said "Islamis not a religion of peace. Islam is a religion of submission ". He also criticizedGeorge W. Bushfor calling Islam a religion of peace.[403]Bannon has said that Islam today is "something much darker" thanAdolf Hitlerand the Nazis.[404]He has also stated, "If you're Sharia-compliant... we don't want you here," and has accused U.S. newspapers of being "Sharia-compliant".[404]He has also stated, "The elites in Europe... are allowing an Islamic invasion to take place."[404]and that the war withIslamic fascismis "metastasizing far quicker than governments can handle it."[405]
In his talk delivered to a small conference in the Vatican during 2014, Bannon said: "If you look back at the long history of the Judeo-Christian West struggle against Islam, I believe that our forefathers kept their stance, and I think they did the right thing. I think they kept it out of the world, whether it was atVienna,orTours,or other places...it bequeathed to us the great institution that is the church of the West ".[406]He is reputed to believe Putin's Russia and Trump's America are Christian allies against theIslamic Stateand "radical Islamic terrorism".[407][408][409]During Bannon's time in the Trump administration Bannon andStephen Millerhelped orchestrateExecutive Order 13769which banned entrance into United States from seven majority Muslim countries.[410][411][412]Bannon has been linked to thecounter-jihadmovement.[413][414][415]
Transhumanism and new technologies
Bannon seestranshumanismas a dangerous and radical religion of "the technocratic elite". He accusestech entrepreneursof using "transhumanistic science" to control humanity and eradicate religion through advanced gene editing, robotics, and forced microscopic implants. He has accused transhumanists of wantingeternal lifeat the expense of disregarding people's religious beliefs. Bannon's recent preoccupation with transhumanism aligns with hisanti-vaccinerhetoric, and he has adopted similar positions asAlex Joneson this topic.[416][417]In discussions with his frequent podcast contributor Joe Allen, he also promotes viewpoints againstAIand other new technologies inspired by "The Unabomber"Ted Kaczynski.[418]On his podcast, Bannon said he was proud to be aLudditeand expressed concern that Homo sapiens could be replaced in the near future.[419]
Overview and influences
Bannon's ideology was the subject of the bookWar for EternitybyBenjamin R. Teitelbaum,where his thinking is described as combining elements of a radical version of theTraditionalist schoolwithpaleoconservatismand other more standard American conservative beliefs.[396]Bannon's political and economic views have been described by others asnationalist,[420]and right-wing populist.[421]He self-identifies as aconservative.[104][422][423]He rejects allegations that he is awhite nationalist.[424]
At a party congress in March 2018, Bannon gave members of the Frenchright-wing populistNational Front(NF) what has been described as a "populist pep talk".[223]He advised party members to "Let them call you racist, let them call you xenophobes, let them call younativists.Wear it like a badge of honor. Because every day, we get stronger and they get weaker...History is on our side and will bring us victory. "Bannon's remarks brought the members to their feet.[425][426][427][428]Critics expressed concern that Bannon was "normalizing racism".[429]
Bannon was influenced byFourth Turning theory,outlined inNeil Howe's andWilliam Strauss'sThe Fourth Turning: An American Prophecy,[430]one of Bannon's favorite books.[346]The theory proposes, "populism, nationalism and state-run authoritarianism would soon be on the rise, not just in America but around the world. [...Once one strips] away the extraneous accidents and technology, you are left with only a limited number of social moods, which tend to recur in a fixed order" and cyclically. The book was major influence on Bannon's filmGeneration Zero.[430][346][431][432]
Bannon's political beliefs have been influenced byRené Guénon'straditionalism,a form of anti-modernist thought that views "certain ancient religions, including the HinduVedanta,Sufism,and medieval Catholicism "as being repositories of spiritual truth under attack by Western secularism; he synthesizes traditionalist beliefs with Catholic social doctrine, particularly the idea ofsubsidiarity,as expressed in the 1931papal encyclical,Quadragesimo anno,defending that political matters ought to be handled by the lowest, least centralized competent authority.[234]According to Bannon's former friends, he was particularly influenced by the Hindu scriptureBhagavad Gitaand the ancient Chinese military treatiseThe Art of War.[433][434]Bannon has also cited the Russianneo-fascistAlexander Dugin,[435]who promotes a Russian nationalist variant of traditionalism calledEurasianism,[435][234]and described himself as a fan of Dugin's book,The Fourth Political Theory.[395]However, Bannon has urged Dugin to abandon hisanti-AmericanandSinophileviews.[436]Bannon has also described Brazilian traditionalist thinkerOlavo de Carvalhoas "one of the great conservative intellectuals in the world".[437]
Bannon is an admirer of paleoconservative commentatorPat Buchanan.[438]Bannon's favorite columnist is academicWalter Russell Mead.[439]In a 2014 speech to a Vatican conference, Bannon made a passing reference toJulius Evola,a twentieth-century,Nazi-linked Italian writer who influencedBenito Mussolini'sItalian Fascismand promoted the Traditionalist School, described by aNew York Timeswriter as "a worldview popular in far-right and alternative religious circles that believes progress and equality are poisonous illusions." Bannon's interest in the ideas of the Traditionalist School was driven by Evola's bookRevolt Against the Modern World,and Guénon's booksMan and His Becoming According to the VedantaandThe Crisis of the Modern World.[440]In March 2016, Bannon stated he appreciates "any piece that mentions Evola".[441]In referring to the associated views ofVladimir Putin,who is influenced by Evola follower Dugin, Bannon stated "We, the Judeo-Christian West, really have to look at what he's talking about as far as Traditionalism goes — particularly the sense of where it supports the underpinnings of nationalism."[442]He has likewise quoted Frenchanti-EnlightenmentwriterCharles Maurrasapprovingly to a French diplomat.[443][444]Bannon has also repeatedly referenced the controversial French novelThe Camp of the Saints(1973) byJean Raspail,which depictsThird Worldimmigration destroying Western civilization.[445]He has embraced whatBBC Newsdescribes asSavitri Devi's "account of history as a cyclical battle between good and evil".[446]Bannon told an interviewer in 2018 that he is "fascinated by Mussolini", noting: "He was clearly loved by women. He was a guy's guy. He has all that virility. He also had amazing fashion sense, right, that whole thing with the uniforms."[447]A formerBreitbartwriter wrote that Bannon said in 2015 that alt-right publicationAmerican Renaissancewas "fighting the same fight" as him.[448]Bannon has expressed admiration for GermanConservative RevolutionaryphilosopherMartin Heidegger,praising his "ideas on the subject of being".[449]
German film directorLeni Riefenstahl,who produced propaganda films for the regime inNazi Germany,is said to have influenced Bannon's film-making techniques, with Bannon once describing himself to writing colleague Julia Jones as the "Riefenstahl ofGeorge Bush",modifying the ending as" the GOP "when Jones was horrified.[450]The opening of Bannon's documentary filmThe Hope & The Change(2012)[451]consciously imitated Riefenstahl's filmThe Triumph of the Will(1935), which depicted theNuremberg Rallyheld in 1934.[452]
He has expressed interest inHenri Bergson's concept ofélan vitalandJoseph Schumpeter'screative destruction.Additionally, he said that his initial inspiration to get into traditionalist philosophy was his reading ofGeorge Gurdjieff,when Dugin asked him to explain this during a meeting they had together in Rome.[453]
Personal life
Bannon has been married and divorced three times. He has three adult daughters. His first marriage was to Cathleen Suzanne Houff. Bannon and Houff had a daughter, Maureen, in 1988 and subsequently divorced.[454][38][455]
Bannon's second marriage was to Mary Louise Piccard, a former investment banker, in April 1995. Their twin daughters were born three days after the wedding. Piccard filed for dissolution of their marriage in 1997.[456][457]
During their divorce proceedings, Piccard alleged that Bannon had madeantisemiticremarks about her choice of schools, saying he did not want to send his children toThe Archer School for Girlsbecause there were too many Jews at the school, and Jews raise their children to be "whiny brats". Bannon's spokesperson denied the accusation, noting that he had chosen to send both his children to the Archer School.[270][269][458][459]
Bannon's third marriage was to model Diane Clohesy; they married in 2006 and divorced in 2009.[460][461]
His brother, Chris Bannon, is a TV producer.[462][463]
Filmography
Bannon has been a producer, writer, director or actor on the following films and documentaries:
| Year | Title | Credited as | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1991 | The Indian Runner[464] | executive producer | |
| 1999 | Titus | co-executive producer | |
| 2004 | In the Face of Evil: Reagan's War in Word and Deed | director, co-producer, writer | based on the 2003 bookReagan's WarbyPeter Schweizer |
| 2005 | Cochise CountyUSA: Cries from the Border[465] | executive producer | |
| 2006 | Border War: The Battle Over Illegal Immigration[465] | executive producer | |
| 2007 | Tradition Never Graduates: A Season InsideNotre Dame Football | executive producer | |
| 2010 | Generation Zero | director, producer, writer | based on the 1997 bookThe Fourth Turningby William Strauss and Neil Howe |
| Battle for America[466][467] | director, producer, writer | ||
| Fire from the Heartland: The Awakening of the Conservative Woman[467] | director, producer, writer | ||
| 2011 | Still Point in a Turning World: Ronald Reagan and His Ranch[468] | director, writer | |
| The Undefeated[466][469][467] | director, producer, writer | documentary onSarah Palin | |
| 2012 | Occupy Unmasked | director, writer | |
| The Hope & The Change | director, producer, writer | documentary on formerBarack Obamasupporters | |
| District of Corruption[465] | director, producer | ||
| 2013 | Sweetwater[470] | executive producer | |
| 2016 | Clinton Cash[471] | producer, writer | based on the same-titledPeter SchweizerbookClinton Cash |
| Torchbearer | director, producer, writer | featuresDuck DynastypatriarchPhil Robertson[465] | |
| 2018 | Trump @War[187] | director, writer | StarringCorey Lewandowski,Pete Hegseth,Sebastian Gorka,Raheem Kassam,Sonnie Johnson,Raynard Jackson,Alfredo Ortiz,Sasha Gong,Erik Prince,Joe Concha, Lian Chao Han,Bill Gertz,Michael Caputo,Rob Wasinger,John Zmirak |
| 2019 | American Dharma[472][473] | actor | |
| 2019 | Claws of the Red Dragon[474] | executive producer | |
| 2019 | The Brink[475] | actor |
See also
- Mueller Report
- Russian interference in the 2016 Brexit referendum
- Timeline of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections
- Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections
- Unhumans
Notes
References
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... the unmistakable imprint ofBreitbart News,the 'alt-right' website...
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Bannon'sBreitbartdistinguished itself from the rest of the conservative media in two significant ways this cycle... The second was through their embrace of the alt-right...
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Breitbart News,declared 'the platform for the alt-right' last month by then-chair, Steve Bannon.
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This Facebook group is for an outfit called Vigilant Patriots, which claims its goals are defending and upholding the Constitution and preserving "our history and culture". As of Friday morning, it listed nearly 3,600 members, including Stephen Bannon, who apparently joined the group seven years ago.
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Bannon graduated from the Harvard Business School in 1985.
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Please,' saysJohn Podhoretz,the old-school conservative editor of Commentary. 'He was a third-rate banker who got a tiny slice of an enormous pie.' He's referring to the piece of Seinfeld profits that Bannon got when he helped orchestrate a deal between Ted Turner and Castle Rock Entertainment.
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But he saysBreitbartis also a platform for 'libertarians,' Zionists, 'the conservative gay community,'...
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Tory grassroots favourite met ex-Trump adviser this week to discuss how conservative movements can win in Britain
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Diane Clohesy was married to Steve Bannon from 2006 to 2009.
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maybe he doesn't really agree with those white supremacists who helped with the rise of people like Milo Yiannopoulos, the rise ofBreitbart Newsand the rise of Donald Trump. Maybe those people are just numbers to him. I mean, I guess if you're down with white supremacists, you're down with white supremacists and no one should care why you're down with them. But if you are tactical, that means you can change.
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Written and directed by Stephen K. Bannon
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