Jump to content

Stewart Island

Coordinates:47°00′S167°50′E/ 47.00°S 167.84°E/-47.00; 167.84
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected fromStewart Island/Rakiura)
For the island in the Indian Ocean, seeStewart Island (Andaman Islands).
Not to be confused withSikaiana,formerly called the Stewart Islands, in the Solomon Islands; orSteward Islandin Greenland.
"Rakiura" redirects here. For the insect, seeRakiura vernale.

Stewart Island
Rakiura(Māori)
Geography
LocationFoveaux Strait
Coordinates47°00′S167°50′E/ 47.00°S 167.84°E/-47.00; 167.84
ArchipelagoNew Zealand archipelago
Area1,747.72 km2(674.80 sq mi)[1]
Highest elevation980 m (3220 ft)
Highest pointMount Anglem / Hananui
Administration
ElectoratesInvercargill(general)
Te Tai Tonga(Māori)
MPsPenny Simmonds(New Zealand National Party)
Tākuta Ferris(Te Pāti Māori)
Local Government
Regional CouncilEnvironment Southland
Largest settlementOban
Territorial authoritySouthland District
Community BoardStewart Island/Rakiura Community Board[2]
Demographics
Population450 (June 2023)[3]
Pop. density0.26/km2(0.67/sq mi)

Stewart Island(Māori:Rakiura,lit.'glowing skies', officiallyStewart Island / Rakiura,formerlyNew Leinster) isNew Zealand's third-largest island, located 30 kilometres (16 nautical miles) south of theSouth Island,acrossFoveaux Strait.It is a roughly triangular island with a total land area of 1,746 km2(674 sq mi). Its 164-kilometre (102 mi) coastline is deeply indented byPaterson Inlet(east),Port Pegasus(south), and Mason Bay (west). The island is generally hilly (rising to 980 metres or 3,220 feet atMount Anglem) and densely forested. Flightlessbirds,including penguins, thrive because there are few introduced predators. Almost all the island is owned by the New Zealand government, and over 80 per cent of the island is set aside as theRakiura National Park.

Stewart Island's economy depends on fishing and summertourism.Its permanent population was recorded at 408 people in the2018 census,[4]most of whom live in the settlement ofObanon the eastern side of the island. Ferries connect the settlement toBluffin the South Island. Stewart Island is part of theSouthland Districtfor local government purposes.

History and naming

[edit]
Paterson Inletat sunset
Mudflats near Oban

Archaeology indicates that the island was settled in the 14th century, shortly after the Māori settled in theSouth Island.[5]

The originalMāoriname,Te Punga o Te Waka a Māui,positions the island firmly at the heart of Māori mythology. Translated as "The Anchor Stone of Māui’s Canoe", it refers to the part played by the island in the legend ofMāuiand his crew, who from their canoeTe Waka a Māui(the South Island), caught and raised the great fishTe Ika a Māui,theNorth Island.

Rakiurais the commonly known Māori name. It is usually translated as "Glowing Skies", a reference to theaurora australis,the southern lights that are a phenomenon of southern latitudes.[6]

For some,Rakiurais the abbreviated version of Te Rakiura a Te Rakitamau, translated as "great blush of Rakitamau", in reference to the latter's embarrassment when refused the hand in marriage of not one but two daughters of an island chief.[7]According to Māori legend, a chief on the island named Te Rakitamau was married to a young woman who became terminally ill and implored him to marry her cousin after she died. Te Rakitamau paddled across Te Moana Tapokopoko a Tawhiki (Foveaux Strait) to the South Island where the cousin lived, only to discover she had recently married. He blushed with embarrassment; so the island was called Te Ura o Te Rakitamau.

Margaret Cameron-Ash claims thatJames Cookestablished the insularity of Stewart Island during his first Pacific voyage in 1770 but decided to hide his discovery for reasons of military and colonial policy.[8]However, G. A. Mawer argues that Cook was simply unsure whether it was an island because his focus was on finding the southern extent of New Zealand, and conditions were unfavourable for more closely exploring a possible strait.[9]

The strait was first charted byOwen Folger Smith,a New Yorker who had been in Sydney Harbour withEber Bunker,from whom he probably learned of the easternseal hunting.Smith charted the strait in the whaleboat of the sealing brigUnion(out of New York) in 1804 and on his 1806 chart, it was called Smith's Straits.[10]

The island received its English name in honour ofWilliam W. Stewart.He was first officer on thePegasus,which visited in 1809, and he charted the large south-eastern harbour that now bears the ship's name (Port Pegasus) and determined the northern points of the island, proving that it was an island.[11][12]In 1824, he initiated plans in England to establish a timber, flax and trading settlement at Stewart Island and sailed there in 1826,[11]with it becoming known asStewart's Island.

In 1841, the island was established as one of the threeProvinces of New Zealandand was namedNew Leinster.However, the province existed on paper only and was abolished after only five years. With the passing of theNew Zealand Constitution Act 1846,the island became part ofNew Munster,which entirely included the South Island.[13]When New Munster was abolished in 1853, Stewart Island became part ofOtago Provinceuntil 1861, whenSouthland Provincesplit from Otago. In 1876, the provinces were abolished altogether.

For most of the twentieth century, "Stewart Island" was the official name, and the most commonly used. The name was officially altered to Stewart Island/Rakiura by theNgāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998,one of many such changes under theNgāi Tahutreaty settlement.[14]

Rabbits were introduced to the island in 1943 which later became a pest after rapid multiplication.[15]

Geography

[edit]
Satellite image of Stewart Island
Northern part of Stewart Island, with a view over some of the bays

Stewart Island has an area of 1,680 square kilometres (650 sq mi).[16]Its terrain is hilly and, like most of New Zealand, Stewart Island has anOceanic climate.The north is dominated by the swampy valley of theFreshwater River.The river rises close to the northwestern coast and flows southeastwards into the large indentation ofPaterson Inlet.The highest peak isMount Anglem(980 metres (3,220 ft)), close to the northern coast. It is one of a rim of ridges that surround Freshwater Valley.

The southern half is more uniformly undulating, rising to a ridge that runs south from the valley of theRakeahua River,which also flows into Paterson Inlet. The southernmost point in this ridge isMount Allen,at 750 metres (2,460 ft). Notable twin rock formations in this region are known as Gog and Magog.[17]In the southeast the land is somewhat lower, and is drained by the valleys of theToitoi River,Lords River,andHeron River.South West Cape on this island is the southernmost point of the main islands of New Zealand.

Mason Bay, on the west side, is notable as a long sandy beach on an island where beaches are typically far more rugged. One suggestion is that the bay was formed in the aftershock of a meteorite impact in theTasman Sea;however, no evidence has been found to support such a claim.[18][19]

Three large and many small islands lie around the coast. Notable among these areRuapuke Island,in Foveaux Strait 32 kilometres (20 mi) northeast of Oban;Codfish Island / Whenua Hou,close to the northwest shore; andBig South Cape Island,off the southwestern tip. TheTītī / Muttonbird Islandsgroup is between Stewart Island and Ruapuke Island, around Big South Cape Island, and off the southeastern coast. Other islands of interest include Bench Island, Native Island, andUlva Island,all close to the mouth ofPaterson Inlet,and Pearl Island,Anchorage Island,and Noble Island, close toPort Pegasusin the southwest. Further offshoreThe Snaresare oceanic islands, a volcano and some smaller islets, that were never connected to the larger Stewart Island.

Stewart Island has a temperate climate.[20]However, one travel guide mentions "frequent downpours that make 'boots and waterproof clothing mandatory",[21]and another guide says that rainfall in Oban, the principal settlement, is 1,600 to 1,800 mm (63 to 71 in) a year.[22]

Owing to an anomaly in the magnetic latitude contours, this location is well-placed for observingAurora australis.

Approximately 18,000 years ago during theLast Glacial Maximumwhen sea levels were over 100 metres lower than present day levels, Stewart Island and its surrounding islands were connected to the rest of New Zealand. Sea levels began to rise 7,000 years ago, eventually separating Stewart Island from the mainland.[23]

Settlements

[edit]
OverlookingObanandHalfmoon Bay

The only town isOban,onHalfmoon Bay.

A previous settlement,Port Pegasus,once boasted several stores and a post office, and was located on the southern coast of the island. It is now uninhabited, and is accessible only by boat or by an arduous hike through the island. Another site of former settlement is atPort William,a four-hour walk around the north coast from Oban, where immigrants from theShetland Islandssettled in the early 1870s. This was unsuccessful, and the settlers left within one to two years, most for sawmilling villages elsewhere on the island.

Geology

[edit]

Geologically, Stewart Island is made up of rocks from the Median Batholith. The island is mostly composed of granite, particularly the southern two thirds of the island. The northern third (north of the Freshwater Valley Fault) is composed of Anglem Complex diorites, minor gabbro and granite, and many pegmatites. The Freshwater Valley Fault in between is mainly alluvium and volcanic sediments.[24]

International Dark Sky Sanctuary

[edit]

In January 2019, Stewart Island was accredited as a Dark Sky Sanctuary by theInternational Dark-Sky Association.This designation is given for sites in very remote locations to increase awareness of their dark sky characteristics and promote long-term conservation. The application for accreditation was made by Venture Southland, an agency responsible for the region's economic and community development initiatives and tourism promotion, with the aim of attracting more visitors, particularly in the winter period.[25][26]

Rakiura National Park

[edit]
Main article:Rakiura National Park

Rakiura National Park is the 14th of New Zealand's national parks and was officially opened on 9 March 2002.[27]The park covers close to 1,400 square kilometres (540 sq mi),[28]which is about 85% of the area of Stewart Island / Rakiura. The area of the park excludes the township aroundHalfmoon Bay(Oban) and some roads as well as private or Māori-owned land further inland.[29]

Climate

[edit]
Climate data for Oban, Stewart Island (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1975–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 30.6
(87.1) 		28.5
(83.3) 		26.5
(79.7) 		29.0
(84.2) 		20.5
(68.9) 		17.5
(63.5) 		16.0
(60.8) 		17.1
(62.8) 		21.3
(70.3) 		25.0
(77.0) 		26.5
(79.7) 		28.5
(83.3) 		30.6
(87.1)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 17.6
(63.7) 		17.5
(63.5) 		16.2
(61.2) 		14.4
(57.9) 		12.4
(54.3) 		10.4
(50.7) 		10.1
(50.2) 		10.8
(51.4) 		12.5
(54.5) 		13.6
(56.5) 		14.9
(58.8) 		16.7
(62.1) 		13.9
(57.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) 13.6
(56.5) 		13.5
(56.3) 		12.3
(54.1) 		10.7
(51.3) 		9.0
(48.2) 		7.0
(44.6) 		6.5
(43.7) 		7.2
(45.0) 		8.6
(47.5) 		9.7
(49.5) 		10.9
(51.6) 		12.7
(54.9) 		10.1
(50.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 9.6
(49.3) 		9.5
(49.1) 		8.4
(47.1) 		7.0
(44.6) 		5.7
(42.3) 		3.6
(38.5) 		2.8
(37.0) 		3.7
(38.7) 		4.8
(40.6) 		5.7
(42.3) 		7.0
(44.6) 		8.7
(47.7) 		6.4
(43.5)
Record low °C (°F) 1.0
(33.8) 		0.9
(33.6) 		0.7
(33.3) 		−0.4
(31.3) 		−6
(21) 		−7.3
(18.9) 		−6
(21) 		−7
(19) 		−4.5
(23.9) 		−1.8
(28.8) 		−0.4
(31.3) 		0.6
(33.1) 		−7.3
(18.9)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 138.4
(5.45) 		106.9
(4.21) 		139.3
(5.48) 		118.7
(4.67) 		155.3
(6.11) 		139.6
(5.50) 		130.8
(5.15) 		116.0
(4.57) 		122.8
(4.83) 		146.5
(5.77) 		134.4
(5.29) 		116.3
(4.58) 		1,565
(61.61)
Average rainy days(≥ 1.0 mm) 15.3 13.6 15.4 16.0 17.9 17.8 17.0 16.5 16.0 17.0 17.0 16.1 195.5
Averagerelative humidity(%) 84.3 87.4 87.4 89.4 91.1 90.9 91.3 89.9 85.0 84.3 81.6 82.6 85.8
Source: NIWA (rainy days and humidity 1975–2015)[30][31]

Demographics

[edit]

Stewart Island covers 1,747.72 km2(674.80 sq mi)[1]including the offshore islands, the most sizeable beingRuapuke Island,Codfish Island / Whenua HouandTaukihepa / Big South Cape Island.It had an estimated population of 450 as of June 2023,[3]with a population density of 0.26 people per km2.

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
2006402—
2013378−0.88%
2018408+1.54%
Source:[4]

Stewart Island had a population of 408 at the2018 New Zealand census,an increase of 30 people (7.9%) since the2013 census,and an increase of 6 people (1.5%) since the2006 census.There were 222 households, comprising 216 males and 195 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.11 males per female. The median age was 49.3 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 54 people (13.2%) aged under 15 years, 57 (14.0%) aged 15 to 29, 204 (50.0%) aged 30 to 64, and 90 (22.1%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 93.4% European/Pākehā,19.9%Māori,1.5%Pasifika,0.7%Asian,and 2.2% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 16.9, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 67.6% had no religion, 23.5% wereChristian,0.7% wereBuddhistand 2.9% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 84 (23.7%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 63 (17.8%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $33,500, compared with $31,800 nationally. 57 people (16.1%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 207 (58.5%) people were employed full-time, 54 (15.3%) were part-time, and 3 (0.8%) were unemployed.[4]

Economy

[edit]

Fishing has been, historically, the most important element of the economy of Stewart Island, and while it remains important, tourism has become the main source of income for islanders. There has also been some farming and forestry.[citation needed]

Government

[edit]
Oban,Halfmoon Bay,1977

From 1841 to 1853, Stewart Island was governed asNew Leinster Province,then as part ofNew Munster Province.From 1853 onwards, it was part of theOtago Province.

Inlocal governmenttoday, Stewart Island is represented by one councilor on theSouthland District Council.There is a Stewart Island/Rakiura Community Board to serve as the link between the community and the District Council. At theSouthland Regional Council,it is part of the Invercargill-Rakiura ward.

Stewart Island shares with some other islands a certain relaxation in some of the rules governing commercial activities. For example, every transport service operated solely onGreat Barrier Island,theChatham Islands,or Stewart Island is exempt from the Transport Act of 1962.

Ecology

[edit]

Flora

[edit]

Although the clay soil is not very fertile, the high rainfall and warm weather mean that the island is densely forested throughout. Native plants include the world's southernmost dense forest ofpodocarps(southern conifers) and hardwoods such asrātāandkāmahiin the lowland areas withmānukashrubland at higher elevations.[citation needed]The trees are thought to have become established here since thelast ice agefrom seeds brought across the strait by seabirds, which would explain why thebeechtrees that are so common in New Zealand, but whose seeds are dispersed by the wind rather than birds, are not found on Stewart Island.

Noeline Bakerpurchased land near Halfmoon Bay in the early 1930s and with a checklist by botanistLeonard Cockaynepopulated it with all the local indigenous plants. She gave the land and her house to the government in 1940, and todayMoturau Moanais New Zealand's southernmost public garden.[32]

Fauna

[edit]

There are many species of birds on Stewart Island that have been able to continue to thrive because of the relative absence of the cats, rats, stoats, ferrets, weasels and other predators that humans brought to the main islands. There are even more species of birds, including huge colonies ofsooty shearwaterand other seabirds, onThe Snaresand the other smaller islands offshore. The birds of Stewart Island includeweka,kākā,albatross,the flightlessStewart Island kiwi,silvereyes,fantails,andkererū.Theendangeredyellow-eyed penguinhas a significant number of breeding sites here,[33]while the large colonies of sooty shearwaters on the offshoreMuttonbird Islandsare subject tomuttonbirding,a sustainable harvesting programme managed by Rakiura Māori. Meanwhile, a small population ofkākāpō,a flightless parrot which is very close to extinction, was found on Stewart Island in 1977 and the birds subsequently moved to smaller islands such as Codfish Island / Whenua Hou for protection from feral cats. TheSouth Island saddlebackis similarly preserved. Stewart Island is the sole remaining breeding place of the critically endangeredsouthern New Zealand dotterel.

TheSouth Island giant moa(Dinornis robustus) occurred on the island, subfossil remains having been retrieved in its dunes.[34]

Threats and preservation

[edit]

As the island has always been sparsely populated and there has never been very much logging, much of the original wildlife is intact, including species that have been devastated on the mainland post-colonisation. However, although habitats and wildlife were not threatened byinvasive specieshistorically, now there are populations ofbrushtail possums,feral cats,hedgehogsand three species of rats, but nomustelidsor mice.[35]There is a large population ofwhite-tailed deer,which were introduced to coastal areas and are hunted for meat and sport. There is also a small population ofred deer,confined to the inland areas.[36]Almost all the island is owned by the New Zealand government and over 80 per cent of the island is set aside as theRakiura National Park,New Zealand's newest national park. Many of the small offshore islands, including the Snares, are also protected.

Transport

[edit]
See also:List of shipwrecks of Southland § Stewart Island

Ferry services

[edit]

The ferry journey across Foveaux Strait betweenBluff Harbouron the South Island andObanin Stewart Island is about 39 km (21 nmi) long.[37]The present high speedcatamaranservice typically takes one hour.[38][39]As of 2024, the ferry service is operated by the tourism companyRealNZ(formerly Real Journeys).[40]

History

[edit]

The first scheduled service across Foveaux Strait began in 1877 for weekly mail delivery, but soon also carried passengers and general cargo.[41]A larger vessel, the Bluff Harbour Board tug P.S.Awarua,took over the service in 1885. TheAwaruaarrived in Bluff on 4 January 1885, after a delivery voyage lasting more than 6 months since leaving dock in London.[42]A trial excursion to Stewart Island on theAwaruatook place on 10 March 1885,[43][44]and a weekly service to Steward Island commenced.[45]A government subsidy was required to support the service, but it brought economic benefit by supporting the development of the fishing industry based on Stewart Island and increased the number of visitors.[41]Many different vessels were used by the Bluff Harbour Board on the Foveaux Strait ferry service in the first half of the 20th century, including theSouthlandandTheresa Ward,MV.Tamatea,[46]and the steamerOrewa.[47]Demands for a daily service across Foveaux were published in 1937.[48]The twin screw steamerWairuatook over the Foveaux Strait ferry service in 1944.[49]By 1959, the ferry service was operating with annual losses of £7,464.[50]The steamerWairuawas 46 years old by that time, and a new replacement vessel was planned.[51]In the interim, the government shipMataireplaced theWairua.[52]

By 1960, a new vessel to take over the Foveaux Strait service was under construction in Auckland. It was the largest ship to be constructed in New Zealand at that time, and was also namedWairua.[53]The delivery voyage to Bluff was completed on 19 December 1961, and her first crossing of Foveaux Strait was on 20 December.[54]The newWairuawas the first vessel in New Zealand to be fitted with anti-roll capabilities. The service to Stewart Island was twice a week during winter, and three times a week during summer.[55]By 1985, the accumulated losses in operating theWairuaon the Foveaux Strait service over the previous 10 years totalled $6 million. TheMinister of Transport,Richard Prebble,announced that the losses could not continue, and that the service would be withdrawn. Private operators would be invited to operate a service.[56][57]TheWairuacontinued on the Stewart Island ferry service until September 1985, when she was sold for service in Fiji.[58][59]

Private operators provided a replacement ferry service to Stewart Island after the government service ended in 1985. A new ferry for the Stewart Island service was built inInvercargillfor the company Stewart Island Marine, and launched in April 1999. The new vessel was a catamaran capable of taking 100 passengers, one third more than the vessel it replaced.[60]In 2004, after operating the business for 14 years, Stewart Island Marine sold the ferry service to Stewart Island Experience — a joint venture between two private individuals and the tourism companyReal Journeys.[61][62]A third vessel seating 160 passengers was added to the service in December 2004.[63]However, within two weeks of beginning service, the vessel was sold toFullers Northlandfor service in theBay of Islands,after Fullers suffered the loss of a vessel.[64]Real Journeys bought out their partners to take complete control of the Stewart Island ferry service in May 2005.[65][66]In 2015, responding to proposals for subsidised travel to Stewart Island for senior citizens, the chief executive of Real Journeys stated: "Not only are Stewart Island ferries completely unsubsidised but the Foveaux Strait is an extremely expensive piece of water to operate on commercially".[67]

Air services

[edit]
Further information:Stewart Island Flights

Stewart Island Flights provides air services across Foveaux Strait betweenInvercargill AirportandRyan's Creek Aerodromeon Stewart Island. Their aircraft also land on the sand at Mason Bay, Doughboy Bay, and West Ruggedy Beach.[68]

History

[edit]

In 1950, a licence was granted to Amphibian Airways to operate an air service between Invercargill and Stewart Island.[69]In December 1950, finance was being sought for the purchase of aGrumman Widgeonamphibious aircraft.[70]The inaugural flight toHalf Moon Baywas made on 20 March 1951, with plans for a weekly service.[71][72]In 1976, Stewart Island Air Services took over an amphibian air service to Stewart Island that had previously been operated by theMount Cook Group.In 1980, Stewart Island Air Services rebranded as Southern Air.[73]By 1980, a sealed airstrip had been built at Ryan's Creek above Oban, and services from Invercargill were provided usingNomadandBritten-Norman Islanderaircraft.[74][75]Southern Air rebranded to Stewart Island Flights in 2020.

Incidents

[edit]

In 1998 a Southern AirCessnaditched into Foveaux Strait on a trip from Stewart Island to Invercargill after losing power to both engines, resulting in five deaths.[76][77]

Roads

[edit]

Oban has mainly sealed main roads, and some gravel roads on the outskirts. The only ferry/barge link to the South Island for vehicles is to Bluff.

Infrastructure

[edit]

Communications

[edit]

Stewart Island is able to receive most AM and FM radio stations broadcast in the Southland region. Television services are available via satellite usingSkyorFreeview.Analogue terrestrial television services could be received on Stewart Island from the Hedgehope television transmitter located in the South Island prior to the analogue switch off on 28 April 2013.

Oban has ADSL broadband and phone services delivering speeds up to 24 Mbit/s download.

Spark,2degrees,andOne NZall offer 3G cellphone coverage. Spark also offers 4G[78]700 MHz[79]coverage.

Spark provides 4G Wireless Broadband,[80]with One NZ providing 3G Rural Wireless Broadband.[81]

All of the above services are delivered via a radio link from Bluff.[82]

Electricity

[edit]

Since 1988, the electricity supply on Stewart Island has come from diesel generators; previously, residents used their own private generators. As a consequence, electric power is around three times more expensive than in the South Island, at NZ$0.59/kWh in 2016.[83]After photovoltaic and wind generation were tested on the island,[83]the government's Provincial Growth Fund put $3.16 million towards building wind turbines on Stewart Island.[84]The effort was defeated by local landowners who refused to grant access to the site through their property and general obstruction efforts by various parties.[85]

Publicity and promotions

[edit]

Residents of Stewart Island have held a number of mock promotional fundraising events regarding adeclaration of independencefor the island, and to have it renamed to its original name of "Rakiura". An effort to raiseNZ$6,000 for a new swimming pool at the island's school involved selling 50-cent passports for the newly "independent" island. On 31 July 1970, a mock ceremony featured a declaration of independence, and the new republic's flag was unveiled. These efforts were not serious attempts for independence, and Stewart Island remains a part of the New Zealandstate.[86]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ab"ArcGIS Web Application".statsnz.maps.arcgis.Archivedfrom the original on 14 February 2021.Retrieved30 December2023.
  2. ^"Stewart Island/Rakiura Community Board".Southland District Council.Retrieved5 February2022.
  3. ^ab"Population estimate tables - NZ.Stat".Statistics New Zealand.Retrieved25 October2023.
  4. ^abc"Statistical area 1 dataset for 2018 Census".Statistics New Zealand. March 2020. Stewart Island (359300).2018 Census place summary: Stewart Island
  5. ^Holdaway, Richard N.; Jones, Martin D.; Athfield, Nancy R. Beavan (1 September 2003)."Establishment and extinction of a population of South Georgian diving petrel (Pelecanoides georgicus) at Mason Bay, Stewart Island, New Zealand, during the late Holocene".Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand.33(3): 601–622.Bibcode:2003JRSNZ..33..601H.doi:10.1080/03014223.2003.9517748.ISSN0303-6758.
  6. ^Walrond, Carl (1 May 2015)."Stewart Island/Rakiura".Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand.
  7. ^"Features: Rakiura National Park".Department of Conservation (New Zealand).Archivedfrom the original on 2 August 2012.Retrieved6 May2014.
  8. ^Cameron-Ash, M. (2018).Lying for the Admiralty.Sydney: Rosenberg. pp. 141–145.ISBN9780648043966.;But see also G.A. Mawer, review ofLying for the Admiralty: Captain Cook's Endeavour Voyage, The Globe,No. 84, 2018, pp.59-61; Nigel Erskine, “James Cook's False Trail: Hidden Discoveries, Altered Records”,Signals,No. 125, Dec 2018 – Feb 2019 pp.72–73. Both these authors argue against Cameron-Ash's contention.
  9. ^Mawer, GA (2018). "Mawer, GA. Lying for the admiralty: Captain Cook's endeavour voyage [Book Review] [online]".The Globe.84:59–61 – via ProQuest.
  10. ^Howard, Basil, and Stewart Island Centennial Committee.Rakiura: a History of Stewart Island, New Zealand,Basil Howard Reed for the Stewart Island Centennial Committee, Dunedin, 1940, p.22; Charles A. Begg and Neil C. Begg,Port Preservation,Christchurch, Whitcombe & Tombs, 1973, p.61; Peter Entwisle,Behold the Moon: The European Occupation of the Dunedin District 1770–1848,Dunedin, Port Daniel Press, 1998.
  11. ^abFoster, Bernard John (1966)."Stewart, Captain William W.".In McLintock, Alexander (ed.).An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand.Archivedfrom the original on 3 April 2019.Retrieved19 May2019– via Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand.
  12. ^John O'C. Ross,William Stewart, Sealing Captain, Trader and Speculator,Aranda (A.C.T), Roebuck Society, 1987, pp. 97–117.
  13. ^Paterson, Donald Edgar (1966)."New Leinster, New Munster, and New Ulster".In McLintock, Alexander (ed.).An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand.Retrieved18 May2019– via Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand.
  14. ^"Schedule 96 Alteration of place names".Archivedfrom the original on 23 February 2012.Retrieved7 May2009.
  15. ^"Untitled".paperspast.natlib.govt.nz.13 October 1944.Retrieved29 August2023.
  16. ^Walrond, Carl (3 September 2012)."Stewart Island/Rakiura – New Zealand's third main island".Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand.Manatū Taonga Ministry for Culture and Heritage.Archivedfrom the original on 11 January 2024.Retrieved16 December2012.
  17. ^Silverwood, Neil (17 May 2017)."Roaring across the Tin Range".Wilderness Magazine.Retrieved11 September2021.
  18. ^Collins, Simon (6 February 2004)."Expedition hunts giant meteor".The New Zealand Herald.Retrieved1 April2020.
  19. ^Goff J, Dominey-Howes D, Chagué C, Courtney C (2010)."Analysis of the Mahuika comet impact tsunami hypothesis".Marine Geology.271(3): 292–296.Bibcode:2010MGeol.271..292G.doi:10.1016/j.margeo.2010.02.020.Retrieved1 April2020.
  20. ^"weather".Stewart Island.Stewart Island Promotion Association Inc.Retrieved30 April2021.
  21. ^"Weather in Stewart Island".When to go & weather.Lonely Planet. 2012. Archived fromthe originalon 6 June 2014.Retrieved16 December2012.
  22. ^"Weather".Wilderness Experience.Raggedy Range. 2012.Archivedfrom the original on 5 December 2012.Retrieved16 December2012.
  23. ^"Estuary origins".National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research.Archivedfrom the original on 2 November 2021.Retrieved3 November2021.
  24. ^"Stewart Island, Southland District, Southland Region, New Zealand".Mindat.org.Retrieved18 August2024.
  25. ^"New night sky sanctuary tipped to shine a spotlight on Stewart Island".RNZ.7 January 2019.Archivedfrom the original on 28 April 2021.Retrieved28 April2021.
  26. ^"Stewart Island / Rakiura (New Zealand)".International Dark-Sky Association.Archivedfrom the original on 13 April 2021.Retrieved28 April2021.
  27. ^"Stewart Island national park created".The New Zealand Herald.New Zealand Press Association.10 March 2002.Retrieved4 November2011.
  28. ^"Stewart Island/Rakiura Conservation Management Strategy (CMS) and Rakiura National Park Management Plan 2011–2021"(PDF).Department of Conservation.March 2012. p. 115.Retrieved18 October2017.
  29. ^"Stewart Island national park created".The New Zealand Herald.New Zealand Press Association.10 March 2002.Retrieved4 November2011.
  30. ^"CliFlo – National Climate Database: Stewart Is".NIWA.Archivedfrom the original on 27 November 2015.Retrieved19 May2024.
  31. ^"CliFlo -The National Climate Database (Agent number: 5836)".NIWA.Archivedfrom the original on 10 March 2020.Retrieved16 July2024.
  32. ^Taylor, Leah."Isabel Noeline Baker".Dictionary of New Zealand Biography.Ministry for Culture and Heritage.Retrieved31 December2011.
  33. ^Hogan, C. Michael (2009). "Yellow-eyed Penguin:Megadypes antipodes".GlobalTwitcher.ed. N. Stromberg
  34. ^"A partial skeleton provides evidence for the former occurrence of moa populations on Rakiura Stewart Island".New Zealand Journal of Ecology.15 November 2021.Archivedfrom the original on 16 November 2021.Retrieved16 November2021.
  35. ^"Predator Free Rakiura".Department of Conservation.Archivedfrom the original on 9 November 2023.Retrieved9 November2023.
  36. ^"Rakiura Island temperate forests".Terrestrial Ecoregions.World Wildlife Fund.
  37. ^Walrond, Carl (1 May 2015)."Stewart Island/Rakiura - New Zealand's third main island".Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand.Archivedfrom the original on 11 January 2024.Retrieved14 May2024.
  38. ^McLean, Gavin (11 March 2010)."Ferries – Cook and Foveaux strait ferries".Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand.Archivedfrom the original on 3 May 2024.Retrieved3 May2024.
  39. ^"Foveaux Strait: Rocking, rolling, riding..."The New Zealand Herald.Archivedfrom the original on 17 December 2022.Retrieved4 May2024.
  40. ^"Stewart Island Ferry Service".RealNZ.Archivedfrom the original on 11 May 2024.Retrieved11 May2024.
  41. ^abGavin, McLean (11 March 2010)."Ferries – Cook and Foveaux strait ferries".Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand.Archivedfrom the original on 9 May 2024.Retrieved9 May2024.
  42. ^"Arrival of the P.S. Awarua".The Southland Times.No. 7018. 5 January 1885. p. 2.
  43. ^"Tug Excursion".The Star (Christchurch).No. 5256. 11 March 1885. p. 4.
  44. ^"Trial of the Awarua".The Southland Times.No. 7064. 11 March 1885. p. 2.
  45. ^"Synopsis of new advertisements".The Southland Times.No. 8046. 29 June 1885. p. 2.Archivedfrom the original on 9 May 2024.Retrieved11 May2024.
  46. ^"Page 2 Advertisements Column 4: Stewart Island Service".The Southland Times.No. 24049. 13 February 1940. p. 2.
  47. ^"Stewart Island Ferry Service".The Southland Times.No. 25022. 9 April 1943. p. 3.Archivedfrom the original on 9 May 2024.Retrieved11 May2024.
  48. ^"Stewart Island".New Zealand Herald.Vol. LXXIV, no. 22857. 12 October 1937.
  49. ^"Stewart Island Trade: Steamer Wairua Acquired".The Dominion (Wellington).Vol. 38, no. 78. 27 December 1944. p. 4.
  50. ^"Stewart Island Ferry: £22,000 loss in last three years".The Press.Vol. XCVIII, no. 29009. 25 September 1959. p. 12.Archivedfrom the original on 9 May 2024.Retrieved11 May2024.
  51. ^"The New Stewart Island Ferry".The Press.Vol. XCVIII, no. 28876. 22 April 1959. p. 5.
  52. ^"Stewart Island Service".The Press.Vol. XCVIII, no. 29019. 7 October 1959. p. 17.
  53. ^"Largest ship built in N.Z."The Press.Vol. XCIX, no. 29248. 5 July 1960. p. 13.
  54. ^"Stewart Is. Ferry".The Press.Vol. C, no. 29701. 20 December 1961. p. 25.Archivedfrom the original on 9 May 2024.Retrieved11 May2024.
  55. ^"Stewart Is. Ferry".The Press.Vol. C, no. 29691. 8 December 1961. p. 20.Archivedfrom the original on 9 May 2024.Retrieved11 May2024.
  56. ^"Minister withdraws ferry".The Press.4 April 1985. p. 4.Archivedfrom the original on 9 May 2024.Retrieved11 May2024.
  57. ^"Increased costs close Foveaux ferry service".The Press.21 June 1985. p. 24.Archivedfrom the original on 9 May 2024.Retrieved11 May2024.
  58. ^"Islanders' farewell to old ferry".The Press.11 September 1985. p. 26.Archivedfrom the original on 9 May 2024.Retrieved11 May2024.
  59. ^Esler, Lloyd (20 April 2024)."About the South: A ferry, large plough and Stewart Island".Stuff.
  60. ^Cosgriff, David (19 April 1999). "New ferry launched".The Southland Times.p. 3.ProQuest330564841.
  61. ^McCarthy, Phil (25 June 2004). "$5m island tourism deal aired".The Southland Times.p. 2.ProQuest330744893.
  62. ^McCarthy, Phil (18 August 2004). "Joint venture to take over Foveaux Express".The Southland Times.p. 1.ProQuest330752320.
  63. ^Glass, Amy (4 December 2004). "Third ferry set to join Stewart Island run".The Southland Times.ProQuest330762988.
  64. ^MacNicol, Kirsty (24 December 2004). "Fullers buys Stewart Is catamaran; Deal hastens new ferry".The Southland Times.p. 5.ProQuest330787354.
  65. ^McCarthy, Phil (19 May 2005). "Real Journeys buys out co-owners".The Southland Times.p. 3.ProQuest330753179.
  66. ^Morgan, Jared (8 February 2006). "Catamaran joins island fleet".The Southland Times.p. 15.ProQuest330886489.
  67. ^McCarthy, Phil (19 May 2015). "Real Journeys open to talks about ferry deal".The Southland Times.p. 3.ProQuest1681303129.
  68. ^"Charter & Beach Flights".Stewart Island Flights.Archivedfrom the original on 8 May 2024.Retrieved6 November2018.
  69. ^"Licence granted: Air service to Stewart Island".Otago Daily Times.No. 27323. 24 February 1950. p. 4.Archivedfrom the original on 9 May 2024.Retrieved11 May2024.
  70. ^"Service to Stewart Island".Otago Daily Times.No. 27571. 13 December 1950. p. 6.
  71. ^"General News: Air service to Stewart Island".The Press.No. 26376. 21 March 1951. p. 6.Archivedfrom the original on 9 May 2024.Retrieved11 May2024.
  72. ^"Stewart Island Air Services history".Airline History.Archivedfrom the original on 9 May 2024.Retrieved9 May2024.
  73. ^"Funds injection for Southern Air".The Press.5 December 1983. p. 33.Archivedfrom the original on 9 May 2024.Retrieved11 May2024.
  74. ^"South's airline spreads new wings".The Press.6 October 1981. p. 12.Archivedfrom the original on 13 May 2024.Retrieved11 May2024.
  75. ^Wilson, Hugh (4 January 1980)."To Stewart Island, for a visit..."The Press.p. 8.Archivedfrom the original on 9 May 2024.Retrieved11 May2024.
  76. ^"Foveaux Strait tragedy revisited".Southland Times.31 January 2009.Archivedfrom the original on 5 May 2024.Retrieved5 May2024– viaStuff.
  77. ^"AO-1998-008: Cessna 402C ZK-VAC, double engine failure and ditching, Foveaux Strait, 19 August 1998".Transport Accident Investigation Commission.14 May 1999.Archivedfrom the original on 13 May 2024.Retrieved8 May2024.
  78. ^"Spark NZ network coverage".spark.co.nz.Retrieved1 February2021.
  79. ^"GIS Geek".gis.geek.nz.Archivedfrom the original on 7 February 2021.Retrieved1 February2021.
  80. ^"Broadband Map".broadbandmap.nz.Archivedfrom the original on 17 January 2022.Retrieved1 February2021.
  81. ^"Vodafone Rural Wireless Broadband service. RBI".vodafone.co.nz.Archivedfrom the original on 30 January 2021.Retrieved1 February2021.
  82. ^"GIS Geek".gis.geek.nz.Retrieved1 February2021.
  83. ^ab"Stewart Is may lead NZ in green power".26 April 2008. Archived fromthe originalon 3 June 2010.
  84. ^"Provincial Growth Fund bankrolls two wind turbines for Stewart Island".Stuff.22 November 2019.Archivedfrom the original on 27 January 2020.Retrieved27 January2020.
  85. ^"Staunch opposition to wind turbines keeps Stewart Island running on diesel power".Stuff.28 May 2021.Archivedfrom the original on 29 December 2021.Retrieved30 December2021.
  86. ^Stewart Island (New Zealand).FOTW Flags Of The World.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Dempsey, Gertrude (1964).The Little World of Stewart Island(Hardback). Wellington: A.H. & A. W. Reed.
  • Hall-Jones, John (1994).Stewart Island Explored(Hardback). Invercargill: Craig Printing.ISBN0-908629-42-7.
  • Sansom, Olga(2006).In the Grip of an Island: Early Stewart Island History(Hardback). Invercargill: Cadsonbury.ISBN978-1-877346-14-9.
  • Sansom, Olga(1970).The Stewart Islanders(Hardback). Wellington: A.H. & A. W. Reed.ISBN978-0-589-00454-5.
  • Sansom, Olga(1974).One Hundred Years of Schooling at Stewart Island, 1874–1974.Halfmoon Bay: Stewart Island School Centennial Committee.
[edit]
Wikivoyage has a travel guide forStewart Island.
Wikimedia Commons has media related toStewart Island.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stewart_Island&oldid=1242470879"