Stieng language
Stieng | |
---|---|
Xtiêng, ស្ទៀង | |
Native to | Vietnam,Cambodia,possibly alsoLaos |
Ethnicity | Stieng people |
Native speakers | 90,000 in Vietnam and Cambodia (2008 & 2009 censuses)[1][2] |
Austroasiatic
| |
Khmer,Latin | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | Either:sti – Bulo Stiengstt – Budeh Stieng |
Glottolog | stie1250 |
ELP | Bulo Stieng |
Stieng(IPA:[stiə̯ŋ],Vietnamese:Xtiêng,Khmer:ស្ទៀង) is the language of theStieng peopleof southernVietnamand adjacent areas ofCambodia,and possibly Laos (under the nameTariang). Along withChrauandMnong,Stieng is classified as a language of the SouthBahnaricgrouping of theMon–Khmer languageswithin theAustroasiaticlanguage family. In the Austroasiatic scheme, the Bahnaric languages are often cited as being most closely related to the Khmer language.
There are noted dialects of Stieng, some of which may not be mutually intelligible. However, due to the lack of widely available research, this article will primarily describe the dialect known as Bulo Stieng spoken in the provinces ofBình Phước,Lâm Đồng,Tây Ninhin southwestern Vietnam andKratié(Snuol District) andMondulkiriprovinces in adjacent areas of eastern Cambodia.[3][4]Bulo Stieng is spoken in more remote areas of the mountains and jungles alongside its close relative, Mnong. Other dialects, including Bu Dek and Bu Biek, are spoken in the lowlands and exhibit more influence from Vietnamese.
Unlike many other Mon–Khmer languages, Stieng does not distinguishvoice quality,nor is it atonallanguage like Vietnamese.[3]Words may be eithermonosyllabicorsesquisyllabic.
Phonology
[edit]Consonants
[edit]Haupers (1969) analyzes Stieng as having 25 consonant phonemes with three-way contrasts ofvoiced,unvoicedandpre-glottalizedwithaspirationdescribed as a consonant cluster involving simple (i.e. not pre-glottalized) stops plus/h/.[3]Analyses which include the aspirated series as independent phonemes yield 33 consonants and a five-way contrast.
Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plosive | Voiceless | p | t | c | k | ʔ | |
Voiceless aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | cʰ | kʰ | |||
Voiced | b | d | ɟ | ɡ | |||
Voiced aspirated | bʱ | dʱ | ɟʱ | ɡʱ | |||
Pre-glottalized | ʔb | ʔd | |||||
Nasal | Voiced | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||
Preglottalized | ʔm | ʔn | |||||
Fricative | Voiceless | s | (ç) | h | |||
Approximant | Voiced | w | l | r(ɾ) | j | ||
Preglottalized | ʔl | ʔj |
Consonants appearing in syllable coda are devoiced and unreleased. For the alveolar approximate, the trilled[r]is found infree variationwith the flapped[ɾ].The voiceless palatal fricative[ç]appears only in syllable coda as acomplementaryallophone of[s].
Vowels
[edit]The Stieng vowel system consists of fifteenmonophthongsand twodiphthongs.In addition to vowel quality, quantitative length (duration) is also phonemic for vowels other than[ɛ]([æ])in closed syllables. The vowel[ɛ]([æ])is short beforehand long elsewhere. This lack ofminimal pairsfor[ɛ]([æ])and[ɛː]([æː])suggests that[ɛ],[æ],[ɛː]and[æː]are allallophones.[3]
Front | Central | Back | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
short | long | short | long | short | long | |
Close | i | iə̯ | ɨ | ɨː | u | uːuə̯ |
Close-mid | e(ɪ) | eː(ɪː) | oː | |||
Open-mid | ɛ(æ) | ɛː(æː) | ʌː | ɔː | ||
Open | a | aː | ɑ |
Symbols in parentheses represent allophonic variations.
References
[edit]- ^General Statistics Office of Vietnam 2009 Census
- ^Cambodian Government National Institute of Statistics 2008 CensusArchived2012-02-29 at theWayback Machine
- ^abcdHaupers, Ralph. "Stieng Phonemes." The Mon-Khmer Studies Journal. 3. (1969): 131-137.
- ^Ethnologue