Sufan movement
| Sufan Movement | |
|---|---|
| Native name | Quét sạch bọn phản động vận động |
| Location | China |
| Date | 1955 July 1955 – October 1957 |
| Target | Counter-revolutionaries, intellectuals, formerKMTofficials and political opponents ofMao Zedong,attack against "bureaucraticism" and soviet sympathetic officials |
Attack type | Political repression |
| Deaths | 53,000 (Estimated) |
| Victims | 214,000 (Arrested), 18 Million (Total targeted for "investigation" ) |
| Perpetrators | Chinese Communist Party,Mao Zedong |
| Motive | Elimination of political opponents ofMao Zedong,intellectuals and foreign forces |
| History of the People's Republic of China |
|---|
 |
 China portal |
TheSufan movement(simplified Chinese:Quét sạch bọn phản động vận động;traditional Chinese:Quét sạch bọn phản động vận động;"Campaign to Eradicate Hidden Counterrevolutionaries" ) was a purge of perceived opponents in thePeople's Republic of ChinaunderMao Zedong,between 1955 and 1957.[1][2][3]The term "sufan" is short for "Quét sạch giấu giếm phản cách mạng phần tử", which means "to purge of the hidden counterrevolutionaries";[4]similar campaigns had been carried out within theChinese Communist Partyas early as 1932.[5]Mao directed that 5 percent of counter-revolutionaries were to be eliminated.[6][7]During the purge, around 214,000 people were arrested and approximately 53,000 died.[8][9]
Origins[edit]
The Sufan campaign originated as the development of a campaign by Mao in early 1955 againstHu Feng,a Marxist literary critic, and a purported clique of writers and intellectuals who had criticised the Communist Party's restrictive policies towards literature and the arts. They called for more freedom of expression, but were persecuted as counterrevolutionaries. 81,000 intellectuals were "unmasked and punished" and another 300,000 were deprived of their civil rights on the grounds that they were "politically unreliable".[10]
The campaign officially began after theCentral Committee of the Chinese Communist Partyissued a "Directive on launching a struggle to cleanse out hidden counter-revolutionary elements" (Về khai triển đấu tranh quét sạch giấu giếm phản cách mạng phần tử chỉ thị) on 1 July 1955.[3]On 25 August 1955, it issued "The directive on the thoroughpurgeand cleansing of hidden counter revolutionaries "(Về hoàn toàn quét sạch giấu giếm phản cách mạng phần tử chỉ thị).[1]
Aims and targets[edit]
Unlike the 1951Zhen Fancampaign (1950-52), which principally targeted those as threats from outside the state system such as formerKuomintangofficials and supporters, the Sufan campaign widened to purge those within the party, military and state agencies who Mao's circle saw as threats. Several top Party officials, notably the technocratsGao GangandRao Shushi,were purged in the early stages of the campaign. Many other Party members and government officials were arrested on vague suspicions of counterrevolutionary activity and were made to 'confess' their political views. ThePublic Security Bureausof theMinistry of Public Securitywere a particular target, as the communist leadership sought to ensure that China's security forces were under tight Party control.[11]
ThePeople's Daily,in an attempt to provide justification for the purge, reported that ten percent of Communist Party members were secret traitors and needed to be purged. This number appears to have been taken as a quota for the number of arrests that needed to occur.[12]There was no judicial process involved; instead, people were targeted through administrative edicts in which regular criminal procedures were ignored.[13]2.2 million people were reported to have been investigated by September 1955. 110,000 people were purportedly "exposed" as counterrevolutionaries, though Mao continued the campaign for a further two years in the belief that another 50,000 major suspects were still at large.[10]
The ostensible aims of the Sufan campaign were the defeat of so-called "bureaucratism" within government organisations, the generation of revolutionary fervor and the eradication of purported counterrevolutionaries within the state. Alternatively, as one writer suggests, the campaign was intended to crush opponents of the socialist transformation of industry and commerce.[14]It was effectively a reaction by Mao against the rise of a technocratic bureaucracy dominated by pro-Soviet officials, following the implementation of China's Soviet-inspiredFirst Five-Year Planfrom 1953 onwards. Mao saw the new technocratic ethos in China's administration as a corruption of the "revolutionary spirit". The officials responsible were cast as "functional bourgeoisie" whose power was based on their bureaucratic authority rather than private property. Gao Gang became a particular target for his embrace of Soviet methods of industrial organisation inManchuria;he was purged after being accused of attempting to run "an independent kingdom".[15]
Outcomes[edit]
The campaign was brought to an end in October 1957 after more than 18 million people had been targeted. Another 11 to 12 million people were still to be investigated when the campaign was ended.[10]Large numbers of people were sent to "labor reform"(Chinese:Cải tạo lao động;pinyin:láodòng gǎizào) camps. Many were released in 1956 with official apologies for having been falsely accused. The campaign resulted in the reduction of the power of theState Planning Commissionand industrial managers in state-owned enterprises, as well as a much tighter rein by the Party on the state security apparatus.[11]It was later justified by the Party on the basis that it served to "strengthen the leadership of the Party over public-security work, to put public-security agencies under Party leadership."[13]
According to Chinese researchers, government data (includingHu Qiaomu's figure) show that some 1.4 million intellectuals and officials were persecuted during the Sufan movement.[7][9]In addition, 214,000 people were arrested, 22,000 were executed and a total of 53,000 died.[8][9]
Jean-Louis Margolin writes inThe Black Book of Communismthat one source indicates 81,000 arrests during the campaign (which he claims is rather modest), while another gives 770,000 deaths. He concludes that there is no way to determine which is accurate.[16]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^abLowell, Dittmer (1989)."China's Continuous Revolution".University of California Press.Archivedfrom the original on 1 July 2020.Retrieved30 June2020.
- ^Lieberthal, Kenneth. (2003). Governing China: From Revolution to Reform, W.W. Norton & Co.; Second Edition.
- ^ab"1955 năm 7 nguyệt 1 ngày trung cộng trung ương phát ra 《 về triển khai đấu tranh quét sạch giấu giếm phản cách mạng phần tử chỉ thị 》".The State Council Information Office of the People's Republic of China(in Chinese).Archivedfrom the original on 30 June 2020.
- ^According toLin YutangArchived31 May 2009 at theWayback Machine,Túc (su) can be translated as nghiêm túc [zheng3su4]2, v.t., (in communist China) topurge.
- ^Guo, Xuezhi (2012).China's Security State: Philosophy, Evolution, and Politics.Cambridge University Press. p. 40.ISBN978-1-107-02323-9.
- ^Wagner, Rudolf G.; MD, Professor of Chinese Studies Rudolph Wagner; Wagner, Sieglinde (1992).Inside a Service Trade: Studies in Contemporary Chinese Prose.Harvard Univ Asia Center.ISBN978-0-674-45536-8.Archivedfrom the original on 30 June 2020.Retrieved30 June2020.
- ^abZhu, Zheng."Lục định một cùng Eugene nói quét sạch bọn phản động vận động".Yanhuang Chunqiu(in Chinese). Archived fromthe originalon 30 June 2020.Retrieved30 June2020.
Đối với trận này quét sạch bọn phản động vận động thẩm tra mặt, "Bảy một lóng tay kỳ" cùng "82 năm ngón tay kỳ" đều làm ra "Ước chừng 5%" quy định.
- ^abLuo, William (30 March 2018).Nửa tư bản luận: Nửa tư bản chủ nghĩa cùng Trung Quốc ( Semi-Capitalism in China )(in Chinese). Thế giới tiếng Hoa nhà xuất bản. p. 178.ISBN978-1-940266-12-1.
- ^abcWang, Gongbiao (2015)."Nhật Bản xâm lược quân cùng trung cộng chính sách tàn bạo đối Trung Quốc nhân dân tạo thành thương tổn tương đối".Yibao ( nghị báo )(in Chinese). Archived fromthe originalon 23 June 2019.Retrieved5 April2020.
Căn cứ giải mật hồ sơ: Cả nước có 140 nhiều vạn phần tử trí thức cùng cán bộ tại đây tràng vận động trung gặp đả kích, trong đó bắt 21.4 vạn người, xử bắn 2.2 vạn người, phi bình thường tử vong 5.3 vạn người.
- ^abcDittmer, Lowell (1989).China's Continuous Revolution: The Post-liberation Epoch, 1949-1981.University of California Press. p. 48.ISBN978-0-520-06599-4.
- ^abSullivan, Lawrence R. (2012).Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Communist Party.Scarecrow Press. p. 14.ISBN978-0-8108-7225-7.
- ^Jean-Luc Domenach, "Chine: L'archipel oublie" (Paris: Fayard, 1992), p. 118
- ^abMeisner, Maurice; Meisner, Matthias (April 1999).Mao's China and After: A History of the People's Republic, Third Edition.Simon and Schuster. p. 123.ISBN978-0-684-85635-3.
- ^Brugger, Bill; Brugger, William (1981).China, Liberation and Transformation, 1942-1962.Rowman & Littlefield. p. 111.ISBN978-0-389-20086-4.
- ^Rene, Helena K. (2013).China's Sent-Down Generation: Public Administration and the Legacies of Mao's Rustication Program.Georgetown University Press. p. 25.ISBN978-1-58901-987-4.
- ^Stephane Courtois,et al.The Black Book of Communism.Harvard University Press,1999.ISBN0-674-07608-7p. 485