Sumgait
Sumgait
Sumqayıt | |
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City | |
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Coordinates:40°35′23″N49°40′07″E/ 40.58972°N 49.66861°E | |
Country | ![]() |
Region | Absheron-Khizi |
Founded | 22 November 1949 |
Government | |
•Mayor | Zakir Farajov |
Area | |
• Total | 90 km2(30 sq mi) |
Elevation | 26 m (85 ft) |
Population | |
• Total | 491,068 |
• Density | 5,500/km2(14,000/sq mi) |
• Population Rank in Azerbaijan | 2nd |
Time zone | UTC+4(AZT) |
Website | www |
Sumgait(/ˌsuːmɡɑːˈiːt/;[2]Azerbaijani:Sumqayıt,Azerbaijani:[sumɡɑˈjɯt] ) is a city inAzerbaijan,located near theCaspian Sea,on theAbsheron Peninsula,about 31 kilometres (19 miles) away from the capitalBaku.The city had a population of 422,600 at the 2019Census,[3](excluding the population in the occupied territories at the time of Census) making it thesecond largest cityin Azerbaijan after Baku.
The city has a territory of 83 square kilometres (32 sq mi). It was founded as a suburb of Baku in 1944 and received city status on 22 November 1949, growing into a major industrial center during the Soviet period.[4]The municipality of Sumgait also includes the settlements ofJoratandHaji Zeynalabdin.It is home toSumqayit State University.
Etymology
[edit]The name of city comes from the name of theMongolian tribeSugaut (Sagait).[5]
According to localfolklorethe city is named after theSumgait River.One folk legend tells the tale of a hero by the name of "Sum", who is chosen by the community to fight a monster that was blocking the Sumgait River.[6]Sum eventually manages to kill the monster, but when the river is released he is swept away by the waters and never seen again. After that, his beloved, Jeyran, inconsolable due to Sum's disappearance, would go to the river and cry "Sum qayıt!" (which means "Sum, come back!" inAzerbaijani).[7]So the river became known as Sumgait, after which the city was named.
History
[edit]Medieval era
[edit]According to historians,Medean tribeslived in the area in ancient times. During the construction boom, when the foundation of the executive power building was being excavated, remains of an ancientcaravanseraialong with personal items and kitchenware was found at the site.[citation needed]
The first reports of settlements at the present site of Sumgait were in 1580, when English traveller H. Barrow mentioned Sumgait in his writings and in 1858, whenAlexander Dumaswrote about the area in his memoirsTrip to Caucasus,although nothing substantial was created on the site until theSoviet Uniongained control over the area in the 1920s.[8]
Soviet period
[edit]Following the politics ofglasnost,initiated byMikhail Gorbachev,civil unrest and ethnic strife grew in various regions of the Soviet Union, includingNagorno-Karabakh,[9]an autonomous region of the Azerbaijani SSR.
TheSumgait pogromagainst the localArmenianpopulation on February 27-29, 1988 was one of the first violent events of theNagorno-Karabakh conflict.[10]It killed more than 30 people, wounded some 200, and produced thousands of refugees; most of the victims were Armenians who constituted a large minority of the population.[11]
Republic era
[edit]After theFirst Nagorno-Karabakh War,the city became home to a number ofAzerbaijani refugees internally displaced persons,mainly fromQubadliandZengilanregions.[12]In 1994,Heydar Aliyevinitiated a large-scale Free Economic Area project on the territory of the city.[13]
Geography
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Azerbaijan_map_sumqayit.png/250px-Azerbaijan_map_sumqayit.png)
Climate
[edit]Climate data for Sumqayit | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 6.7 (44.1) |
6.3 (43.3) |
9.8 (49.6) |
17.0 (62.6) |
22.5 (72.5) |
27.6 (81.7) |
30.7 (87.3) |
32.0 (89.6) |
26.0 (78.8) |
19.5 (67.1) |
15.9 (60.6) |
9.3 (48.7) |
18.6 (65.5) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 1.3 (34.3) |
1.1 (34.0) |
3.4 (38.1) |
8.6 (47.5) |
13.8 (56.8) |
18.8 (65.8) |
21.7 (71.1) |
21.8 (71.2) |
18.2 (64.8) |
12.5 (54.5) |
10.1 (50.2) |
3.6 (38.5) |
11.2 (52.2) |
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) | 24 (0.9) |
20 (0.8) |
23 (0.9) |
40 (1.6) |
36 (1.4) |
31 (1.2) |
14 (0.6) |
14 (0.6) |
21 (0.8) |
33 (1.3) |
32 (1.3) |
25 (1.0) |
313 (12.4) |
Source: Climate-Data.org[14] |
Environment
[edit]As a result of the Soviet planning of the industrial boom era, the city became heavily polluted.[citation needed]Soon after Azerbaijan's independence, the industrial sectors went into decline. The Absheron Peninsula (which consists of Sumgait,Bakuand theAbsheron District) was considered by scientists to be the most ecologically devastated part of Azerbaijan. The city was known for its children's cemetery, known as the "Baby Cemetery" which contains many graves of infants born with deformities and mental retardation that were further complicated by the lack of adequate medical care for the poor.[15]Sumgait was named as most polluted place on Earth by the U.S.-based environmental group theBlacksmith Institutein 2006 and placed on their list ofThe World's Most Polluted PlacesbyTimemagazine in 2007.[16]The report noted the former Soviet industrial base was polluting the local environment with industrial chemicals like chlorine andheavy metals.The report also mentionedcancerrates in Sumgait were as much as 51% higher than the national average and thatgenetic mutationsandbirth defectswere commonplace.[17] The city administration prepared an environmental protection plan for 2003–2010 which has been steadily decreasing the levels of pollution to minimal. The program oversees 118 activities aimed at minimizing pollution at all possible levels of economic production. The program was prepared with the participation of all industrial enterprises in the city and its enforcement is being regulated by the executive power of the city. For instance, the amount of wastewater from industrial production went down from 600,000 m3(21,000,000 cu ft) during the 1990s to 76,300 m3(2,690,000 cu ft) in 2005. Solid waste went down from 300,000 to 3,868 tons a year. TheWorld Bankhas issued a loan to the Azerbaijani government for construction of a burial range formercurywaste.[18]
Administrative divisions
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Sumqay%C4%B1t_%C5%9F%C9%99h%C9%99r_%C4%B0cra_Hakimiyy%C9%99ti.jpg/220px-Sumqay%C4%B1t_%C5%9F%C9%99h%C9%99r_%C4%B0cra_Hakimiyy%C9%99ti.jpg)
The municipality of Sumgait consists of the city of Sumgait and the municipalities ofJoratandHaji Zeynalabdin.[19]Executive power in the city is held by the mayor, presentlyZakir Ferejov.[20]
Demographics
[edit]According to theState Statistics Committee,as of 2018, the population of city was 341,200 people, having increased by 84,500 (about 33 percent) from 256,700 people in 2000.[21]The population consists of 168,300 men and 172,900 women.[22]More than 23 percent of the population consists of young people and teenagers aged 14–29.[23]
Town | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sumgait town | 285.4 | 287.5 | 289.4 | 291.0 | 292.3 | 294.5 | 296.7 | 299.6 | 302.7 | 308.4 | 311.7 | 314.8 | 318.7 | 325.2 | 329.3 | 332.9 | 336.2 | 339.0 | 341.2 | 343.1 | 345.3 | 346.4 |
Ethnic composition
[edit]Azerbaijaniscomprise 85% of the population,Talysh5%,Lezgins5%,Russians2%,Turkish1%, and others 2%. Prior to February 1988, Sumgait was home to 20,000 Armenians, who were displaced as a result of theSumgait pogrom.
Religion
[edit]Sumgait did not have a mosque until after the collapse of the Soviet Union.[24]In the 2010s, the city emerged as a center forSalafismin Azerbaijan, a form of Sunni Islam that advocates a return to Islam's earliest practices.[24][25]TheSyrian Civil Warand emergence ofISILforced authorities to take action on crackdown of perceived religious radicals in Sumgait.[24][26][27]
Economy
[edit]Sumgait's Economy Soviet Period Timeline[28] |
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|
In 1935, the Soviet government decided to develop heavy industry in theAbsheron Peninsula,and the future location of Sumgait was chosen based on its proximity toBakuand its key position on the existing railroad lines.
Between 1938 and 1941, athermal power stationwas constructed to power Baku's growingpetroleum industry.This was soon followed by more heavy industries. Due toWorld War IIthe construction of the area stopped and resumed in 1944 whenmetallurgicalandchemical plantswere constructed and put into operation. The first production ofSumgait Chemical Plantled to a rapid growth and construction boom, creating a new job market, and a need for a resident population. In 1949, Sumgait gained official city status according to the resolution of theSupreme Soviet of Azerbaijan SSR.In 1952, a tube-rolling plant delivered its first produce thus developing black metallurgy production in Azerbaijan. The same year, another newSynthetic RubberProduction Plant started its operations producingethyleneobtained fromoil.Operations atSumgait Steel Processing PlantandSumgait Aluminium Plantwere commenced in 1953 and 1955, respectively. In 1957–1955, a number of scientific research facilities and cultural centres were built, leading to further development of the city infrastructure. In 1960, authorities started building the Petroleum Chemical Factory, the largest inEuropeat the time. From 1961 through 1968, abrick-producing factory, apolymer construction materialsindustrial complex, aphosphorproduction plant were built. In the 1970–80s,light industryand mechanical engineering facilities were added to the industrial base of the city. By the end of the 1980s, Sumgait was already the centre of the chemical industry of the USSR.[8]
After thedissolution of the Soviet Union,Sumgait has remained Azerbaijan's second-biggest industrial centre after Baku.[13]Some of the most significant companies operating in the city are Azerpipe, Azeraluminium, Sumgait Aluminium, Sumgait Superphosphate, glass producer Khazar OJSC, Sumgait Knitted Goods Factory, and Sumgait Compressors, many of which have been privatized.[13]
In 2011, the development of Sumgait Technologies Park (STP) andSumgayit Chemical Industrial Park(SCIP) started to receive investor attention.[13][29]The 167-hectare (410-acre) complex will host pharmaceutical, construction, and agricultural businesses, in addition to chemical, automotive, and electronics producers.[13]It is meant as a self-sufficient complex, which will include residential facilities, an exhibition center, laboratories, sports center, schools, and hospitals. SCIP aims to attract domestic and foreign investors, and its management has already received proposals for 20 investment projects in the complex.[13]
Culture
[edit]Architecture
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Haydar_Aliyev_avenue_in_Sumgayit_city.jpg/220px-Haydar_Aliyev_avenue_in_Sumgayit_city.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Sumgait1.jpg/220px-Sumgait1.jpg)
The first studies in architecture and urban planning of the city of Sumgait were carried out by Azerbaijani and Soviet scientist, academician of the International Academy of Architecture of the Eastern Countries, honored architect of Azerbaijan SSRKamal Mammadbeyov.The result of years of research were numerous scientific publications and a book about architectural and planning development of the city of Sumgait.[30]Mammadbeyov donated a large number of graphics and illustrations made by him to the archives of The City Museum. The Flag Museum in Sumgait was opened on December 15, 2017, with the participation of Ilham Aliyev.[31][32]
Music and media
[edit]Sumgait was credited as the main regional driving force behind rock bands of the 1990s includingYuxu,Miraj,Mozalan,andSirr.[33][34]
The regional channelDünya TVand newspaper365 Günare headquartered in the city.[35]
In 2020, theAzerbaijan Jewish Media Centerwas established in Sumgayit.[36]
Parks and gardens
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Sumqay%C4%B1t_bulvar%C4%B1%2C_04.09.2016_-_18.jpg/220px-Sumqay%C4%B1t_bulvar%C4%B1%2C_04.09.2016_-_18.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Sumqay%C4%B1t%C3%A7ay_11.jpg/220px-Sumqay%C4%B1t%C3%A7ay_11.jpg)
During the Soviet rule of Azerbaijan, Sumgait was believed[by whom?]to have the longestboulevardin the republic. TheCulture and Leisure Parkwas laid on 23 hectares (57 acres) of Sumgait coastline in 1967. On August 17, 1978, the park was given the name of a distinguishedAzerbaijanipoetImadaddin Nasimi.The same year, the city administration raised thePeace Dovesculpture and monument in the middle of the park assigning the city a symbol of peace.[37]
The flora of the park includes 39 types of trees. Events of the 1990s, such as theBlack Januarytragedy andFirst Nagorno-Karabakh War,led to the establishment ofStars(Ulduzlar) and20 January Monumentmonuments in the park. In the eastern section of the park, Shehidler Khiyabani, similar toMartyrs' Lanein Baku, was established as a burial ground for thousands of soldiers from Sumgait who died during the war. According to Decree No. 132 of theCabinet of Ministers of Azerbaijandated August 2, 2001, the park was given the status of national historical importance. Its current size is 80ha.
In addition to Nasimi Culture and Leisure Park, the city administration built Ludwigshafen Park in 1997 in celebration of the 20th anniversary oftwin-cityrelations betweenLudwigshafenand Sumgait. In 1999, Heydar Aliyev Park and Luna Park were built in the rapidly growing city.[38]
Sports
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Ilham_Aliyev_viewed_conditions_created_in_Mehdi_Huseynzade_Sumgayit_City_Stadium_09.jpg/220px-Ilham_Aliyev_viewed_conditions_created_in_Mehdi_Huseynzade_Sumgayit_City_Stadium_09.jpg)
The city has one professionalfootballteam competing in the top-flight ofAzerbaijanifootball –Sumgayit,currently playing in theAzerbaijan Premier League.
Transportation
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Sumgayit_railway_station.jpg/220px-Sumgayit_railway_station.jpg)
The city had atram systemthat functioned from 1959 to 2003.[39]Sumgait'strolleybus systemat its height consisted of eight lines and existed until 2006.[40] On June 3, 2015, in Baku, President of AzerbaijanIlham Aliyevopened the reconstructed Baku-Sumgait Railway with trains ofBaku suburban railwaytaking 40 minutes from Baku to Sumgait.[41][42]
Education
[edit]As of 2011[update],Sumgait boasted 49 schools, 13 vocational and music schools, Sumgait Private Turkish High School and a teachers' institute.[13]
The only university in the city isSumqayit State University.[43]The university has seven departments and approximately 4000 students.
Notable natives
[edit]The city's notable residents include the following people.
- Chess players
- Balabanplayer
- Footballers
- Judo
- Karateka
- Mixed martial arts (MMA) fighters
- Politics
- Religion
- ArchbishopPargev Martirosyan[44]
Twin towns and sister cities
[edit]Sumgait istwinnedwith the following cities:[45]
Rustavi,Georgia,(since 1952)[46]
Cherkasy,Ukraine,(since 1972)[46]
Pitești,Romania,(since 1971)[46]
Ludwigshafen,Germany,(since 1977)[46]
Bari,Italy,(since 2004)[47]
Aktau,Kazakhstan,(since 2009)[48]
Mogilev,Belarus,(since 2009)[49]
Nevinnomyssk,Russia,(since 2011)[50]
Genoa,Italy,(since 2013)[51]
Zhuzhou,China[45]
Ceyhan,Turkey[45]
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External links
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)