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Swift J1644+57

Coordinates:Sky map16h44m49.97s,+57° 34′ 59.7″
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Swift J1644+57
Swift J1644+57 by theHubble Space Telescope
Event typeTidal disruption event
Datec.3.8 billion years ago
(detected 28 March 2011)
InstrumentSwift
ConstellationDraco
Right ascension16h44m49.97s
Declination+57° 34′ 59.7″[1]
Distancec.3.8 billionly
ProgenitorSupermassive black hole
Total energy output5×1048ergs(assuming beamed emission)
Other designationsGRB 110328A, Swift J164449.3+573451, 2MAXI J1645+576
Related media on Commons
[edit on Wikidata]

Swift J164449.3+573451,initially referred to asGRB 110328A,and sometimes abbreviated toSw J1644+57,was atidal disruption event(TDE), the destruction of a star by asupermassive black hole.It was first detected by theSwift Gamma-Ray Burst Missionon March 28, 2011.[2]The event occurred in the center of a small galaxy in theDraco constellation,about 3.8 billion light-years away. It was the first confirmed jetted tidal disruption event and is the most luminous and energetic TDE recorded.[3]

Relativistic Jet[edit]

Swift J1644+57 occurred when a star wandered too close to the central supermassive black hole in the galaxy, and was gravitationally torn apart, forming anaccretion disk.[2][4][5][6]When this occurred, anastrophysical jetwas launched with material traveling at relativistic speeds, near thespeed of light.The beam of radiation from one of these jets pointed directly toward Earth, enhancingthe apparent brightness.

Swift J1644+57 was observed by many telescopes across theelectromagnetic spectrum.γ-andX-rayswere detected due to jet plasma physics from the relativistic jet, with repetitive dimming and softening of the X-rays due toprecessionwithin the warped disk.[7]The jets driveshocks into the surrounding interstellar medium, resulting in aradiotoinfrared afterglow. Observedlinear polarization of the infrared radiation was consistent withsynchrotron emission from the afterglow shock.[8]

Continuous monitoring at radio and X-ray wavelengths indicated that after roughly 600 days (1.5 years), the relativistic jet shut off.[9]This time likely corresponds with when the mass accretion from the stellar debris passed under theEddington rate,at which point the jet was no longer fueled.[10]

Since then, the outflow has become non-relativistic in speed,[11]and emission is consistent with that of ashock wavethat continues to expand into the surrounding material. As of 2021, the event is no longer detectable in X-rays but is still radio bright, and it is anticipated radio emission from Swift J1644+57 will be observable for several decades as emission continues to slowly fade.[12]

Host Galaxy and Progenitor[edit]

Detection of the relativistically expanding afterglow confirmed the identity of the host galaxy.[13]Optical emission lines imply that the host is not anactive galactic nucleus(AGN), but astarburst galaxyofHII galaxyclassification.[14]The supermassive black hole at the center of the galaxy is estimated to be > 7 × 106Msun.[15]

Timing considerations suggest that the tidally disrupted star was possibly awhite dwarfand not a regularmain sequencestar.[16]When the relativistic jet turned off, given the mass of astronomers calculated the amount of mass needed to fuel the jet for the Swift J1644+57 black hole as ~0.15 Msun,which is consistent with a solar mass star.[17]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^"NASA Telescopes Join Forces to Observe Unprecedented Explosion".Chandra Press Release:7. 2011.Bibcode:2011cxo..pres....7.Retrieved2011-04-21.
  2. ^abJoshua S. Bloom; et al. (2011-03-30)."GRB 110328A / Swift J164449.3+573451: X-ray analysis and a mini-blazar analogy".GRB Coordinates Network.11847:1.Bibcode:2011GCN.11847....1B.
  3. ^"GRB 110328A: Chandra Observes Extraordinary Event".Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics.Retrieved2011-04-21.
  4. ^Barres de Almeida; De Angelis (2011-04-13). "Enhanced emission from GRB 110328A could be evidence for tidal disruption of a star".arXiv:1104.2528[astro-ph.HE].
  5. ^Coco, Alejandro (2011-04-10)."The Most Intense Cosmic Explosion Ever Seen".Scienceray. Archived fromthe originalon 2011-07-24.Retrieved2011-04-22.
  6. ^Bloom, Joshua S.; Giannios, Dimitrios; Metzger, Brian D.; Cenko, S. Bradley; Perley, Daniel A.; Butler, Nathaniel R.; Tanvir, Nial R.; Levan, Andrew J.; O'Brien, Paul T.; Strubbe, Linda E.; De Colle, Fabio; Ramirez-Ruiz, Enrico; Lee, William H.; Nayakshin, Sergei; Quataert, Eliot; King, Andrew R.; Cucchiara, Antonino; Guillochon, James; Bower, Geoffrey C.; Fruchter, Andrew S.; Morgan, Adam N.; Van Der Horst, Alexander J. (2011). "A Possible Relativistic Jetted Outburst from a Massive Black Hole Fed by a Tidally Disrupted Star".Science.333(6039): 203–6.arXiv:1104.3257.Bibcode:2011Sci...333..203B.doi:10.1126/science.1207150.PMID21680812.S2CID31819412.
  7. ^Saxton, C. J.; Soria, R.; Wu, K.; Kuin, N. P. M. (2012-01-25). "Long-term X-ray variability of Swift J1644+57".Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.422(2): 1625.arXiv:1201.5210.Bibcode:2012MNRAS.422.1625S.doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.20739.x.S2CID54882171.
  8. ^Wiersema, K.; van der Horst, A. J.; Levan, A. J.; Tanvir, N. R.; Karjalainen, R.; Kamble, A.; Kouveliotou, C.; Metzger, B. D.; Russell, D. M.; Skillen, I.; Starling, R. L. C.; Wijers, R. A. M. J. (2011-12-13). "Polarimetry of the transient relativistic jet of GRB 110328 / Swift J164449.3+573451".Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.421(3): 1942–1948.arXiv:1112.3042.Bibcode:2012MNRAS.421.1942W.doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.20379.x.S2CID53402046.
  9. ^Zauderer, B. A.; Berger, E.; Margutti, R.; Pooley, G. G.; Sari, R.; Soderberg, A. M.; Brunthaler, A.; Bietenholz, M. F. (8 April 2013). "Radio Monitoring of the Tidal Disruption Event Swift J164449.3+573451. Ii. The Relativistic Jet Shuts off and a Transition to Forward Shock X-Ray/Radio Emission".The Astrophysical Journal.767(2): 152.arXiv:1212.1173.Bibcode:2013ApJ...767..152Z.doi:10.1088/0004-637X/767/2/152.
  10. ^Zauderer, B. A.; Berger, E.; Margutti, R.; Pooley, G. G.; Sari, R.; Soderberg, A. M.; Brunthaler, A.; Bietenholz, M. F. (8 April 2013). "Radio Monitoring of the Tidal Disruption Event Swift J164449.3+573451. Ii. The Relativistic Jet Shuts off and a Transition to Forward Shock X-Ray/Radio Emission".The Astrophysical Journal.767(2): 152.arXiv:1212.1173.Bibcode:2013ApJ...767..152Z.doi:10.1088/0004-637X/767/2/152.
  11. ^Eftekhari, T.; Berger, E.; Zauderer, B. A.; Margutti, R.; Alexander, K. D. (20 February 2018)."Radio Monitoring of the Tidal Disruption Event Swift J164449.3+573451. III. Late-time Jet Energetics and a Deviation from Equipartition".The Astrophysical Journal.854(2): 86.arXiv:1710.07289.Bibcode:2018ApJ...854...86E.doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaa8e0.
  12. ^Cendes, Y.; Eftekhari, T.; Berger, E.; Polisensky, E. (1 February 2021)."Radio Monitoring of the Tidal Disruption Event Swift J164449.3+573451. IV. Continued Fading and Non-relativistic Expansion".The Astrophysical Journal.908(2): 125.arXiv:2011.00074.Bibcode:2021ApJ...908..125C.doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abd323.
  13. ^Zauderer, B. A.; Berger, E.;Soderberg, A. M.;Loeb, A.; Narayan, R.; Frail, D. A.; Petitpas, G. R.; Brunthaler, A.; Chornock, R.; Carpenter, J. M.; Pooley, G. G.; Mooley, K.; Kulkarni, S. R.; Margutti, R.; Fox, D. B.; Nakar, E.; Patel, N. A.; Volgenau, N. H.; Culverhouse, T. L.; Bietenholz, M. F.; Rupen, M. P.; Max-Moerbeck, W.; Readhead, A. C. S.; Richards, J.; Shepherd, M.; Storm, S.; Hull, C. L. H. (2011). "Birth of a relativistic outflow in the unusual γ-ray transient Swift J164449.3+573451".Nature.476(7361): 425–428.arXiv:1106.3568.Bibcode:2011Natur.476..425Z.doi:10.1038/nature10366.PMID21866155.S2CID205226085.
  14. ^Seifina, Elena; Titarchuk, Lev; Virgilli, Enrico (1 November 2017). "Swift J164449.3+573451 and Swift J2058.4+0516: Black hole mass estimates for tidal disruption event sources".Astronomy & Astrophysics.607:A38.arXiv:1707.05898.Bibcode:2017A&A...607A..38S.doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201730869.
  15. ^Seifina, Elena; Titarchuk, Lev; Virgilli, Enrico (1 November 2017). "Swift J164449.3+573451 and Swift J2058.4+0516: Black hole mass estimates for tidal disruption event sources".Astronomy & Astrophysics.607:A38.arXiv:1707.05898.Bibcode:2017A&A...607A..38S.doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201730869.
  16. ^Krolik J.; Piran T. (2011-04-13). "Swift J1644+57: A White Dwarf Tidally Disrupted by a 10^4 M_{odot} Black Hole?".The Astrophysical Journal.743(2): 134.arXiv:1106.0923.Bibcode:2011ApJ...743..134K.doi:10.1088/0004-637X/743/2/134.S2CID118446962.
  17. ^Zauderer, B. A.; Berger, E.; Margutti, R.; Pooley, G. G.; Sari, R.; Soderberg, A. M.; Brunthaler, A.; Bietenholz, M. F. (8 April 2013). "Radio Monitoring of the Tidal Disruption Event Swift J164449.3+573451. Ii. The Relativistic Jet Shuts off and a Transition to Forward Shock X-Ray/Radio Emission".The Astrophysical Journal.767(2): 152.arXiv:1212.1173.Bibcode:2013ApJ...767..152Z.doi:10.1088/0004-637X/767/2/152.


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