Swinside

Swinside
	The entire stone circle
	Swinside Location in Copeland Borough Swinside Location in Cumbria
Location	Cumbria; grid referenceSD172882
Coordinates	54°16′57″N3°16′26″W/ 54.2824823°N 3.2738449°W
Type	Stone circle
History
Periods	Neolithic/Bronze Age

Swinside,which is also known asSunkenkirkandSwineshead,^[1]is astone circlelying beside Swinside Fell, part ofBlack Combein southernCumbria,North West England.One of around 1,300 recordedstone circles in the British Isles and Brittany,it was constructed as a part of amegalithictradition that lasted from 3,300 to 900 BC, during whatarchaeologistscategorise as the Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Ages.^[2]

In this period, theLake District– a mountainous area in which Swinside is located – saw particularly high levels of stone circle construction, with other notable examples including theCastlerigg stone circleandLong Meg and Her Daughters.The original purposes of these circles is still debated, although most archaeologists concur that they were built for ritual or ceremonial reasons. Constructed from local slate, the ring has a diameter of about 93 ft 8ins (26.8m),^[3]^[4]and currently contains 55 stones, although when originally constructed there probably would have been around 60.^[3]An entrance-exit was included on the monument's south-eastern side, which was defined by the inclusion of two outer portal stones.

In the Early Modern period, localfolkloreabout the stones held that they had once been used in the construction of a church, but that theDevilcontinually thwarted these plans, creating the stone circle in the process. Archaeological investigation into the monument began in the early 20th century, with an excavation taking place in 1901.

Location

The stone circle at Swinside is located in the south-west corner of theLake Districtin the ancient district of Millom, 5 miles north of the town ofMillom(map referenceSD171881).^[3]There is no visitors centre or car park at the site, which can only be reached by travelling on foot.^[3]To reach the site, the visitor must get to Crag Hall, where there are limited places for parking, and then walk along a rough track for 2¼ km (1¼ miles) uphill towards Swinside Farm, where the megalithic ring lies to the right of the path.^[4]

Megalithic specialistAubrey Burlcalled Swinside "the loveliest of all the circles" in north-western Europe.^[5]In his study of the stone circles of Cumbria, archaeologist John Waterhouse commented that Swinside "can be compared only to Castlerigg and Long Meg and her Daughters in its visual impact; but its charm – for great charm it undoubtedly has – is greater even than theirs."^[4]

Background

"After over a thousand years of early farming, a way of life based on ancestral tombs, forest clearance and settlement expansion came to an end. This was a time of important social changes."

Archaeologist and prehistorianMike Parker Pearsonon the Late Neolithic in Britain (2005)^[6]

During the Late Neolithic, British society underwent a series of major changes. Between 3500 and 3300 BC, prehistoric Britons ceased their continual expansion and cultivation of wilderness and instead focused on settling and farming the most agriculturally productive areas of the island: Orkney, eastern Scotland, Anglesey, the upper Thames, Wessex, Essex, Yorkshire and the river valleys of the Wash.^[7]

This period was also signalled by what archaeologists have interpreted as a change in religious beliefs across Britain. Communities stopped building the largechambered tombsfor the dead, and instead, they began the construction of large wooden and stone circles.^[8]The prominent megalithic-specialist and archaeologistAubrey Burl(2000) argued that the change from building tombs to building open air rings signalled a change in religious belief for the peoples of north-western Europe. As he noted; "There was a change from the cramped, gloomy chamber or a tomb to the unroofed, wide ring, a change from darkness to light, from the dead to the living, from the grave to the sky."^[9]

Purpose

Exactly for what purpose prehistoric Britons originally constructed stone circles is a question that continues to elude archaeologists. Despite this, many suggestions have been put forward, most of which argue that they were a form of a church.

Based on his study of those examples found atOrkneyin northern Scotland, the archaeologist Colin Richards suggested that the stone and wooden circles built in Late Neolithic Britain might have represented the centre of the world, oraxis mundi,for those who constructed them,^[10]an idea adopted by fellow archaeologist Aaron Watson as a possibility in his discussion of why Late Neolithic peoples constructed the great ring atAveburyin southern England.^[11]

Construction

The stones used in the construction of Swinside wereporphyritic slatecollected from the adjacent fells, and are of the type that was known locally as 'grey cobbles' by the 20th century.^[3]^[4]The ring has a diameter of about 93 ft 8ins (26.8m),^[3]^[4]and currently contains 55 stones, although when originally constructed there probably would have been around 60.^[3]

Swinside's builders included a "well defined" entrance, 2.1 m (7 ft) wide, at the south-eastern side, which was signalled by the placing of two large portal stones outside the circumference of the circle.^[3]Such portal openings can also be found at other stone circles in the Lake District, such as Long Meg and Her Daughters.^[3]These features are also found in stone circles inDumfriesshire.^[12]In particular, Swinside has a number of features in common with theGirdle Stanes.^[12]^[13]

Folklore

Local folklore holds that at night, the Devil would pull down the stones of a church that was being constructed in the daytime, in the process creating the stone circle; it is for this reason that the site has also been called Sunkenkirk.^[4]^[14]

In the 1930s, it was recorded that there was a local belief that it was impossible to count all of the stones.^[15]

Antiquarian and archaeological investigation

In 1901 theCumberland & Westmorland Antiquarian & Archaeological Societysponsored the first archaeological excavation at Swinside. Under the direction ofC. W. Dymond FSAandW. G. Collingwood,the dig lasted from midday on Tuesday 26 March 1901 through to the evening of the following day. Two crosstrenches were dug, each 18 inches (45 cm) wide, covering just over one-thirteenth of the interior of the site. The excavators reported finding a lump of charcoal and a piece of decayed bone as well as some modern coins in the turf layer.^[16]

References

Footnotes

^Lewis 1886.p. 475.
^Burl 2000.p. 13.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱBurl 2005.p. 48.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^fWaterhouse 1985.p. 43.
^Burl 1979.p. 235.
^Parker Pearson 2005.p. 57.
^Parker Pearson 2005.pp. 56–57.
^Parker Pearson 2005.pp. 58–59.
^Burl 2000.p. 38.
^Richards 1996.p. 206.
^Watson 2001.p. 304.
^^a ^bBurl, Aubrey (2000).The Stone Circles of Britain, Ireland and Brittany.New Haven and London: Yale University Press. p. 194.
^Burl, Aubrey (2005).A Guide to the Stone Circles of Britain, Ireland and Brittany.New Haven and London: Yale University Press. pp. 121–123.
^Burl 2005.p. 49.
^Grinsell 1976.p. 165.
^Burl 2005.pp. 48–49.

Bibliography

Academic books

Burl, Aubrey(1979).Rings of Stone.London: Francis Lincoln.ISBN 978-0-517-34723-2.
Burl, Aubrey(2000).The Stone Circles of Britain, Ireland and Brittany.New Haven and London: Yale University Press.ISBN 978-0-300-08347-7.
Burl, Aubrey(2005).A Guide to the Stone Circles of Britain, Ireland and Brittany.New Haven and London: Yale University Press.ISBN 978-0-300-11406-5.
Bradley, Richard(1998).The Significance of Monuments: On the Shaping of Human Experience in Neolithic and Bronze Age Europe.London: Routledge.ISBN 978-0-415-15204-4.
Grinsell, Leslie V. (1976).Folklore of Prehistoric Sites in Britain.London: David & Charles.ISBN 0-7153-7241-6.
Hutton, Ronald(1991).The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles: Their Nature and Legacy.Oxford and Cambridge, Massachusetts: Blackwell.ISBN 978-0-631-17288-8.
Parker Pearson, Michael(2005).Bronze Age Britain(Revised Edition).London: B.T. Batsford and English Heritage.ISBN 978-0-7134-8849-4.
Waterhouse, John (1985).The Stone Circles of Cumbria.Chichester: Phillimore.ISBN 978-0-85033-566-8.

Academic papers and articles

Dymond, C.W. (1879–81). "A group of Cumberland megaliths".Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society.V:39–57.
Lewis, A.L. (1886)."On Three Stone Circles in Cumberland, with Some Further Observations on the Relation of Stone Circles to Adjacent Hills and Outlying Stones".The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland.15:471–481.doi:10.2307/2841826.JSTOR 2841826.
Richards, Colin (1996). "Monuments as Landscape: creating the centre of the world in late Neolithic Orkney".World Archaeology.28(2). London: Routledge: 190–208.doi:10.1080/00438243.1996.9980340.JSTOR 125070.
Watson, Aaron (2001). "Composing Avebury".World Archaeology.33(2). London: Routledge: 296–314.doi:10.1080/00438240120079307.JSTOR 827904.S2CID 219609029.

External links

Swinside stone circleat Megalithia.
Images of and notes about SunkenkirkatThe Modern Antiquarian.

[1] Lewis 1886.p. 475.

[Burl_2000_13-2] Burl 2000.p. 13.

[Burl_2005_48-3] ^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱBurl 2005.p. 48.

[Waterhouse_1985_43-4] Waterhouse 1985.p. 43.

[5] Burl 1979.p. 235.

[6] Parker Pearson 2005.p. 57.

[7] Parker Pearson 2005.pp. 56–57.

[8] Parker Pearson 2005.pp. 58–59.

[Burl_2000_38-9] Burl 2000.p. 38.

[10] Richards 1996.p. 206.

[11] Watson 2001.p. 304.

[:0-12] Burl, Aubrey (2000).The Stone Circles of Britain, Ireland and Brittany.New Haven and London: Yale University Press. p. 194.

[13] Burl, Aubrey (2005).A Guide to the Stone Circles of Britain, Ireland and Brittany.New Haven and London: Yale University Press. pp. 121–123.

[Burl_2005_49-14] Burl 2005.p. 49.

[15] Grinsell 1976.p. 165.

[Burl_2005_48-49-16] Burl 2005.pp. 48–49.

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