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Sylvia Rivera

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For the Bolivian feminist and theorist, seeSilvia Rivera Cusicanqui.

Sylvia Rivera
Rivera, in the "gay camp" at the Christopher Street Piersc.2000
Born
Ray Rivera

(1951-07-02)July 2, 1951
New York City, U.S.
DiedFebruary 19, 2002(2002-02-19)(aged 50)
New York City, U.S.
Occupation(s)Activist,Caterer,Entertainer[1]
Known forGay liberation,[2]transgenderactivist, advocate for the homeless.[1]

Sylvia Rivera(July 2, 1951 – February 19, 2002) was an Americangay liberationandtransgender rights activist[3][4][5]who was also a noted community worker inNew York.Rivera, who identified as adrag queenfor most of her life[6][7][8][9]and later as atransgender person,[10][11][12]participated in demonstrations with theGay Liberation Front.[13]

With close friendMarsha P. Johnson,Rivera co-founded theStreet Transvestite Action Revolutionaries(STAR), a group dedicated to helping homeless young drag queens, gay youth, andtrans women.[14]

Early life

[edit]

Rivera was born and raised in New York City and lived most of her life in or near the city; she was born to aPuerto Ricanfather and aVenezuelanmother.[15]She was abandoned by her birth father José Rivera early in life, and became an orphan after her mother died by suicide when Rivera was three years old.[11]Rivera was then raised by her Venezuelan grandmother, who disapproved of Rivera's effeminate behavior, particularly after Rivera began to wear makeup in fourth grade.[11]

As a result, in 1962, Rivera left home at ten years old and began living on the streets of New York.[16][17]Like many other homeless youth in the community, she engaged insurvival sexas achild prostitute.She was taken in by the localdrag queens,includingMarsha P. Johnson,who became Rivera's best friend and protector.[16]In this loose knit community of drag queens and street hustlers "who hung out on42nd Street",she was christened with her new name by" an old butch dyke and an old queen (the godfather and godmother of 42nd) "who chose the name for her.[18]

Early activism

[edit]
Sylvia Rivera with STAR banner

Rivera's activism began in 1970 after she participated in actions with theGay Liberation Front's Drag Queen Caucus and later joined theGay Activists Allianceat 18 years old, where she fought for not only the rights of gay people but also for the inclusion of drag queens like herself in the movement.[19]Rivera sometimes exaggerated her importance, purporting to have been active during thecivil rights movement,themovement against the Vietnam war,second-wave feminist movements,as well as Puerto Rican and African American youth activism, particularly with theYoung Lordsand theBlack Panthers[11]but she could not prove her claims.[19]

Rivera's older friendMarsha P. Johnsonhad been Rivera's protector and friend since Rivera arrived in the city, and the two were close friends from 1961 through 1973. In 1970, Rivera and Johnson co-foundedStreet Transvestite Action Revolutionaries(STAR). STAR offered services and advocacy for homeless queer youth,[20]and fought for theSexual Orientation Non-Discrimination Actin New York. SONDA prohibits discrimination on the basis ofsexual orientationin employment, housing, public accommodations, education, credit, and the exercise of civil rights.[18]

Stonewall riots and move to Tarrytown

[edit]

While Johnson freely admitted to not being the one to start theStonewall riots,[21][19]Johnson is one of the few people who multiple, independent witnesses all agree was instrumental in the week of rioting and "known to have been in the vanguard" of the pushback against police once the rioting peaked late the first night.[22]After Johnson was being praised for being involved in the Stonewall uprising, Rivera began claiming that she (Rivera) was also instrumental in the riots, even going so far as to have claimed to have started the riots herself.[19][23]Stonewall historian David Carter, however, questioned Rivera's claims of even being at the riots, based on contradictory statements that Rivera made, and on testimony relayed to him by early gay rights activists, such as Marsha P. Johnson, who denied in multiple interviews that Rivera had been there.[24][19]

When the Stonewall riots occurred, Rivera was only 17 years old, and according toBob Kohler,who was there on the first two nights of the riots, Rivera "always hung out uptown at Bryant Park" and never came downtown.[19]In 1987, Marsha P. Johnson told gay rights historianEric Marcusthat in the hours prior to Johnson arriving downtown to join the riots, Johnson had attended a party uptown and that "Sylvia Rivera and them were over in [Bryant] park having a cocktail."[19]"There are several other statements Johnson made to highly credible witnesses — namely,Randy Wicker,Bob Kohler, andDoric Wilson,all with deep and enduring ties to the LGBTQ rights movement — about Rivera not having been at the Uprising. "[19]

Kohler told Carter that although Rivera had not been at the uprising, he hoped that Carter would still portray her as having been there. Another Stonewall veteran, Thomas Lanigan-Schmidt, claimed that he wanted to add her "so that young Puerto Rican transgender people on the street would have a role model."[19]When Kohler and Rivera had a discussion over whether Kohler would back Rivera's claims to Carter for the book, Rivera asked Kohler to say that Rivera threw a Molotov cocktail. Kohler responded, "Sylvia, you didn't throw a Molotov cocktail!" Rivera continued to bargain with him, asking if he'd say she threw the first brick. He replied, "Sylvia, you didn't throw a brick." The first bottle? He still refused. Finally Kohler agreed to lie and say Rivera had been there and had at some point thrownabottle.[19]

Randy Wicker, who was part of theMattachine Societyand a witness to the riots, said that Marsha Johnson had told him that Sylvia had not been at Stonewall "as she was asleep after taking heroin uptown".[19]At the 1973Christopher Street Liberation DayRally in New York City, which was the four-year anniversary of the Stonewall riots, Rivera gave her famous "Gay Power!" speech. Rivera and fellow queenLee Brewsterjumped onstage during feminist activistJean O'Leary's speech, which was critical in tone towards drag queens, and shouted in reply, "Y'all Better Quiet Down! You go to bars because of what drag queens did for you, andthese bitchestell us to quit being ourselves! "(O'Leary later regretted her words and stance.)[25][26]During this speech from the main stage, Rivera, representing STAR, called out the heterosexual males who were preying on vulnerable members of the community. Rivera espoused what could be seen as athird genderperspective, saying that LGBT prisoners seeking help "do not write women. They do not write men. They write to STAR."[27]After the speech, Rivera was backstage talking to people about having been at the Stonewall uprising. Doric Wilson recalls that Marsha P. Johnson said to Rivera, “You know you weren't there.”[19]

After Marsha Johnson confronted Rivera about lying about Stonewall at the 1973 rally, Rivera left Manhattan in the mid-1970s, relocating toTarrytown, New York.In these years Rivera lived with her lover and together they ran a catering business.[1]In the documentaryThe Death and Life of Marsha P. Johnson,Rivera shares footage of the drag shows she hosted at the Music Hall in Tarrytown during this time.[9]

Return to NYC

[edit]

In early July 1992, shortly after theNew York City Pride March,Marsha P. Johnson's body was found floating in the Hudson River off theWest Village Piers.Police promptly ruled Johnson's death a suicide, despite the presence of a head wound.[28]Johnson's friends and supporters, Rivera included, insisted Johnson had not been suicidal, and a people's postering campaign later declared that Johnson had earlier been harassed near the spot where Johnson's body was found.

After receiving a telegram with the notification of her friend's death, Rivera returned to the city. Homeless now, she took up residence on the "Gay Piers" at the end of Christopher Street, and became an advocate for homeless members of the gay community.[1][29]

In May 1995, Rivera tried to end her life by walking into the Hudson River.[30]That year she also appeared in theArthur Dongdocumentary episode "Out Rage '69", part of thePBSseriesThe Question of Equality,which featured the 1973 footage of her "Gay Power" speech at Pride[31]and gave an extensive interview to gay journalistRandy Wickerin which she discussed her suicide attempts, Johnson's life and death, and her advocacy for poor and working-class gay people made homeless bythe AIDS crisis.[1]

At various times in her life, Rivera battledsubstance abuseand lived on the streets, largely in the gay homeless community at theChristopher Streetdocks.[1]Her experiences made her more focused on advocacy for those who, in her view, were left behind by the mainstream society and theassimilationistsectors of the gay community.[25]Rivera fought partly for herself for those reasons but most importantly for the rights of people of color and low-income LGBT people. As someone who suffered from systematic poverty and racism, she used her voice for unity, sharing her stories, pain, and struggles to show her community they are not alone. She amplified the voices of the most vulnerable members of the gay community: drag queens, homeless youth,gay inmates in prison and jail,and transgender people.[32]

In the last five years of her life, Rivera gave a number of speeches about the Stonewall Uprising[33]and the necessity for all transgender people (which Rivera, in this early definition, defined as including drag queens andbutch dykes) to fight for their legacy at the forefront of the LGBT movement. She traveled to Italy for theMillennium March in 2000,where she was acclaimed as the "mother of all gay people".[23]In early 2001, after a service at theMetropolitan Community Church of New Yorkreferring to theStar of Bethlehemannouncing thebirth of Jesus,she decided to resurrect STAR as an active political organization (now changing "Transvestite"to the more recently coined term" Transgender, "which at that time was understood to include allgender-nonconformingpeople).[34]

STAR fought for theNew York City Transgender Rights Billand for a trans-inclusiveNew York State Sexual Orientation Non Discrimination Act.STAR also sponsored street pressures for justice forAmanda Milan,a transgender woman murdered in 2000.[23]Rivera attackedHuman Rights CampaignandEmpire State Pride Agendaas organizations that were standing in the way of transgender rights. On her deathbed she met with Matt Foreman and Joe Grabarz of ESPA to negotiate transgender inclusion in its political structure and agenda.

Rivera was angered that in the late 1990s and early 2000s she perceived the significance of drag queens and drag culture being minimized by the ostensibly assimilationist gay rights agenda, particularly by new would-be "gay leaders" who were focusing on military service (Don't Ask Don't Tell) andmarriage equality.[23][35]Rivera's conflicts with these newer, more mainstream, LGBT groups were emblematic of the mainstream LGBT movement's strained relationship to the radical politics of many earliergay liberationactivists. After Rivera's death,Michael Bronskirecalled her anger when she felt that she was being marginalized within the community, in "Hell hath no fury like a drag queen scorned":[36]

After Gay Liberation Front folded and the more reformist Gay Activists Alliance (GAA) became New York's primary gay rights group, Sylvia Rivera worked hard within their ranks in 1971 to promote a citywide gay rights, anti-discrimination ordinance. But for all of her work, when it came time to make deals, GAA dropped the portions in the civil rights bill that dealt with transvestitism and drag — it just wasn't possible to pass it with such "extreme" elements included. As it turned out, it wasn't possible to pass the bill anyway until 1986. But not only was the language of the bill changed, GAA — which was becoming increasingly more conservative, several of its founders and officers had plans to run for public office — even changed its political agenda to exclude issues of transvestitism and drag. It was also not unusual for Sylvia to be urged to "front" possibly dangerous demonstrations, but when the press showed up, she would be pushed aside by the more middle-class, "straight-appearing" leadership. In 1995, Rivera was still hurt: "When things started getting more mainstream, it was like, 'We don't need you no more'". But, she added, "Hell hath no fury like a drag queen scorned".

According to Bronski, Rivera was banned fromNew York's Gay & Lesbian Community Centerfor several years in the mid-1990s, because, on a cold winter's night, she aggressively demanded that the Center take care of poor and homeless queer youth. A short time before her death, Bronski reports that she said:[36]

One of our main goals now is to destroy the Human Rights Campaign, because I'm tired of sitting on the back of the bumper. It's not even the back of the bus anymore — it's the back of the bumper. The bitch on wheels is back.

Rivera's struggles did not relate exclusively to gay and trans people, as they intersected with issues of poverty and discrimination faced by people of color, which caused friction in the GAA as it was mainly made up of white middle-class gay people.[37]The transgender person-of-color activist and scholar Jessi Gan discusses how mainstream LGBT groups have routinely dismissed or not paid sufficient attention to Rivera'sLatinaidentity, while Puerto Rican and Latino groups have often not fully acknowledged Rivera's contribution to their struggles for civil rights.[11]Tim Retzloff has discussed this issue with respect to the omission of discussions about race and ethnicity in mainstreamU.S. LGBT history,particularly with regard to Rivera's legacy.[38]

Gender identity

[edit]

Rivera'sgender identitywas complex and varied throughout her life.[6][1]In 1971, she spoke of herself as a "half sister".[39]In her essay "Transvestites: Your Half Sisters and Half Brothers of the Revolution", she specifically claims her use oftransvestiteas applying to only the gay community: "Transvestites are homosexual men and women who dress in clothes of the opposite sex. Male transvestites dress and live as women. Half sisters like myself are women with the minds of women trapped in male bodies."[39]

In interviews and writings in her later years, notably her 1995 interview withRandy Wickerand her 2002 essay, "Queens In Exile, The Forgotten Ones," she expressed afluid take on genderandsexuality,referring to herself alternately as agay man,[4]a "gay girl",[1]and adrag queen/street queen,[6][7][8]embodying all of these experiences and seeing none of these identities as excluding the others.[6]Rivera writes of having consideredgender-affirming surgerymuch earlier in life, but of ultimately choosing to reject it, takinghormone therapyonly near the end of her life.[6]

I left home at age 10 in 1961. I hustled on 42nd Street. The early 60s was not a good time for drag queens, effeminate boys or boys that wore makeup like we did. Back then we were beat up by the police, by everybody. I didn't really come out as a drag queen until the late 60s when drag queens were arrested, what degradation there was. I remember the first time I got arrested, I wasn't even in full drag. I was walking down the street and the cops just snatched me.[40] People now want to call me a lesbian because I'm with Julia,[41]and I say, "No. I'm just me. I'm not a lesbian." I'm tired of being labeled. I don't even like the labeltransgender.I'm tired of living with labels. I just want to be who I am. I am Sylvia Rivera. Ray Rivera left home at the age of 10 to become Sylvia. And that's who I am.[6]

Death

[edit]

On the day of her death Rivera, while bed ridden and declining health, she met with Empire State Pride Agenda delegates to advocate for trans rights in the pending SONDA bill which they had been excluded from.[42]Rivera died during the dawn hours of February 19, 2002, atSt. Vincent's Hospital,of complications fromliver cancer.[2]ActivistRiki Wilchinsnoted, "In many ways, Sylvia was theRosa Parksof the modern transgender movement ".[43]

Legacy

[edit]
Street sign in New York City'sGreenwich Village,named in Rivera's honor

As an active member of theMetropolitan Community Church of New York,Rivera ministered through the Church'sfood pantry,which provides food to hungry people. As well, recalling her life as a child on the streets, she remained a passionate advocate forqueeryouth. MCC New York has a food pantry called the Sylvia Rivera Food Pantry, and its queer youth shelter is called Sylvia's Place, both in her honor.[44]

Season 1, episode 1 and Season 3, episode 1 of thepodcastMaking Gay Historyare about her.[45][46]

Named in her honor (and established in 2002), theSylvia Rivera Law Projectis dedicated "to guarantee that all people are free to self-determinegender identityand expression, regardless of income or race, and without facing harassment, discrimination or violence ".[47]

In 2002, actor/comedianJade Esteban Estradaportrayed Rivera in the well-received solo musicalICONS: The Lesbian and Gay History of the World, Vol. 1(directed by Aliza Washabaugh-Durand and produced by Aliza Washabaugh-Durand and Christopher Durand) winning Rivera renewed national attention.[48]

In 2005, the corner of Christopher and Hudson streets was renamed "Sylvia Rivera Way" in her honor. This intersection is inGreenwich Village,the neighborhood in New York City where Rivera started organizing, and is only two blocks from the Stonewall Inn.[49]

In January 2007, a new musical based upon Rivera's life,Sylvia So Far,premiered in New York at La Mama in a production starring Bianca Leigh as Rivera and Peter Proctor as Marsha P. Johnson. The composer and lyricist is Timothy Mathis (Wallflowers, Our Story Too, The Conjuring), a friend of Rivera's in real life. The show moved off-Broadway in the winter of 2007/2008.[50]

The Spring 2007 issue ofCENTRO: Journal of the Center for Puerto Rican Studies,which was dedicated to "Puerto Rican Queer Sexualities" and published atHunter College,included a special dossier on Rivera, including a transcription of a talk by Rivera from 2001 as well as two academic essays exploring the intersections of Rivera's trans and Latina identities.[11][23][38]The articles in this journal issue complement other essays by Puerto Rican scholars who have also emphasized Rivera's pioneering role.[51][52]

In 2014, The Social Justice Hub atThe New School’s newly opened University Center was named the Baldwin Rivera Boggs Center after activistsJames Baldwin,Sylvia Rivera, andGrace Lee Boggs.[53]

In 2015, a portrait of Rivera was added to theNational Portrait Gallery,making Rivera the first transgender activist to be featured in the gallery.[54]

In 2016, Rivera was inducted into theLegacy Walk.[55]

In 2018,Happy Birthday, Marsha!a short film about Rivera andMarsha P. Johnson,set in the hours before the 1969Stonewall riotsin New York City, was released.[56]

A large, painted mural depicting Rivera and Marsha P. Johnson went on display in Dallas, Texas, in 2019 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the Stonewall riots. The painting of the "two pioneers of the gay rights movement" in front of a transgender flag claims to be the world's largest mural honoring the trans community.[57]

In May 2019, it was announced that LGBT rights activists Marsha P. Johnson and Sylvia Rivera would be commemorated with a monument in New York's Greenwich Village, near the epicenter of the historic Stonewall riots. The monument was publicly announced on May 30, in honor of the 50th anniversary of Stonewall and just in time for Pride month.[58]

In June 2019, the Italian city ofLivornodedicated a green area to Rivera, called Parco Sylvia Rivera.[59]

In June 2019, Rivera was one of the inaugural fifty American "pioneers, trailblazers, and heroes" inducted on theNational LGBTQ Wall of Honorwithin theStonewall National Monument(SNM) inNew York City’sStonewall Inn.[60][61]The SNM is the firstU.S. national monumentdedicated toLGBTQ rightsandhistory,[62]and the wall's unveiling was timed to take place during the50th anniversaryof the Stonewall riots.[63]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^abcdefghRandy Wicker Interviews Sylvia Rivera on the Pier.Event occurs at Repeatedly throughout interview.September 21, 1995. Accessed July 24, 2015.
  2. ^abDunlap, David W. (February 20, 2002). Sylvia Rivera, 50, Figure in Birth of the Gay Liberation Movement.New York Times
  3. ^Dunlap, David W. (February 20, 2002)."Sylvia Rivera, 50, Figure in Birth of the Gay Liberation Movement".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on March 24, 2019.RetrievedJune 1,2018.
  4. ^abRandy Wicker Interviews Sylvia Rivera on the Pier.Event occurs at 14:17.September 21, 1995. Accessed July 24, 2015.
  5. ^"21 Transgender People Who Influenced American Culture".Time Magazine.Archivedfrom the original on August 5, 2016.RetrievedJune 4,2014.
  6. ^abcdefRivera, Sylvia, "Queens In Exile, The Forgotten Ones" inStreet Transvestite Action Revolutionaries: Survival, Revolt, and Queer Antagonist Struggle.Untorelli Press, 2013.
  7. ^abLeslie Feinberg (September 24, 2006).Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries.ArchivedJune 9, 2020, at theWayback MachineWorkers World Party."Stonewall combatants Sylvia Rivera and Marsha" Pay It No Mind "Johnson... Both were self-identified drag queens."
  8. ^abSylvia Rivera Reflects on the Spirit of Marsha P Johnson.Event occurs at 1:27.September 21, 1995. Accessed July 24, 2015.
  9. ^abThe Death and Life of Marsha P. Johnson.Event occurs at 40:50.
  10. ^La notte di Stonewall: la testimonianza di Sylvia Rivera.2000. Event occurs at 0:40.RetrievedMarch 27,2023.I am a 49 year old transgender person
  11. ^abcdefGan, Jessi."'Still at the Back of the Bus': Sylvia Rivera's Struggle".ArchivedApril 6, 2012, at theWayback MachineCENTRO: Journal of the Center for Puerto Rican Studies19.1 (Spring 2007): 124-139.
  12. ^Sylvia Rivera Trans Movement Founder.July 27, 2011. Event occurs at 18:05.RetrievedMarch 27,2023.
  13. ^Photographs byDiana Davies,in the Gay Liberation Front series:Rivera wears an "E" t-shirtArchivedSeptember 30, 2019, at theWayback Machinein a line of activists to spell out "Gay Power".
  14. ^Marsha P. Johnsondied in 1992. In 2001, Rivera "resurrected" the group, renaming it "Street Transgender Action Revolutionaries." SoundPortraits (July 4, 2001).Update on Remembering Stonewall.ArchivedJuly 2, 2013, at theWayback Machine
  15. ^Reyes, Raul A. (October 6, 2015)."A Forgotten Latina Trailblazer: LGBT Activist Sylvia Rivera".NBC News.Archivedfrom the original on July 16, 2021.RetrievedJune 24,2021.
  16. ^abGan, Jessi."'Still at the Back of the Bus': Sylvia Rivera's Struggle".ArchivedApril 6, 2012, at theWayback MachineCENTRO: Journal of the Center for Puerto Rican Studies19.1 (Spring 2007): 129-131.
  17. ^Vincent, Alizée (May 20, 2020)."Sylvia Rivera, la Rosa Parks des trans".Archivedfrom the original on January 18, 2021.RetrievedJanuary 6,2021.
  18. ^abCohen, Stephan (2007).The Gay Liberation Youth Movement in New York: 'An Army of Lovers Cannot Fail'.London:Routledge.pp. 101–102.ISBN978-0-8070-7941-6.
  19. ^abcdefghijklCarter, David (June 27, 2019)."Exploding the Myths of Stonewall".Archivedfrom the original on January 25, 2020.RetrievedJune 29,2019.
  20. ^Ng, Samuel (2013). "Trans Power! Sylvia Lee Rivera's STAR and the Black Panther Party".Left History.17.
  21. ^"Making Gay History: Episode 11 – Johnson & Wicker".Making Gay History.1987.Archivedfrom the original on July 7, 2020.RetrievedJuly 6,2017.
  22. ^Carter, David (2004).Stonewall: The Riots that Sparked the Gay Revolution.St. Martin's Press.p. 261.ISBN978-0-312-34269-2.
  23. ^abcdeRivera, Sylvia."Sylvia Rivera's Talk at LGMNY, June 2001, Lesbian and Gay Community Services Center, New York City".ArchivedApril 6, 2012, at theWayback MachineCENTRO: Journal of the Center for Puerto Rican Studies19.1 (Spring 2007): 116–123.
  24. ^Paul D. Cain."David Carter: Historian of The Stonewall Riots".Gay Today.Archivedfrom the original on July 6, 2015.RetrievedAugust 8,2015.
  25. ^abClendinen, Dudley, and Nagourney, Adam (1999).Out for Good,Simon & Schuster.ISBN0-684-81091-3,pp. 171–172.
  26. ^Duberman, Martin (1993).Stonewall,Penguin Books.ISBN0-525-93602-5,p. 236.
  27. ^y'all better quiet down!.Event occurs at 1:40. Archived fromthe originalon May 25, 2015.
  28. ^Wicker, Randolfe (1992)"Marsha P Johnson – People's Memorial".Accessed July 26, 2015.
  29. ^Randy Wicker Interviews Sylvia Rivera on the Pier.Event occurs at 14:17.September 21, 1995. Accessed July 24, 2015.
  30. ^Staff report (May 24, 1995). About New York; Still Here: Sylvia, Who Survived Stonewall, Time and the River.New York Times
  31. ^Goodman, Walter (November 4, 1995).Television Review: The Gay Search for Equality.ArchivedFebruary 21, 2021, at theWayback MachineNew York Times
  32. ^Shepard, Benjamin (2012). "From Community Organization to Direct Services: The Street Trans Action Revolutionaries to Sylvia Rivera Law Project".Journal of Social Service Research.
  33. ^"It was a rebellion, it was an uprising, it was a civil rights disobedience — it wasn't no damn riot." – Stormé DeLarverie inK, Kristi (May 28, 2014)."Something Like A Super Lesbian: Stormé DeLarverie (In Memoriam)".thekword.Archivedfrom the original on September 3, 2014.RetrievedMarch 22,2015.
  34. ^Feinberg, Leslie (1996)Transgender Warriors: Making History.Boston: Beacon Press.ISBN0-8070-7941-3
  35. ^Hoffman, Amy (2007)An Army of Ex-Lovers: My life at the Gay Community News.University of Massachusetts Press 978-1558496217
  36. ^abBronski, Michael (April 2002).Sylvia Rivera: 1951–2002.ArchivedNovember 13, 2005, at theWayback MachineinZ Magazine."Hell hath no fury like a drag queen scorned".
  37. ^"The Crusade of Transgender Activist Sylvia Rivera".BESE.June 8, 2018.Archivedfrom the original on March 6, 2019.RetrievedMarch 4,2019.
  38. ^abRetzloff, Tim."Eliding Trans Latino/a Queer Experience in U.S. LGBT History: José Sarria and Sylvia Rivera Reexamined".ArchivedAugust 28, 2010, at theWayback MachineCENTRO: Journal of the Center for Puerto Rican Studies19.1 (Spring 2007): 140–161.
  39. ^abRivera, Sylvia, "Transvestites: Your Half Sisters and Half Brothers of the Revolution" inStreet Transvestite Action Revolutionaries: Survival, Revolt, and Queer Antagonist Struggle.Untorelli Press, 2013. "Transvestites are homosexual men and women who dress in clothes of the opposite sex."
  40. ^Rivera, Sylvia, "I'm Glad I Was in The Stonewall Riot" inStreet Transvestite Action Revolutionaries: Survival, Revolt, and Queer Antagonist Struggle.Untorelli Press, 2013.
  41. ^Julia Murray, Rivera's partner in the last years of her life
  42. ^"Sylvia Rivera, Stonewall Riot Veteran".ifge.org.RetrievedSeptember 19,2024.
  43. ^Wilchins, Riki (February 27, 2002)."A Woman for Her Time: In Memory of Stonewall Warrior Sylvia Rivera".Village Voice.Archived fromthe originalon June 19, 2006.
  44. ^Sylvia Rivera's obituaryvia MCCNY
  45. ^"Season One".Making Gay History.Archivedfrom the original on May 12, 2020.RetrievedApril 27,2020.
  46. ^"Season Three".Making Gay History. October 11, 1988.Archivedfrom the original on May 12, 2020.RetrievedApril 27,2020.
  47. ^"SRLP (Sylvia Rivera Law Project)".SRLP (Sylvia Rivera Law Project).Archivedfrom the original on March 4, 2019.RetrievedMarch 4,2019.
  48. ^"Good Hope Metropolitan Community Church".Good Hope MCC.Archivedfrom the original on July 21, 2019.RetrievedJune 19,2019.
  49. ^Withers, James (November 25, 2005).Remembering Sylvia Rivera: Though a divisive figure, trans activist and Stonewall rioter gets honored with street sign.ArchivedJune 26, 2006, at theWayback MachineNew York Blade
  50. ^"La Mama E.t.c. Archives".La Mama.Archivedfrom the original on February 7, 2020.RetrievedMarch 6,2021.
  51. ^Aponte-Parés, Luis. "Outside/In: Crossing Queer and Latino Boundaries". InMambo Montage: The Latinization of New York,eds. Agustín Laó-Montes and Arlene Dávila, 363-85. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001.ISBN0-231-11274-2
  52. ^La Fountain-Stokes, Lawrence. "1898 and the History of a Queer Puerto Rican Century: Imperialism, Diaspora, and Social Transformation".CENTRO: Journal of the Center for Puerto Rican Studies11. 1 (Fall 1999): 91–110. First published inChicano/Latino Homoerotic Identities,ed. David William Foster, 197–215. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1999.ISBN0-8153-3228-9
  53. ^Moore, Talia (December 24, 2015)."Students Seek More Support From the University in an Effort to Maintain a Socially Just Identity".The New School Free Press.Archivedfrom the original on July 25, 2019.RetrievedJune 19,2019.
  54. ^Ring, Trudy (October 27, 2015)."Sylvia Rivera Gets a Place in the National Portrait Gallery".Advocate.Archivedfrom the original on October 29, 2015.RetrievedOctober 28,2015.
  55. ^Windy City Times (October 16, 2016)."1315 – Legacy Walk unveils 2 new plaques under rainbow sky – Gay Lesbian Bi Trans News Archive – Windy City Times".Windycitymediagroup.Archivedfrom the original on February 18, 2019.RetrievedOctober 20,2016.
  56. ^Luo, Steven (October 30, 2018)."Artist, professor explore transgender history through art".UWIRE Text.p. 1.RetrievedApril 19,2019.
  57. ^Vic Parsons (December 12, 2019)."Mural of Marsha P Johnson and Sylvia Rivera vandalised with moustaches".Pinknews.co.uk.Archivedfrom the original on December 13, 2019.RetrievedDecember 29,2019.
  58. ^Jacobs, Julia (May 29, 2019)."Two Transgender Activists Are Getting a Monument in New York".NY Times.Archivedfrom the original on June 30, 2020.RetrievedJune 8,2019.
  59. ^"Venezia, intitolata un'area verde a Sylvia Rivera".LivornoToday(in Italian).Archivedfrom the original on June 16, 2019.RetrievedJuly 24,2019.
  60. ^Glasses-Baker, Becca (June 27, 2019)."National LGBTQ Wall of Honor unveiled at Stonewall Inn".metro.us.Archivedfrom the original on June 28, 2019.RetrievedJune 28,2019.
  61. ^SDGLN, Timothy Rawles-Community Editor for (June 19, 2019)."National LGBTQ Wall of Honor to be unveiled at historic Stonewall Inn".San Diego Gay and Lesbian News.Archivedfrom the original on June 21, 2019.RetrievedJune 21,2019.{{cite web}}:|first=has generic name (help)
  62. ^"Groups seek names for Stonewall 50 honor wall".The Bay Area Reporter / B.A.R. Inc.Archivedfrom the original on May 24, 2019.RetrievedMay 24,2019.
  63. ^"Stonewall 50".San Francisco Bay Times.April 3, 2019.Archivedfrom the original on May 25, 2019.RetrievedMay 25,2019.
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