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Szeged

Coordinates:46°15′18″N20°08′42″E/ 46.255°N 20.145°E/46.255; 20.145
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Not to be confused withSeget.

Szeged
City with county rights
Szeged Megyei Jogú Város
Ferenc Móra Museum
Szeged National Theater
City Hall
Szeged Csanad Cathedral in Dom Square
Tisza riverside view with the Ferenc Móra Museum and Szeged National Theater
  • Left to right:Ferenc MóraMuseum
  • Szeged National Theater
  • City Hall
  • Szeged Csanad Cathedral
  • Tisza riverside view with the Ferenc Móra Museum and Szeged National Theater
Flag of Szeged
Flag
Coat of arms of Szeged
Coat of arms
Nickname:
City of Sunshine(Napfény városa)
Szeged is located in Csongrád County
Szeged
Szeged
Szeged is located in Hungary
Szeged
Szeged
Coordinates:46°15′18″N20°08′42″E/ 46.255°N 20.145°E/46.255; 20.145
CountryHungary
RegionSouthern Great Plain
CountyCsongrád-Csanád
DistrictSzeged
City status1498
Government
• MayorLászló Botka(Independent)
•Deputy mayor
List[2]
• Town NotaryÉva Martonosi
Area
•City with county rights280.84 km2(108.43 sq mi)
• Rank11th in Hungary
Elevation
76 m (249.34 ft)
Highest elevation
76.7 m (251.6 ft)
Lowest elevation
75.8 m (248.7 ft)
Population
(2019)
•City with county rights160,766[1]
• Rank3rd in Hungary
• Density612.28/km2(1,585.8/sq mi)
•Urban
239,025 (7th)[3]
Demonymszegedi
Population by ethnicity
[4]
•Hungarians83.9%
•Romani0.9%
•Germans0.9%
•Serbs0.8%
•Romanians0.3%
•Slovaks0.2%
• Other2.1%
Population by religion
[4]
•Roman Catholic36.4%
•Greek Catholic0.4%
•Calvinists4.8%
•Lutherans1.2%
•Jews0.1%
• Other2.4%
•Non-religious23.4%
• Unknown31.4%
Time zoneUTC+01:00(CET)
• Summer (DST)UTC+02:00(CEST)
Postal code
6700 to 6729, 6753, 6757, 6771, 6791
Area code(+36) 62
MotorwaysM5 Motorway
M43 Motorway
NUTS 3 codeHU333
Distance from Budapest162.8 km (101.2 mi) Northwest
AirportSzeged(LHUD)
MPs
List
Websitewww.szegedvaros.hu

Szeged(/ˈsɛɡɛd/SEG-ed,Hungarian:[ˈsɛɡɛd]ⓘ;see alsoother alternative names) isthe third largest cityofHungary,the largest city and regional centre of theSouthern Great Plainand thecounty seatofCsongrád-Csanád county.TheUniversity of Szegedis one of the most distinguished universities in Hungary.

The Szeged Open Air (Theatre) Festival (first held in 1931) is one of the main attractions, held every summer and celebrated as the Day of the City on 21 May.

Etymology

[edit]

It is possible that the nameSzegedis amutatedand truncated form of the final syllables ofPartiscum,the name of a Roman colony founded in the 2nd century, on or near the site of modern Szeged. InLatin languagecontexts,Partiscumhas long been assumed to be synonymous withSzeged.The Latin name is also the basis of the city'sGreeknameΠαρτίσκονPartiskon.

However,Szegedmight instead have originated (or been influenced by) an oldHungarianword for "corner" (szeg), pointing to the turn of the riverTiszathat flows through the city. Others say it derives from the Hungarian wordszigetwhich means "island". Others still contend thatszegmeans "dark blond" (sötétszőkés) – a reference to the color of the water where the riversTiszaandMarosmerge.[5]

Szeged has a variety of names in languages other than Hungarian. These are usually formed by the addition of a suffix-into the Hungarian name:RomanianSeghedin;GermanSzegedinorSegedin;Serbo-CroatianSegedin/Сегедин;ItalianSeghedino;LatvianSegeda;LithuanianSegedas;PolishSegedyn;SlovakandCzechSegedín;TurkishSegedin.

History

[edit]
Early 20th-century postcard

Szeged and its area have been inhabited since ancient times.Ptolemymentions the oldest known name of the city:Partiscum(Ancient Greek:Πάρτισκον[6]).It is possible thatAttila,king of theHunshad his seat somewhere in this area. The name Szeged was first mentioned in 1183, in a document of KingBéla III.

In the second century AD there was aRomantrading postestablished on an island in theTisza,and the foundations of the Szeged castle suggest that the structure may have been built over an even earlier fort. Today only one corner of the castle still remains standing.[7]

During theMongol invasionthe town was destroyed and its inhabitants fled to the nearby swamps, but they soon returned and rebuilt their town. In the 14th century, during the reign ofLouis the Great,Szeged became the most important town of Southern Hungary, and – as theTurkish armiesgot closer to Hungary – the strategic importance of Szeged grew. KingSigismund of Luxembourghad awallbuilt around the town. Szeged was raised tofree royal townstatus in 1498.

Szeged was first pillaged by theOttoman Armyon 28 September 1526, but was occupied only in 1543, and became an administrative centre of the Ottomans (seeOttoman Hungary). The town was asanjakcentre first inBudin Eyaleti(1543–1596), after inEğri Eyaleti.The town was freed from Turkish rule on 23 October 1686, and regained the free royal town status in 1715. In 1719, Szeged received itscoat of arms(still used today) fromCharles III.During the next several years, Szeged grew and prospered.Piaristmonks arrived in Szeged in 1719 and opened a new grammar school in 1721. Szeged also held scientific lectures and theatrical plays. These years brought not only prosperity but also enlightenment. Between 1728 and 1744witch trialswere frequent in the town, with theSzeged witch trialsof 1728–29 perhaps being the largest. The witch trials were instigated by the authorities, who decided on this measure to remove the problem of the public complaints about the drought and its consequences of famine and epidemics by laying the responsibility on people among them, which had fraternized with the Devil. In 1720, the ethnicHungarianpopulation of the town numbered about 13000 to 16000, while the number of theSerbinhabitants was 1300.[8]

The first printing press was established in 1801, and the old town hall and the civil hospital were built at the same time.[9]

Szeged is known as the home ofpaprika,a spice made from dried, powderedcapsicumfruits. Paprika arrived in Hungary in the second half of the 16th century as an ornamental plant. About 100 years later the plant was cultivated as an herb, and paprika as we know it.[10]Szeged is also famous for theirszekelygulyas,agoulashmade withpork,sauerkrautandsour cream.[11]And also famous for theirhalászlé,fish soupmade ofcarpandcatfish.

The citizens of Szeged played an important part in theHungarian Revolution of 1848.Lajos Kossuthdelivered his famous speech here. Szeged was the last seat of the revolutionary government in July 1849. TheHabsburgrulers punished the leaders of the town, but later Szeged began to prosper again; the railway reached it in 1854, and the town got its free royal town status back in 1860. Mark Pick's shop – the predecessor of today's PickSalamiFactory – was opened in 1869.

Szeged during the flood of 1879

Today the inner city of Szeged has wide avenues. This is mainly due to the greatfloodof 1879, which wiped away the whole town (only 265 of the 5723 houses remained and 165 people died). EmperorFranz Josephvisited the town and promised that "Szeged will be more beautiful than it used to be". He kept his promise, and during the next years a new, modern city emerged from the ruins, with palaces and wide streets.

20th century

[edit]
Shoppers in Szeged, 1929

After theFirst World WarHungary lost its southern territories toSerbia,as a result Szeged became a city close to theborder,and its importance lessened, but as it took over roles that formerly belonged to the now lost cities, it slowly recovered. Following the Loss ofTransylvaniato Romania, University of Kolozsvár (nowCluj-Napoca), moved to Szeged in 1921 (seeUniversity of Szeged). In 1923 Szeged took over the role ofepiscopalseat from Temesvár (nowTimișoara,Romania). It was briefly occupied by theRomanian armyduringHungarian-Romanian Warin 1919. It also became a center for right-wing forces which would installMiklós Horthyas the country's new leader after the overthrow of theHungarian Soviet Republic.[12]During the 1920s the Jewish population of Szeged grew and reached its zenith.

Swimmers at Szeged, 1939

Szeged suffered heavily duringWorld War II.6,000 inhabitants of the city were killed, In 1941, there were 4,161 Jews living in Szeged. After, March 19, 1944German occupation,they were confined to aghettotogether with the Jews from surrounding villages. In June, 1944, the ghetto was liquidated. TheNazismurdered the larger part of the 8,500 and some were forced intoforced laborin Strasshof Labor camp, Austria.[13]Szeged was captured bySoviettroops of the2nd Ukrainian Fronton 11 October 1944 in the course of theBattle of Debrecen.During the communist era, Szeged became a centre oflight industryandfood industry.In 1965,oilwas found near the city.[citation needed]

In 1962, Szeged became the county seat ofCsongrád.Whole new districts were built, and many nearby villages (e.g.Tápé,Szőreg,Kiskundorozsma,Szentmihálytelek,Gyálarét) were annexed to the city in 1973 (as was a tendency during theCommunist era).

Today's Szeged is an important university town and a tourist attraction.

TheSzeged Symphony Orchestra(Szegedi Szimfonikus Zenekar) gives regular concerts at the Szegedi Nemzeti Színház.[14]

Geography

[edit]

Szeged is situated near the southern border ofHungary,just to the south of the mouth of theMaros River,on both banks of theTisza River,nearly in the centre of theCarpathian Basin.The Hungarian frontier with Serbia is just outside the town.

Climate

[edit]

Szeged's climate is transitional betweenhumid subtropical(KöppenCfa) andhumid continental(KöppenDfa), with cold winters, hot summers, and fairly low precipitation. Due to the high hours of sunlight reported annually, Szeged is often calledCity of Sunshine(Napfény városa).[15]On 23 July 2022, a maximum temperature of 40.1 °C (104.2 °F) was registered in Szeged.[16]

Climate data for Szeged, 1991–2020
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 17.5
(63.5) 		20.5
(68.9) 		24.9
(76.8) 		31.6
(88.9) 		34.0
(93.2) 		38.0
(100.4) 		39.6
(103.3) 		39.4
(102.9) 		37.6
(99.7) 		29.1
(84.4) 		23.5
(74.3) 		16.5
(61.7) 		39.6
(103.3)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 3.4
(38.1) 		6.3
(43.3) 		12.1
(53.8) 		18.5
(65.3) 		23.2
(73.8) 		26.9
(80.4) 		28.9
(84.0) 		29.4
(84.9) 		23.8
(74.8) 		17.7
(63.9) 		10.6
(51.1) 		4.1
(39.4) 		17.1
(62.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) −0.1
(31.8) 		1.6
(34.9) 		6.4
(43.5) 		12.0
(53.6) 		16.9
(62.4) 		20.6
(69.1) 		22.3
(72.1) 		22.4
(72.3) 		17.2
(63.0) 		11.7
(53.1) 		6.1
(43.0) 		1.0
(33.8) 		11.5
(52.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −3.0
(26.6) 		−2.3
(27.9) 		1.3
(34.3) 		6.1
(43.0) 		10.9
(51.6) 		14.3
(57.7) 		15.7
(60.3) 		15.8
(60.4) 		11.4
(52.5) 		6.7
(44.1) 		2.5
(36.5) 		−1.7
(28.9) 		6.5
(43.7)
Record low °C (°F) −25.1
(−13.2) 		−23.1
(−9.6) 		−19.6
(−3.3) 		−6.8
(19.8) 		0.9
(33.6) 		3.9
(39.0) 		6.2
(43.2) 		7.5
(45.5) 		1.0
(33.8) 		−7.9
(17.8) 		−11.9
(10.6) 		−25.0
(−13.0) 		−25.1
(−13.2)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) 27.3
(1.07) 		30.1
(1.19) 		29.7
(1.17) 		36.6
(1.44) 		60.8
(2.39) 		75.3
(2.96) 		61.6
(2.43) 		43.5
(1.71) 		49.1
(1.93) 		44.6
(1.76) 		37.0
(1.46) 		39.3
(1.55) 		534.9
(21.06)
Average precipitation days(≥ 1.0 mm) 6.0 5.8 5.7 5.8 7.8 8.1 6.6 5.5 6.8 6.1 6.3 7.0 77.5
Averagerelative humidity(%) 86.9 80.2 69.9 64.9 67.0 68.4 65.9 64.6 70.0 76.5 83.3 87.9 73.8
Mean monthlysunshine hours 59 94 143 173 234 252 278 263 199 153 77 53 1,978
Source 1: NOAA[17]
Source 2:WMO(sunshine 1981–2010)[18]

Education

[edit]
See also:University of Szeged
Attila József Study and Information Centre, the most recent building atUniversity of Szeged

The city of Szeged has 62kindergartens,32 elementary schools and 18 high schools. The two most prominent high schools (Ságvári Endre Gyakorló GimnáziumandRadnóti Miklós Kísérleti Gimnázium) are in the top fifteen in the country.

Szeged is the higher education centre of theSouthern Great Plainand has built quite a reputation for itself. Thousands of students study here, many of whom are foreigners. TheUniversity of Szegedis according to the number of students thesecond largestand the4th oldest universityof Hungary being established in 1581. Ranked as the top university of the country onAcademic Ranking of World Universities – 2005,and in the top 100 in Europe, it offers several programs on different fields of study.

TheELI-ALPS research institute under construction in 2017

TheBiological Research Centreof theHungarian Academy of Sciences,which was built with the help ofUNESCOfunds, has also been a considerable source of advanced research. Scientists at this laboratory were first in the world to produceartificial heredity materialin the year 2000. The building has served as a home to many well known conferences and continues to make contributions to the world of science.

TheSzent-Györgyi Albert Agórais a cultural scientific centre of Szeged which gives home to laboratories of the Biological Research Centre and to exhibitions of theJohn von Neumann Computer Societyespecially their IT historical exposition.

In 2018 the new scientific institution, theELIAttosecond Light Pulse Source(ELI-ALPS) opened in Szeged establishing a unique facility which provides light sources within an extremely broad frequency range in the form of ultrashort pulses with high repetition rate which is needed for different kinds of physical experiments especially in the field ofattosecond physics.[19]

It is also one of the main options for medical students who come from all around Europe to study Medicine in their recognized international campus.

Demographics

[edit]
Crucifix in Szeged Felsőváros, Munkácsy Street
Historical population
YearPop.±%
187056,901—
188059,143+3.9%
189068,924+16.5%
190082,803+20.1%
191096,063+16.0%
1920100,175+4.3%
1930108,448+8.3%
1941110,740+2.1%
1949104,867−5.3%
1960117,515+12.1%
1970145,312+23.7%
1980164,437+13.2%
1990169,930+3.3%
2001168,273−1.0%
2011168,048−0.1%
2022158,022−6.0%

Ethnic groups (2001 census):

Religions (2001 census):

Economy

[edit]
The new office building of theEPAM Systems,completed and opened in September 2017

Szeged is one of the centres of food industry in Hungary, especially known for itspaprikaand companies likePick Szeged,Sole-Mizo,Bonafarmetc. Other notable companies having their headquarters in Szeged areAMSY International,[20]RRE – Szeged,[21]Optiwella,[22]Generál Printing House,[23]RotaPack,[24]Sanex Pro,[25]Agroplanta,[26]Karotin,[27]Florin,[28]Quadrotex[29]and Szeplast.[30]

Others, likeContiTech,[31]Duna-Dráva Cement,Szatmári Malom[32]and Europe Match,[33]are not based in the city, but have production facilities there.

The Hangár Expo and Conference Centre[34]provides space for international exhibitions and conferences.

Largest employers

[edit]
# Employer # of Employees
1 University of Szeged 5,000 <
2 Pick Szeged 2,000–4,999
3 Sole-Mizo 1,000–1,999
4 Tisza-Volán 1,000–1,999
5 EDF-Démász 500–999
6 Suli-Host 500–999
7 Szegedi Közlekedési Társaság 500–999
8 Szegedi Szefo 500–999
9 Coop 300–499
10 Engie 300–499
Historical unemployment rate between 2000 and 2016[36]
Year Unemployment rate (%)
2000 5.17%
2001 4.83%
2002 4.22%
2003 4.32%
2004 4.67%
2005 5.01%
2006 4.89%
2007 4.25%
2008 4.60%
2009 4.91%
2010 6.26%
2011 6.50%
2012 6.42%
2013 6.89%
2014 4.17%
2015 4.42%
2016 4.14%

Transport

[edit]
The Ferenc Móra Bridge on theM43 Motorwaynear Szeged
Szeged Railway Station
The Directorate ofMÁVin Szeged (designed byFerenc Pfaffin 1894)

Szeged is the most important transportation hub in theSouthern Great Plain.Two motorways,M5andM43,lie along the city border. Through theM5 MotorwaySzeged is connected toKecskemét,KiskunfélegyházaandBudapestto the north and toSubotica,Novi SadandBelgradeinSerbiato the south. TheM43 Motorway– which splits from the M5 Motorway near Szeged – connects the city viaMakótoAradandTimișoarainRomania.In addition, there are other roads running from the city to Makó andNagylak(main road 43), toRöszke(main road 5), toKiskunfélegyháza(main road 5), toÁsotthalomandBaja(main road 55) and toHódmezővásárhely,OrosházaandBékéscsaba(main road 47).

The Budapest-Szeged-rail line is an important rail connection, as well as the railway lines 121 (to Makó), 135 (to Hódmezővásárhely), 136 (to Röszke) and 140 (to Kiskunfélegyháza).[37]

Atram-trainsystem was constructed and inaugurated in November 2021, connecting Szeged with the neighbouringHódmezővásárhely,thus creating the second most populousurban agglomerationin the country, after the capital. There was a proposal for its extension, even through the Serbian border, toSubotica.

The city is also a common stop for national and international long-distance buses.

Motorways

[edit]

Railways

[edit]
  • 121 (to Makó)
  • 135 (to Hódmezővásárhely)
  • 136 (to Röszke)
  • 140 (to Kiskunfélegyháza).

Airport

[edit]

Szeged Airportis the international airport of Szeged.

Public transport

[edit]
See also:Public transport in Szeged

As of May 2018 Szeged had 39 local bus lines – 15 in the city centre and 24 in the suburbs. There are also 5tram lines.[38]MÁVoperates regional and intercity trains, as well as international trains toSubotica.

Sport

[edit]
Pick Aréna, the city's main indoor hall, home venue of theSC Pick Szegedhandball team

Handball

[edit]

The most popular sport in the city ishandball.[citation needed]The city has one well-known club the2013–14 EHF Cup-winnerSC Pick Szegedplaying in theNemzeti Bajnokság I.They play at thePick Aréna,opened in 2021.

Association football

[edit]

The second most popular sport isfootballin the city. Szeged had several clubs playing in the top level Hungarian league, theNemzeti Bajnokság I.These areSzegedi AK,Szegedi Honvéd SE.The only currently operating club,Szeged 2011play in theNemzeti Bajnokság II.

Speedway

[edit]

Motorcycle speedwayhas had a long association with the city. The first track was at the SZEAC athletics stadium (also known as the Felső Tisza-parti Stadion or Városi stadion), which was located where the Pick Aréna is today.[39]The venue hosted finals of theHungarian Individual Speedway Championship.

From 1978, the Volán speedway club moved to a new track built on Napos út at Béke telepi. This venue held important events, including qualifying rounds of theSpeedway World Championshipin 1983 and 1984[40][41]and a qualifying round of theSpeedway World Team Cupin 1988 and 1990.[42]The track closed, partly because of noise issues in a residential area, resulting in the speedway moving out of the city, 25 kilometres west, near to Mórahalom (46°10′14″N19°54′49″E/ 46.17056°N 19.91361°E/46.17056; 19.91361).

Main sights

[edit]
Votive Church (1930) Dömötör Tower(11th century) The Water Tower of Szent István Square (1904)
Church ofGrey Friars(Gothic,15th century) Ferenc MóraMuseum (1896) Reök palace(1907)
City Hall (1728, 1804, 1883) Szeged Synagogue National Theatre of Szeged
Gróf-palace (1913) The Main Building of theUniversity Saint Nicholas Serbian Orthodox Church(1781)

Politics

[edit]

The current mayor of Szeged isLászló Botka(Association for Szeged).

The local Municipal Assembly, elected at the2019 local government elections,is made up of 33 members (1 Mayor, 23 Individual constituencies MEPs and 9 Compensation List MEPs) divided into this political parties and alliances:[43]

Party Seats Current Municipal Assembly
Association for Szeged[a] 19 M
Fidesz-KDNP 9
Independent Hungarian City Association (FVSZME) 1

List of mayors

[edit]

List of City Mayors from 1990:[44]

Member Party Term of office
Pál Lippai Fidesz-SZDSZ 1990–1994
István Szalay MSZP 1994–1998
László Bartha Fidesz-FKgP-MDF 1998–2002
László Botka MSZP(2002–2019) 2002–
Independent(2019-)[a]

Media

[edit]
Hungarian Radio headquarters

The city offers a wide range of media – television and radio stations, and print and online newspapers.

TV stations

[edit]
  • Szeged TV
  • Tarjáni Kábeltévé Stúdió
  • TiszapART TV
  • Telin Televízió

Radio stations

[edit]
  • "Rádió 88" FM 95,4 MHz
  • All in Party Radio
  • Rádió Mi, 89,9 MHz
  • Lánchíd Rádió, FM 100,2 MHz
  • MR1 Kossuth Rádió, FM 90,3 MHz
  • MR2 Petőfi Rádió, 104,6 MHz
  • MR3 Bartók Rádió, 105,7 MHz
  • Dankó Rádió, 93,1 MHz
  • Rádió1,87,9 MHz

Daily newspapers and news portals

[edit]

Notable people

[edit]

Born in Szeged

[edit]
A memorial of theGolden Team,the legendary football team of Hungary
See also:Category:People from Szeged

Lived in Szeged

[edit]

International relations

[edit]

Twin towns – sister cities

[edit]
See also:List of twin towns and sister cities in Hungary

Szeged istwinnedwith:[45]

Partner cities

[edit]
[edit]
  • Klauzál Square
    Klauzál Square
  • Postal Palace
    Postal Palace
  • Franciscan monastery and church
    Franciscan monastery and church
  • Votive Church at night
    Votive Church at night
  • Relief of King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary
    Relief of KingMatthias Corvinus of Hungary
  • Statue of King Béla IV of Hungary
    Statue of KingBéla IV of Hungary
  • Unger–Mayer House (1911)
    Unger–Mayer House (1911)
  • Statue of Kuno von Klebelsberg
    Statue ofKuno von Klebelsberg
  • Art Nouveau architecture
    Art Nouveauarchitecture
  • The Great Flood (1879) Statue
    The Great Flood (1879) Statue
  • Rector's Building, University of Szeged
    Rector's Building,University of Szeged
  • Institute of Informatics & IT Department, University of Szeged
    Institute of Informatics & IT Department, University of Szeged
  • Faculty of Sciences (the chemistry building), University of Szeged
    Faculty of Sciences (the chemistry building), University of Szeged
  • View from the Votive Church Dome
    View from the Votive Church Dome
  • Aerial photography
    Aerial photography
  • Belvárosi bridge on the Tisza river
    Belvárosi bridge on the Tisza river
  • Capsicum fruits in Szeged
    Capsicum fruits in Szeged
  • Anna Thermal-Bath
    Anna Thermal-Bath
  • Szeged bridge on Tisza
    Szeged bridge onTisza
  • Fekete-house
    Fekete-house

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^abSupported byMSZP-Momentum-DK-LMP-Jobbik.

References

[edit]
  1. ^KSH, 2019
  2. ^"Önkormányzati szereplők"[Municipal officials].Szeged város hivatalos portálja(in Hungarian).Retrieved24 April2024.
  3. ^"OECD – FUNCTIONAL URBAN AREAS IN OECD COUNTRIES: HUNGARY"(PDF).
  4. ^ab"Detailed Gazetteer of Hungary".ksh.hu.
  5. ^"On etymology".Archived fromthe originalon 18 October 2007.
  6. ^Klaudios Ptolemaios. Handbuch der Geographie. Griechisch-Deutsch. Herausgegeben von Alfred Stückelberger und Gerd Graßhoff. Schwabe Verlag Basel. 2006, p. 310-311
  7. ^Szeged by Dr. Trogmayer Ottó
  8. ^Ádám Fejér, Magyarok és szlávok. (Konferencia, Szeged, 1991. május 30-31). Szerk. Fejér Ádám, H. Tóth Imre stb. (Kiad. a JATE Szláv Filológiai Tansz.), József Attila Tudományegyetem, 1993, p. 262,ISBN9789634819929
  9. ^Farkas, József (1985).Szeged Története 2 1686-1849(in Hungarian). p. 699.
  10. ^"Vickery TV Paprika (Hungary)".28 July 2009. Archived fromthe originalon 28 July 2009.
  11. ^"TalkTalk Webspace is closing soon!!".talktalk.co.uk.
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