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Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study

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TIMSS 8th grade average Mathematics scores (2019)
TIMSS 8th grade average Science scores (2019)
TIMSS 4th grade average Mathematics scores (2019)
TIMSS 4th grade average Science scores (2019)

TheInternational Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement(IEA)'sTrends in International Mathematics and Science Study(TIMSS)[1]is a series of international assessments of the mathematics and science knowledge of students around the world. The participating students come from a diverse set of educational systems (countries or regional jurisdictions of countries) in terms of economic development, geographical location, and population size. In each of the participating educational systems, a minimum of 4,000 to 5,000 students is evaluated. Contextual data about the conditions in which participating students learn mathematics and science are collected from the students and their teachers, their principals, and their parents via questionnaires.[2]

TIMSS is one of the studies established by IEA aimed at allowing educational systems worldwide to compare students' educational achievement and learn from the experiences of others in designing effective education policy. This assessment was first conducted in 1995, and has been administered every four years thereafter. Therefore, some of the participating educational systems have trend data across assessments from 1995 to 2019.[3]TIMSS assesses 4th and 8th grade students, while TIMSS Advanced assesses students in the final year of secondary school in advanced mathematics and physics.

Definition of terms

[edit]

"Eighth grade" in theUnited Statesis approximately 13–14 years of age and equivalent to:

  • Year 9 (Y9) in England and Wales
  • 2nd Year (S2) in Scotland
  • 2nd Year in the Republic of Ireland
  • 1st Year in South Africa
  • Form 2 in Hong Kong
  • 4ème in France
  • Year 9 in New Zealand
  • Form 2 in Malaysia

"Fourth grade" in theUnited Statesis approximately equivalent to 9–10 years of age and equivalent to:

  • Year 5 (Y5) in England and Wales
  • Primary 6 (P6) in Scotland
  • Group 6 in the Netherlands
  • CM1 in France
  • Fourth Class in the Republic of Ireland
  • Standard 3 or Year 5 in New Zealand

History

[edit]

A precursor to TIMSS was the First International Mathematics Study (FIMS) performed in 1964 in 11 countries for students aged 13 and in the final year of secondary education (FS) under the auspices of theInternational Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement(IEA). This was followed in 1970–1971 by the First International Science Study (FISS) for students aged 10, 14, and FS. Fourteen countries tested 10-year-olds; 16 countries tested the older two groups. These were replicated between 1980 and 1984.[4]

These early studies were revised and combined by the IEA to create TIMSS, which was first administered in 1995. It was the largest international student assessment study of its time and evaluated students in five grades. In the second cycle (1999) only eighth-grade students were tested. In the next cycles (2003, 2007, 2011, and 2015) both 4th and 8th grade students were assessed. The 2011 cycle was performed in the same year as the IEA'sProgress in International Reading Literacy Study(PIRLS), offering a comprehensive assessment of mathematics, science and reading for the countries participating in both studies. The sixth cycle was conducted in 2015, and the results were released in 2016;[5]the data set was published in February 2017. TIMSS 2015 included data collected from parents for the first time.[6]TIMSS Advanced, previously conducted in 1995 and 2008, was also conducted in 2015, and assessed final-year secondary students' achievement in advanced mathematics and physics. Policy-relevant data about curriculum emphasis, technology use, and teacher preparation and training accompanies the TIMSS Advanced results.

The seventh cycle of TIMSS was conducted in 2019 and marked the beginning of the transition to a digital assessment format, with the digital assessment administered to half of participating countries, and the paper assessment administered to the remaining half. 64 countries and 8 benchmarking systems participating in TIMSS 2019. Results were released in December 2020.[7]

Preparations are underway for TIMSS 2023.

Method, data and documentation

[edit]

Along with the overall students' achievement data, TIMSS comprehensive assessments include data on student performance in various mathematics and science domains (algebra, geometry, biology, chemistry, etc.) and on performance in the problem solving challenges in each of these contexts. In addition, TIMSS provides contextual data on crucial curricular, instructional, and resource-related factors that can impact the teaching and learning process. These data are gathered using student, teacher, school, and curriculum (national) questionnaires filled out by students, teachers, school principals and National Research Coordinators, respectively.

According to the TIMSS 2019 Assessment Frameworks, "The TIMSS mathematics and science achievement scales were created with the first TIMSS assessment in 1995, separately for each subject and each grade. The scale units were established so that 100 points on the scale was equivalent to one standard deviation of the distribution of achievement across all of the countries that participated in TIMSS 1995, and the scale midpoint of 500 was located at the mean of this international achievement distribution. The TIMSS achievement scales were first used for reporting TIMSS results with TIMSS 1995, and all results from subsequent TIMSS assessments have been reported on the same scale metrics, making it possible to measure growth or decline in countries' achievement distributions from assessment to assessment."[8]

Because TIMSS is administered in four-year cycles, it enables participating counties to use the results between the fourth and eighth grades to track the changes in achievement and certain background factors from an earlier study. For example, results of the fourth grade in TIMSS 1995 can be compared with the results of the eighth grade in TIMSS 1999, as fourth graders had become eighth graders in the next cycle of study.[9]

The collected information is presented in different formats. For example, for TIMSS 2019 the results are presented as TIMSS 2019 International Results in Mathematics and Science TIMSS 2019 International Results in Mathematics and Science.[10]The TIMSS 2019 Encyclopedia[11]provides an overview of how mathematics and science are taught in each participating country. Methods and Procedures: TIMSS 2019 Technical Report[12]documents the development of the TIMSS assessments and questionnaires, and describes the methods used. The TIMSS 2019 User Guide for the International Database describes the content and format of the data in the TIMSS 2019 International Database[13]

The IEA has developed an application for working with data from TIMSS and other IEA large-scale assessments called the IEA International Database (IDB) Analyzer.[14]This application allows researchers to combine data files and facilitates some types of statistical analysis (such as computingmeans,percentages,percentiles,correlations,and estimating single level multiplelinear regression). The application takes into account the complex sample structure of the databases when calculating the statistics and their standard errors. It also allows researchers to estimate achievement scores and their standard errors.

For an overview of the IEA study results and interpretation of information, see IEA's Data Visualizer.[15]

Cycles

[edit]

TIMSS 2019

[edit]

TIMSS 2019 was the seventh cycle of TIMSS and reported overall achievement as well as results according to international benchmarks, by major content domains (number, algebra, and geometry in mathematics, and earth science, biology, and chemistry in science) and by cognitive domains (knowing, applying, reasoning).[16]TIMSS 2019 collected detailed information about curriculum and curriculum implementation of participating countries and published this information the TIMSS 2019 Encyclopedia: Education Policy and Curriculum in Mathematics and Science.[17]

TIMSS 2019 marked the transition to a digital assessment format, allowing for new and innovative item types. In the digital assessment, students solved problems by interacting with shapes and patterns, arranging items on the screen, dragging and dropping items, and drawing. The digital version of TIMSS 2019 also introduced Problem Solving and Inquiry tasks that simulated real-world and laboratory situations and called for students to integrate and apply process skills and content knowledge. Half of the participating countries took the paper version of TIMSS and half of the participating countries took the digital version of TIMSS.

TIMSS 2019 results are summarized in TIMSS 2019 International Results in Mathematics and Science.[7]This detailed report presents achievement and contextual data from participating countries and benchmarking entities. The TIMSS 2019 Encyclopedia: Education Policy and Curriculum in Mathematics and Science describes various features of the education systems in each participating country, including the mathematics and science curriculum, professional development requirements for teachers, and methods of monitoring student progress in mathematics and science. Each country's "chapter" in the encyclopedia was authored by that country's TIMSS representative.[17]

Eighth grade

[edit]
Mathematics[18]
Rank Country Average
scale score
Change
over 4 years
1 Singapore 616 Decrease5 points
2 Chinese Taipei 612 Increase13 points
3 South Korea 607 Increase1 point
4 Japan 594 Increase8 points
5 Hong Kong 578 Decrease16 points
6 Russia 543 Increase5 points
7 Ireland 524 Increase1 point
8 Lithuania 520 Increase9 points
9 Israel 519 Increase8 points
10 Australia 517 Increase12 points
10 Hungary 517 Increase3 points
12 United States 515 Decrease3 points
12 England 515 Decrease3 points
14 Finland 509 N/A
15 Norway[a] 503 Decrease9 points
15 Sweden 503 Increase2 points
17 Cyprus 501 N/A
18 Portugal 500 N/A
International average 500 Steady
19 Italy 497 Increase3 points
20 Turkey 496 Increase38 points
21 Kazakhstan 488 Decrease40 points
22 France 483 N/A
23 New Zealand 482 Decrease11 points
24 Bahrain 481 Increase27 points
25 Romania 479 N/A
26 United Arab Emirates 473 Increase8 points
27 Georgia 461 Increase8 points
27 Malaysia 461 Decrease4 points
29 Iran 446 Increase8 points
30 Qatar 443 Increase6 points
31 Chile 441 Increase14 points
32 Lebanon 429 Decrease13 points
33 Jordan 420 Increase34 points
34 Egypt 413 Increase21 points
35 Oman 411 Increase8 points
36 Kuwait 403 Increase11 points
37 Saudi Arabia 394 Increase26 points
38 South Africa[a] 389 Increase17 points
39 Morocco 388 Increase4 points
Benchmarking participants
MoscowMoscow(Russia) 575 N/A
QuebecQuebec(Canada) 543 Steady
Emirate of DubaiDubai(United Arab Emirates) 537 Increase25 points
OntarioOntario(Canada) 530 Decrease8 points
Western CapeWestern Cape(South Africa)[a] 441 N/A
Emirate of Abu DhabiAbu Dhabi(United Arab Emirates) 436 Decrease6 points
GautengGauteng(South Africa)[a] 421 N/A
Science[19]
Rank Country Average
scale score
Change
over 4 years
1 Singapore 608 Increase11 points
2 Chinese Taipei 574 Increase5 points
3 Japan 570 Decrease1 point
4 South Korea 561 Increase5 points
5 Russia 543 Decrease1 point
5 Finland 543 N/A
7 Lithuania 534 Increase15 points
8 Hungary 530 Increase3 points
9 Australia 528 Increase16 points
10 Ireland 523 Decrease7 points
11 United States 522 Increase8 points
12 Sweden 521 Decrease1 point
13 Portugal 519 N/A
14 England 517 Decrease20 points
15 Turkey 515 Increase22 points
16 Israel 513 Increase6 points
17 Hong Kong 504 Decrease42 points
18 Italy 500 Increase1 point
International average 500 Steady
19 New Zealand 499 Decrease14 points
20 Norway[a] 495 Decrease14 points
21 France 489 N/A
22 Bahrain 486 Increase20 points
23 Cyprus 484 N/A
24 Kazakhstan 478 Decrease55 points
25 Qatar 475 Increase18 points
26 United Arab Emirates 473 Decrease4 points
27 Romania 470 N/A
28 Chile 462 Increase8 points
29 Malaysia 460 Decrease11 points
30 Oman 457 Increase2 points
31 Jordan 452 Increase26 points
32 Iran 449 Decrease7 points
33 Georgia 447 Increase4 points
34 Kuwait 444 Increase33 points
35 Saudi Arabia 431 Increase35 points
36 Morocco 394 Increase1 point
37 Egypt 389 Increase18 points
38 Lebanon 377 Decrease21 points
39 South Africa[a] 370 Increase12 points
Benchmarking participants
MoscowMoscow(Russia) 567 N/A
QuebecQuebec(Canada) 548 Increase18 points
Emirate of DubaiDubai(United Arab Emirates) 537 Increase12 points
OntarioOntario(Canada) 522 Decrease2 points
Western CapeWestern Cape(South Africa)[a] 439 N/A
GautengGauteng(South Africa)[a] 422 N/A
Emirate of Abu DhabiAbu Dhabi(United Arab Emirates) 420 Decrease34 points
  1. ^abcdefghNinth grade students

Fourth grade

[edit]
Mathematics[20]
Rank Country Average
scale score
Change
over 4 years
1 Singapore 625 Increase7 points
2 Hong Kong 602 Decrease13 points
3 South Korea 600 Decrease8 points
4 Chinese Taipei 599 Increase2 points
5 Japan 593 Steady
6 Russia 567 Increase3 points
7 Northern Ireland 566 Decrease4 points
8 England 556 Increase10 points
9 Ireland 548 Increase1 point
10 Latvia 546 N/A
11 Norway[a] 543 Decrease6 points
12 Lithuania 542 Increase7 points
13 Austria 539 N/A
14 Netherlands 538 Increase8 points
15 United States 535 Decrease4 points
16 Czech Republic 533 Increase5 points
17 Belgium(Flemish) 532 Decrease14 points
17 Cyprus 532 Increase9 points
17 Finland 532 Decrease3 points
20 Portugal 525 Decrease16 points
20 Denmark 525 Decrease14 points
22 Hungary 523 Decrease6 points
22 Turkey[a] 523 N/A
24 Sweden 521 Increase2 points
24 Germany 521 Decrease1 point
26 Poland 520 Decrease15 points
27 Australia 516 Decrease1 point
28 Azerbaijan 515 N/A
28 Bulgaria 515 Decrease9 points
28 Italy 515 Increase8 points
31 Kazakhstan 512 Decrease32 points
31 Canada 512 Increase1 point
33 Slovakia 510 Increase12 points
34 Croatia 509 Increase7 points
34 Malta 509 N/A
36 Serbia 508 Decrease10 points
37 Spain 502 Decrease3 points
International average 500 Steady
38 Armenia 498 N/A
39 Albania 494 N/A
40 New Zealand 487 Decrease4 points
41 France 485 Decrease3 points
42 Georgia 482 Increase19 points
43 United Arab Emirates 481 Increase29 points
44 Bahrain 480 Increase29 points
45 North Macedonia 472 N/A
46 Montenegro 453 N/A
47 Bosnia and Herzegovina 452 N/A
48 Qatar 449 Increase10 points
49 Kosovo 444 N/A
50 Iran 443 Increase12 points
51 Chile 441 Decrease18 points
52 Oman 431 Increase6 points
53 Saudi Arabia 398 Increase15 points
54 Morocco 383 Increase6 points
54 Kuwait 383 Increase30 points
56 South Africa[a] 374 Decrease2 points
57 Pakistan 328 N/A
58 Philippines 297 N/A
Benchmarking participants
MoscowMoscow(Russia) 593 N/A
Emirate of DubaiDubai(United Arab Emirates) 544 Increase33 points
QuebecQuebec(Canada) 532 Decrease4 points
Community of MadridMadrid(Spain) 518 N/A
OntarioOntario(Canada) 512 Steady
Emirate of Abu DhabiAbu Dhabi(United Arab Emirates) 441 Increase22 points
Science[21]
Rank Country Average
scale score
Change
over 4 years
1 Singapore 595 Increase5 points
2 South Korea 588 Decrease1 point
3 Russia 567 Steady
4 Japan 562 Decrease7 points
5 Chinese Taipei 558 Increase3 points
6 Finland 555 Increase1 point
7 Latvia 542 N/A
8 Norway[a] 539 Increase1 point
8 United States 539 Decrease7 points
10 Lithuania 538 Increase10 points
11 Sweden 537 Decrease3 points
11 England 537 Increase1 point
13 Czech Republic 534 Steady
14 Australia 533 Increase9 points
15 Hong Kong 531 Decrease26 points
15 Poland 531 Decrease16 points
17 Hungary 529 Decrease13 points
18 Ireland 528 Decrease1 point
19 Turkey[a] 526 N/A
20 Croatia 524 Decrease9 points
21 Canada 523 Decrease2 points
22 Denmark 522 Decrease5 points
22 Austria 522 N/A
24 Bulgaria 521 Decrease15 points
24 Slovakia 521 Increase1 point
26 Northern Ireland 518 Decrease2 points
26 Netherlands 518 Increase1 point
26 Germany 518 Decrease10 points
29 Serbia 517 Decrease8 points
30 Cyprus 511 Increase30 points
30 Spain 511 Decrease7 points
32 Italy 510 Decrease6 points
33 Portugal 504 Decrease4 points
34 New Zealand 503 Decrease3 points
35 Belgium(Flemish) 501 Decrease11 points
International average 500 Steady
36 Malta 496 N/A
37 Kazakhstan 494 Decrease56 points
38 Bahrain 493 Increase34 points
39 Albania 489 N/A
40 France 488 Increase1 point
41 United Arab Emirates 473 Increase22 points
42 Chile 469 Decrease9 points
43 Armenia 466 N/A
44 Bosnia and Herzegovina 459 N/A
45 Georgia 454 Increase3 points
46 Montenegro 453 N/A
47 Qatar 449 Increase13 points
48 Iran 441 Increase20 points
49 Oman 435 Increase4 points
50 Azerbaijan 427 N/A
51 North Macedonia 426 N/A
52 Kosovo 413 N/A
53 Saudi Arabia 402 Increase12 points
54 Kuwait 392 Increase55 points
54 Morocco 374 Increase17 points
56 South Africa[a] 324 N/A
57 Pakistan 290 N/A
58 Philippines 249 N/A
Benchmarking participants
MoscowMoscow(Russia) 595 N/A
Emirate of DubaiDubai(United Arab Emirates) 545 Increase27 points
OntarioOntario(Canada) 524 Decrease6 points
Community of MadridMadrid(Spain) 523 N/A
QuebecQuebec(Canada) 522 Decrease3 points
Emirate of Abu DhabiAbu Dhabi(United Arab Emirates) 418 Increase3 points
  1. ^abcdefFifth grade students

TIMSS 2015

[edit]

In TIMSS 2015,[22]nationally representative samples of students in 57 countries and 7 benchmarking entities participated in the fourth grade assessment, the eighth grade assessment, or both.[23]

Eighth grade

[edit]
Mathematics[24]
Rank Country Average
scale score
Change
over 4 years
1 Singapore 621 Increase10 points
2 South Korea 606 Decrease7 points
3 Chinese Taipei 599 Decrease10 points
4 Hong Kong 594 Increase8 points
5 Japan 586 Increase16 points
6 Russia 538 Decrease1 point
7 Kazakhstan 528 Increase41 points
8 Canada 527 N/A
9 Ireland 523 N/A
10 United States 518 Increase9 points
10 England 518 Increase11 points
12 Slovenia 516 Increase11 points
13 Hungary 514 Increase9 points
14 Norway[a] 512 N/A
15 Lithuania 511 Increase9 points
15 Israel 511 Decrease5 points
17 Australia 505 Steady
18 Sweden 501 Increase17 points
International average 500 Steady
19 Italy 494 Decrease4 points
19 Malta 494 N/A
21 New Zealand 493 Increase5 points
22 Malaysia 465 Increase25 points
23 United Arab Emirates 465 Increase9 points
24 Turkey 458 Increase6 points
25 Bahrain 454 Increase45 points
26 Georgia 453 Increase22 points
27 Lebanon 442 Decrease7 points
28 Qatar 437 Increase27 points
29 Iran 436 Increase21 points
30 Thailand 431 Increase4 points
31 Chile 427 Increase11 points
32 Oman 403 Increase37 points
33 Kuwait 392 N/A
33 Egypt 392 N/A
35 Botswana[a] 391 Decrease6 points
36 Jordan 386 Decrease20 points
37 Morocco 384 Increase13 points
38 South Africa[a] 372 Increase20 points
39 Saudi Arabia 368 Decrease26 points
Benchmarking participants
QuebecQuebec(Canada) 543 Increase11 points
OntarioOntario(Canada) 522 Increase10 points
Emirate of DubaiDubai(United Arab Emirates) 512 Increase34 points
FloridaFlorida(United States) 493 Decrease20 points
Norway[b] 487 Increase12 points
Emirate of Abu DhabiAbu Dhabi(United Arab Emirates) 442 Decrease7 points
Buenos AiresBuenos Aires(Argentina) 396 N/A
Science[25]
Rank Country Average
scale score
Change
over 4 years
1 Singapore 597 Increase7 points
2 Japan 571 Increase13 points
3 Chinese Taipei 569 Increase5 points
4 South Korea 556 Decrease4 points
5 Slovenia 551 Increase8 points
6 Hong Kong 546 Increase11 points
7 Russia 544 Increase2 points
8 England 537 Increase4 points
9 Kazakhstan 533 Increase43 points
10 Ireland 530 N/A
10 United States 530 Increase5 points
12 Hungary 527 Increase5 points
13 Canada 526 N/A
14 Sweden 522 Increase13 points
15 Lithuania 519 Increase5 points
16 New Zealand 513 Increase1 point
17 Australia 512 Decrease7 points
18 Norway[a] 509 N/A
19 Israel 507 Decrease9 points
International average 500 Steady
20 Italy 499 Decrease2 points
21 Turkey 493 Increase10 points
22 Malta 481 N/A
23 United Arab Emirates 477 Increase12 points
24 Malaysia 471 Increase45 points
25 Bahrain 466 Increase14 points
26 Qatar 457 Increase38 points
27 Iran 456 Decrease18 points
27 Thailand 456 Increase5 points
29 Oman 455 Increase35 points
30 Chile 454 Decrease7 points
31 Georgia 443 Increase23 points
32 Jordan 426 Decrease23 points
33 Kuwait 411 N/A
34 Lebanon 398 Decrease8 points
35 Saudi Arabia 396 Decrease40 points
36 Morocco 393 Increase17 points
37 Botswana[a] 392 Decrease12 points
38 Egypt 371 N/A
39 South Africa[a] 358 Increase26 points
Benchmarking participants
QuebecQuebec(Canada) 530 Increase10 points
Emirate of DubaiDubai(United Arab Emirates) 525 Increase40 points
OntarioOntario(Canada) 524 Increase3 points
FloridaFlorida(United States) 508 Decrease22 points
Norway[b] 489 Decrease5 points
Emirate of Abu DhabiAbu Dhabi(United Arab Emirates) 454 Decrease7 points
Buenos AiresBuenos Aires(Argentina) 386 N/A
  1. ^abcdefNinth grade students
  2. ^abEighth grade students

Fourth grade

[edit]
Mathematics[24]
Rank Country Average
scale score
Change
over 4 years
1 Singapore 618 Increase12 points
2 Hong Kong 615 Increase13 points
3 South Korea 608 Increase3 points
4 Chinese Taipei 597 Increase6 points
5 Japan 593 Increase8 points
6 Northern Ireland 570 Increase8 points
7 Russia 564 Increase22 points
8 Norway[a] 549 N/A
9 Ireland 547 Increase20 points
10 England 546 Increase4 points
10 Belgium(Flemish) 546 Decrease3 points
12 Kazakhstan 544 Increase43 points
13 Portugal 541 Increase9 points
14 United States 539 Decrease2 points
14 Denmark 539 Increase2 points
16 Lithuania 535 Increase1 point
16 Finland 535 Decrease10 points
16 Poland 535 Increase54 points
19 Netherlands 530 Decrease10 points
20 Hungary 529 Increase14 points
21 Czech Republic 528 Increase17 points
22 Bulgaria 524 N/A
23 Cyprus 523 N/A
24 Germany 522 Decrease6 points
25 Slovenia 520 Increase7 points
26 Sweden 519 Increase15 points
27 Serbia 518 Increase2 points
28 Australia 517 Increase1 point
29 Canada 511 N/A
30 Italy 507 Decrease1 point
31 Spain 505 Increase23 points
32 Croatia 502 Increase12 points
International average 500 Steady
33 Slovakia 498 Decrease9 points
34 New Zealand 491 Increase5 points
35 France 488 N/A
36 Turkey 483 Increase14 points
37 Georgia 463 Increase13 points
38 Chile 459 Decrease3 points
39 United Arab Emirates 452 Increase18 points
40 Bahrain 451 Increase15 points
41 Qatar 439 Increase26 points
42 Iran 431 Steady
43 Oman 425 Increase40 points
44 Indonesia 397 N/A
45 Jordan 388 N/A
46 Saudi Arabia 383 Decrease27 points
47 Morocco 377 Increase42 points
48 South Africa[a] 376 N/A
49 Kuwait 353 Increase11 points
Benchmarking participants
FloridaFlorida(United States) 546 Increase1 point
QuebecQuebec(Canada) 536 Increase3 points
OntarioOntario(Canada) 512 Decrease6 points
Emirate of DubaiDubai(United Arab Emirates) 511 Increase43 points
Norway[b] 493 Decrease2 points
Buenos AiresBuenos Aires(Argentina) 432 N/A
Emirate of Abu DhabiAbu Dhabi(United Arab Emirates) 419 Increase2 points
Science[25]
Rank Country Average
scale score
Change
over 4 years
1 Singapore 590 Increase7 points
2 South Korea 589 Increase2 points
3 Japan 569 Increase10 points
4 Russia 567 Increase15 points
5 Hong Kong 557 Increase22 points
6 Chinese Taipei 555 Increase3 points
7 Finland 554 Decrease16 points
8 Kazakhstan 550 Increase55 points
9 Poland 547 Increase42 points
10 United States 546 Increase2 points
11 Slovenia 543 Increase23 points
12 Hungary 542 Increase8 points
13 Sweden 540 Increase7 points
14 Norway[a] 538 N/A
15 England 536 Increase7 points
15 Bulgaria 536 N/A
17 Czech Republic 534 Decrease2 points
18 Croatia 533 Increase17 points
19 Ireland 529 Increase13 points
20 Germany 528 Steady
20 Lithuania 528 Increase13 points
22 Denmark 527 Decrease1 point
23 Canada 525 N/A
23 Serbia 525 Increase9 points
25 Australia 524 Increase8 points
26 Slovakia 520 Decrease12 points
26 Northern Ireland 520 Increase3 points
28 Spain 518 Increase13 points
29 Netherlands 517 Decrease14 points
30 Italy 516 Decrease8 points
31 Belgium(Flemish) 512 Increase3 points
32 Portugal 508 Decrease14 points
33 New Zealand 506 Increase9 points
International average 500 Steady
34 France 487 N/A
35 Turkey 483 Increase20 points
36 Cyprus 481 N/A
37 Chile 478 Decrease2 points
38 Bahrain 459 Increase10 points
39 Georgia 451 Decrease4 points
39 United Arab Emirates 451 Increase23 points
41 Qatar 436 Increase42 points
42 Oman 431 Increase54 points
43 Iran 421 Decrease32 points
44 Indonesia 397 N/A
45 Saudi Arabia 390 Decrease39 points
46 Morocco 357 Increase93 points
47 Kuwait 337 Decrease10 points
Benchmarking participants
FloridaFlorida(United States) 549 Increase4 points
OntarioOntario(Canada) 530 Increase2 points
QuebecQuebec(Canada) 525 Increase9 points
Emirate of DubaiDubai(United Arab Emirates) 518 Increase57 points
Norway[b] 493 Decrease1 point
Buenos AiresBuenos Aires(Argentina) 418 N/A
Emirate of Abu DhabiAbu Dhabi(United Arab Emirates) 415 Increase4 points
  1. ^abcFifth grade students
  2. ^abFourth grade students

TIMSS 2011

[edit]

TIMSS 2011[26]had 52 participating educational systems for the fourth grade and 45 for the eighth grade.[6]

Eighth grade

[edit]
Mathematics[27]
Rank Country Average
scale score
Change
over 4 years
1 South Korea 613 Increase16 points
2 Singapore 611 Increase18 points
3 Chinese Taipei 609 Increase11 points
4 Hong Kong 586 Increase14 points
5 Japan 570 Steady
6 Russia 539 Increase27 points
7 Israel 516 Increase53 points
8 Finland 514 N/A
9 United States 509 Increase1 point
10 England 507 Decrease6 points
11 Hungary 505 Decrease12 points
11 Australia 505 Increase9 points
11 Slovenia 505 Increase4 points
14 Lithuania 502 Decrease4 points
International average 500 Steady
15 Italy 498 Increase18 points
16 New Zealand 488 N/A
17 Kazakhstan 487 N/A
18 Sweden 484 Decrease7 points
19 Ukraine 479 Increase17 points
20 Norway 475 Increase6 points
21 Armenia 467 Decrease32 points
22 Romania 458 Decrease3 points
23 United Arab Emirates 456 N/A
24 Turkey 452 Increase20 points
25 Lebanon 449 Steady
26 Malaysia 440 Decrease34 points
27 Georgia 431 Increase21 points
28 Thailand 427 Decrease14 points
29 Republic of Macedonia 426 N/A
30 Tunisia 425 Increase5 points
31 Chile 416 N/A
32 Iran 415 Increase12 points
33 Qatar 410 Increase103 points
34 Bahrain 409 N/A
35 Jordan 406 Decrease21 points
36 Palestine 404 Increase37 points
37 Saudi Arabia 394 Increase65 points
38 Indonesia 386 Decrease11 points
39 Syria 380 Decrease15 points
40 Morocco 371 Decrease10 points
41 Oman 366 Decrease6 points
42 Ghana 331 Increase22 points
Ninth grade participants
Botswana[a] 397 N/A
South Africa[a] 352 N/A
Honduras[a] 338 N/A
Benchmarking participants
MassachusettsMassachusetts(United States) 561 Increase14 points
MinnesotaMinnesota(United States) 545 Increase13 points
North CarolinaNorth Carolina(United States) 537 N/A
QuebecQuebec(Canada) 532 Increase4 points
IndianaIndiana(United States) 522 N/A
ColoradoColorado(United States) 518 N/A
ConnecticutConnecticut(United States) 518 N/A
FloridaFlorida(United States) 513 N/A
OntarioOntario(Canada) 512 Decrease5 points
AlbertaAlberta(Canada) 505 N/A
CaliforniaCalifornia(United States) 493 N/A
Emirate of DubaiDubai(United Arab Emirates) 478 Increase17 points
AlabamaAlabama(United States) 466 N/A
Emirate of Abu DhabiAbu Dhabi(United Arab Emirates) 449 N/A
Science[28]
Rank Country Average
scale score
Change
over 4 years
1 Singapore 590 Increase23 points
2 Chinese Taipei 564 Increase3 points
3 South Korea 560 Increase7 points
4 Japan 558 Increase4 points
5 Finland 552 N/A
6 Slovenia 543 Increase5 points
7 Russia 542 Increase12 points
8 Hong Kong 535 Increase5 points
9 England 533 Decrease9 points
10 United States 525 Increase5 points
11 Hungary 522 Decrease17 points
12 Australia 519 Increase4 points
13 Israel 516 Increase48 points
14 Lithuania 514 Decrease5 points
15 New Zealand 512 N/A
16 Sweden 509 Decrease2 points
17 Italy 501 Increase6 points
17 Ukraine 501 Increase16 points
International average 500 Steady
19 Norway 494 Increase7 points
20 Kazakhstan 490 N/A
21 Turkey 483 Increase29 points
22 Iran 474 Increase15 points
23 Romania 465 Increase3 points
23 United Arab Emirates 465 N/A
25 Chile 461 N/A
26 Bahrain 452 N/A
27 Thailand 451 Decrease20 points
28 Jordan 449 Decrease33 points
29 Tunisia 439 Decrease6 points
30 Armenia 437 Decrease51 points
31 Saudi Arabia 436 Increase33 points
32 Malaysia 426 Decrease45 points
32 Syria 426 Decrease26 points
34 Palestine 420 Increase16 points
34 Georgia 420 Decrease1 point
34 Oman 420 Decrease3 points
37 Qatar 419 Increase100 points
38 Republic of Macedonia 407 N/A
39 Lebanon 406 Decrease8 points
39 Indonesia 406 Decrease21 points
41 Morocco 376 Decrease26 points
42 Ghana 306 Increase3 points
Ninth grade participants
Botswana[a] 404 N/A
Honduras[a] 369 N/A
South Africa[a] 332 N/A
Benchmarking participants
MassachusettsMassachusetts(United States) 567 Increase11 points
MinnesotaMinnesota(United States) 553 Increase14 points
AlbertaAlberta(Canada) 546 N/A
ColoradoColorado(United States) 542 N/A
IndianaIndiana(United States) 533 N/A
ConnecticutConnecticut(United States) 532 N/A
North CarolinaNorth Carolina(United States) 532 N/A
FloridaFlorida(United States) 530 N/A
OntarioOntario(Canada) 521 Decrease5 points
QuebecQuebec(Canada) 520 Decrease6 points
CaliforniaCalifornia(United States) 499 N/A
AlabamaAlabama(United States) 485 N/A
Emirate of DubaiDubai(United Arab Emirates) 485 Decrease4 points
Emirate of Abu DhabiAbu Dhabi(United Arab Emirates) 461 N/A
  1. ^abcdefNinth grade students

Fourth grade

[edit]
Mathematics[27]
Rank Country Average
scale score
Change
over 4 years
1 Singapore 606 Increase7 points
2 South Korea 605 N/A
3 Hong Kong 602 Decrease5 points
4 Chinese Taipei 591 Increase15 points
5 Japan 585 Increase17 points
6 Northern Ireland 562 N/A
7 Belgium(Flemish) 549 N/A
8 Finland 545 N/A
9 England 542 Increase1 point
9 Russia 542 Decrease2 points
11 United States 541 Increase12 points
12 Netherlands 540 Increase5 points
13 Denmark 537 Increase14 points
14 Lithuania 534 Increase4 points
15 Portugal 532 N/A
16 Germany 528 Increase3 points
17 Ireland 527 N/A
18 Serbia 516 N/A
18 Australia 516 Steady
20 Hungary 515 Increase5 points
21 Slovenia 513 Increase11 points
22 Czech Republic 511 Increase25 points
23 Austria 508 Increase3 points
23 Italy 508 Increase1 point
25 Slovakia 507 Increase11 points
26 Sweden 504 Increase1 point
27 Kazakhstan 501 Decrease48 points
International average 500 Steady
28 Malta 496 N/A
29 Norway 495 Increase22 points
30 Croatia 490 N/A
31 New Zealand 486 Decrease6 points
32 Spain 482 N/A
32 Romania 482 N/A
34 Poland 481 N/A
35 Turkey 469 N/A
36 Azerbaijan 463 N/A
37 Chile 462 N/A
38 Thailand 458 N/A
39 Armenia 452 Decrease48 points
40 Georgia 450 Increase12 points
41 Bahrain 436 N/A
42 United Arab Emirates 434 N/A
43 Iran 431 Increase29 points
44 Qatar 413 Increase117 points
45 Saudi Arabia 410 N/A
46 Oman 385 N/A
47 Tunisia 359 Increase32 points
48 Kuwait 342 Increase26 points
49 Morocco 335 Decrease6 points
50 Yemen 248 Increase24 points
Sixth grade participants
Botswana[a] 419 N/A
Honduras[a] 396 N/A
Yemen[a] 348 N/A
Benchmarking participants
North CarolinaNorth Carolina(United States) 554 N/A
FloridaFlorida(United States) 545 N/A
QuebecQuebec(Canada) 533 Increase14 points
OntarioOntario(Canada) 518 Increase6 points
AlbertaAlberta(Canada) 507 Increase2 points
Emirate of DubaiDubai(United Arab Emirates) 468 Increase24 points
Emirate of Abu DhabiAbu Dhabi(United Arab Emirates) 417 N/A
Science[28]
Rank Country Average
scale score
Change
over 4 years
1 South Korea 587 N/A
2 Singapore 583 Decrease4 points
3 Finland 570 N/A
4 Japan 559 Increase11 points
5 Russia 552 Increase6 points
5 Chinese Taipei 552 Decrease5 points
7 United States 544 Increase5 points
8 Czech Republic 536 Increase21 points
9 Hong Kong 535 Decrease19 points
10 Hungary 534 Decrease2 points
11 Sweden 533 Increase8 points
12 Slovakia 532 Increase6 points
12 Austria 532 Increase6 points
14 Netherlands 531 Increase8 points
15 England 529 Decrease13 points
16 Denmark 528 Increase11 points
16 Germany 528 Steady
18 Italy 524 Decrease11 points
19 Portugal 522 N/A
20 Slovenia 520 Increase2 points
21 Northern Ireland 517 N/A
22 Ireland 516 N/A
22 Croatia 516 N/A
22 Australia 516 Decrease11 points
22 Serbia 516 N/A
26 Lithuania 515 Increase1 point
27 Belgium(Flemish) 509 N/A
28 Romania 505 N/A
28 Spain 505 N/A
28 Poland 505 N/A
International average 500 Steady
31 New Zealand 497 Decrease7 points
32 Kazakhstan 495 Decrease38 points
33 Norway 494 Increase17 points
34 Chile 480 N/A
35 Thailand 472 N/A
36 Turkey 463 N/A
37 Georgia 455 Increase37 points
38 Iran 453 Increase17 points
39 Bahrain 449 N/A
40 Malta 446 N/A
41 Azerbaijan 438 N/A
42 Saudi Arabia 429 N/A
43 United Arab Emirates 428 N/A
44 Armenia 416 Decrease68 points
45 Qatar 394 Increase100 points
46 Oman 377 N/A
47 Kuwait 347 Decrease1 point
48 Tunisia 346 Increase28 points
49 Morocco 264 Decrease33 points
50 Yemen 209 Increase12 points
Sixth grade participants
Honduras[a] 432 N/A
Botswana[a] 367 N/A
Yemen[a] 345 N/A
Benchmarking participants
FloridaFlorida(United States) 545 N/A
AlbertaAlberta(Canada) 541 Decrease2 points
North CarolinaNorth Carolina(United States) 538 N/A
OntarioOntario(Canada) 528 Decrease8 points
QuebecQuebec(Canada) 516 Decrease1 point
Emirate of DubaiDubai(United Arab Emirates) 461 Increase1 point
Emirate of Abu DhabiAbu Dhabi(United Arab Emirates) 411 N/A
  1. ^abcdefSixth grade students

TIMSS 2007

[edit]

In TIMSS 2007,[29]43 educational systems participated in the fourth grade and 56 educational systems in the eighth grade.

Eighth grade

[edit]
Mathematics[30]
Rank Country Average
scale score
Change
over 4 years
1 Chinese Taipei 598 Increase13 points
2 South Korea 597 Increase8 points
3 Singapore 593 Increase12 points
4 Hong Kong 572 Decrease14 points
5 Japan 570 Steady
6 Hungary 517 Decrease12 points
7 England 513 N/A
8 Russia 512 Increase4 points
9 United States 508 Increase4 points
10 Lithuania 506 Increase4 points
11 Czech Republic 504 N/A
12 Slovenia 501 Increase8 points
International average 500 Increase33 points
13 Armenia 499 Increase21 points
14 Australia 496 Decrease9 points
15 Sweden 491 Decrease8 points
16 Malta 488 N/A
17 Scotland 487 Decrease11 points
18 Serbia 486 Increase9 points
19 Italy 480 Decrease4 points
20 Malaysia 474 Decrease34 points
21 Norway 469 Increase8 points
22 Cyprus 465 Increase6 points
23 Bulgaria 464 Decrease12 points
24 Israel 463 Decrease33 points
25 Ukraine 462 N/A
26 Romania 461 Decrease14 points
27 Bosnia and Herzegovina 456 N/A
28 Lebanon 449 Increase16 points
29 Thailand 441 N/A
30 Turkey 432 N/A
31 Jordan 427 Increase3 points
32 Tunisia 420 Increase10 points
33 Georgia 410 N/A
34 Iran 403 Decrease8 points
35 Bahrain 398 Decrease3 points
36 Indonesia 397 Decrease14 points
37 Syria 395 N/A
38 Egypt 391 N/A
39 Algeria 387 N/A
40 Morocco 381 Decrease6 points
41 Colombia 380 N/A
42 Oman 372 N/A
43 Palestine 367 Decrease23 points
44 Botswana 364 Decrease2 points
45 Kuwait 354 N/A
46 El Salvador 340 N/A
47 Saudi Arabia 329 Decrease3 points
48 Ghana 309 Increase33 points
49 Qatar 307 N/A
Benchmarking participants
MassachusettsMassachusetts(United States) 547 N/A
MinnesotaMinnesota(United States) 532 N/A
QuebecQuebec(Canada) 528 Decrease15 points
OntarioOntario(Canada) 517 Decrease4 points
British ColumbiaBritish Columbia(Canada) 509 N/A
Basque Country (autonomous community)Basque Country(Spain) 499 Increase12 points
Emirate of DubaiDubai(United Arab Emirates) 461 N/A
Science[31]
Rank Country Average
scale score
Change
over 4 years
1 Singapore 567 Decrease11 points
2 Chinese Taipei 561 Decrease10 points
3 Japan 554 Increase2 points
4 South Korea 553 Decrease5 points
5 England 542 N/A
6 Hungary 539 Decrease4 points
6 Czech Republic 539 N/A
8 Slovenia 538 Increase18 points
9 Hong Kong 530 Decrease26 points
9 Russia 530 Increase16 points
11 United States 520 Decrease7 points
12 Lithuania 519 Steady
13 Australia 515 Decrease12 points
14 Sweden 511 Decrease13 points
International average 500 Increase26 points
15 Scotland 496 Decrease16 points
16 Italy 495 Increase4 points
17 Armenia 488 Increase27 points
18 Norway 487 Decrease7 points
19 Ukraine 485 N/A
20 Jordan 482 Increase7 points
21 Malaysia 471 Decrease39 points
21 Thailand 471 N/A
23 Serbia 470 Increase2 points
23 Bulgaria 470 Decrease9 points
25 Israel 468 Decrease20 points
26 Bahrain 467 Increase29 points
27 Bosnia and Herzegovina 466 N/A
28 Romania 462 Decrease8 points
29 Iran 459 Increase6 points
30 Malta 457 N/A
31 Turkey 454 N/A
32 Syria 452 N/A
32 Cyprus 452 Increase11 points
34 Tunisia 445 Increase41 points
35 Indonesia 427 Increase7 points
36 Oman 423 N/A
37 Georgia 421 N/A
38 Kuwait 418 N/A
39 Colombia 417 N/A
40 Lebanon 414 Increase21 points
41 Egypt 408 N/A
41 Algeria 408 N/A
43 Palestine 404 Decrease31 points
44 Saudi Arabia 403 Increase5 points
45 Morocco 402 Increase6 points
46 El Salvador 387 N/A
47 Botswana 355 Decrease10 points
48 Qatar 319 N/A
49 Ghana 303 Increase48 points
Benchmarking participants
MassachusettsMassachusetts(United States) 556 N/A
MinnesotaMinnesota(United States) 539 N/A
QuebecQuebec(Canada) 526 Decrease5 points
OntarioOntario(Canada) 526 Decrease7 points
British ColumbiaBritish Columbia(Canada) 507 N/A
Basque Country (autonomous community)Basque Country(Spain) 498 Increase9 points
Emirate of DubaiDubai(United Arab Emirates) 489 N/A

Fourth grade

[edit]
Mathematics[30]
Rank Country Average
scale score
Change
over 4 years
1 Hong Kong 607 Increase32 points
2 Singapore 599 Increase5 points
3 Chinese Taipei 576 Increase12 points
4 Japan 568 Increase3 points
5 Kazakhstan 549 N/A
6 Russia 544 Increase12 points
7 England 541 Increase10 points
8 Latvia 537 Increase1 point
9 Netherlands 535 Decrease5 points
10 Lithuania 530 Decrease4 points
11 United States 529 Increase11 points
12 Germany 525 N/A
13 Denmark 523 N/A
14 Australia 516 Increase17 points
15 Hungary 510 Decrease19 points
16 Italy 507 Increase4 points
17 Austria 505 N/A
18 Sweden 503 N/A
19 Slovenia 502 Increase23 points
International average 500 Increase5 points
20 Armenia 500 Decrease44 points
21 Slovakia 496 N/A
22 Scotland 494 Increase4 points
23 New Zealand 492 Decrease1 point
24 Czech Republic 486 N/A
25 Norway 473 Increase22 points
26 Ukraine 469 N/A
27 Georgia 438 N/A
28 Iran 402 Increase13 points
29 Algeria 378 N/A
30 Colombia 355 N/A
31 Morocco 341 Decrease6 points
32 El Salvador 330 N/A
33 Tunisia 327 Decrease12 points
34 Kuwait 316 N/A
35 Qatar 296 N/A
36 Yemen 224 N/A
Benchmarking participants
MassachusettsMassachusetts(United States) 572 N/A
MinnesotaMinnesota(United States) 554 N/A
QuebecQuebec(Canada) 519 Increase13 points
OntarioOntario(Canada) 512 Increase1 point
AlbertaAlberta(Canada) 505 N/A
British ColumbiaBritish Columbia(Canada) 505 N/A
Emirate of DubaiDubai(United Arab Emirates) 444 N/A
Science[31]
Rank Country Average
scale score
Change
over 4 years
1 Singapore 587 Increase22 points
2 Chinese Taipei 557 Increase6 points
3 Hong Kong 554 Increase12 points
4 Japan 548 Increase5 points
5 Russia 546 Increase20 points
6 Latvia 542 Increase10 points
6 England 542 Increase2 points
8 United States 539 Increase3 points
9 Hungary 536 Increase6 points
10 Italy 535 Increase19 points
11 Kazakhstan 533 N/A
12 Germany 528 N/A
13 Australia 527 Increase6 points
14 Slovakia 526 N/A
14 Austria 526 N/A
16 Sweden 525 N/A
17 Netherlands 523 Decrease2 points
18 Slovenia 518 Increase28 points
19 Denmark 517 N/A
20 Czech Republic 515 N/A
21 Lithuania 514 Increase2 points
22 New Zealand 504 Decrease16 points
23 Scotland 500 Decrease2 points
International average 500 Increase11 points
24 Armenia 484 Increase47 points
25 Norway 477 Increase11 points
26 Ukraine 474 N/A
27 Iran 436 Increase22 points
28 Georgia 418 N/A
29 Colombia 400 N/A
30 El Salvador 390 N/A
31 Algeria 354 N/A
32 Kuwait 348 N/A
33 Tunisia 318 Increase4 points
34 Morocco 297 Increase7 points
35 Qatar 294 N/A
36 Yemen 197 N/A
Benchmarking participants
MassachusettsMassachusetts(United States) 571 N/A
MinnesotaMinnesota(United States) 551 N/A
AlbertaAlberta(Canada) 543 N/A
British ColumbiaBritish Columbia(Canada) 537 N/A
OntarioOntario(Canada) 536 Decrease4 points
QuebecQuebec(Canada) 517 Increase17 points
Emirate of DubaiDubai(United Arab Emirates) 460 N/A

TIMSS 2003

[edit]

In TIMSS 2003,[32]there were 26 educational systems for the fourth grade and 48 for the eighth grade.[33]

Eighth grade

[edit]
Mathematics[34]
Rank Country Average
scale score
Change
over 4 years
1 Singapore 605 Increase1 point
2 South Korea 589 Increase2 points
3 Hong Kong 586 Increase4 points
4 Chinese Taipei 585 Steady
5 Japan 570 Decrease9 points
6 Belgium(Flemish) 537 Decrease21 points
7 Netherlands 536 Decrease4 points
8 Estonia 531 N/A
9 Hungary 529 Decrease3 points
10 Malaysia 508 Decrease11 points
10 Latvia 508 N/A
10 Russia 508 Decrease18 points
10 Slovakia 508 Decrease26 points
14 Australia 505 Decrease20 points
15 United States 504 Increase2 points
16 Lithuania 502 Increase20 points
17 Sweden 499 N/A
18 Scotland 498 N/A
19 Israel 496 Increase30 points
20 New Zealand 494 Increase3 points
21 Slovenia 493 Decrease37 points
22 Italy 484 Increase5 points
23 Armenia 478 N/A
24 Serbia 477 N/A
25 Bulgaria 476 Decrease35 points
26 Romania 475 Increase3 points
International average 467 Decrease20 points
27 Norway 461 N/A
28 Moldova 460 Increase9 points
29 Cyprus 459 Decrease17 points
30 Republic of Macedonia 435 Decrease12 points
31 Lebanon 433 N/A
32 Jordan 424 Decrease4 points
33 Iran 411 Decrease11 points
33 Indonesia 411 Increase8 points
35 Tunisia 410 Decrease38 points
36 Egypt 406 N/A
37 Bahrain 401 N/A
38 Palestine 390 N/A
39 Chile 387 Decrease5 points
39 Morocco 387 Increase50 points
41 Philippines 376 Increase31 points
42 Botswana 366 N/A
43 Saudi Arabia 332 N/A
44 Ghana 276 N/A
45 South Africa 264 Decrease11 points
Ninth grade participants
England[a] 498 N/A
Benchmarking participants
QuebecQuebec(Canada) 543 N/A
OntarioOntario(Canada) 521 N/A
IndianaIndiana(United States) 508 N/A
Basque Country (autonomous community)Basque Country(Spain) 487 N/A
Science[35]
Rank Country Average
scale score
Change
over 4 years
1 Singapore 578 Increase10 points
2 Chinese Taipei 571 Increase2 points
3 South Korea 558 Increase9 points
4 Hong Kong 556 Increase26 points
5 Estonia 552 N/A
5 Japan 552 Increase2 points
7 Hungary 543 Decrease9 points
8 Netherlands 536 Decrease9 points
9 United States 527 Increase12 points
9 Australia 527 Decrease13 points
11 Sweden 524 N/A
12 Slovenia 520 Decrease13 points
12 New Zealand 520 Increase10 points
14 Lithuania 519 Increase31 points
15 Slovakia 517 Decrease18 points
16 Belgium(Flemish) 516 Decrease19 points
17 Russia 514 Decrease15 points
18 Latvia 512 N/A
18 Scotland 512 N/A
20 Malaysia 510 Increase18 points
21 Norway 494 N/A
22 Italy 491 Decrease2 points
23 Israel 488 Increase20 points
24 Bulgaria 479 Decrease39 points
25 Jordan 475 Increase25 points
International average 474 Decrease14 points
26 Moldova 472 Increase13 points
27 Romania 470 Decrease2 points
28 Serbia 468 N/A
29 Armenia 461 N/A
30 Iran 453 Increase5 points
31 Republic of Macedonia 449 Decrease9 points
32 Cyprus 441 Decrease19 points
33 Bahrain 438 N/A
34 Palestine 435 N/A
35 Egypt 421 N/A
36 Indonesia 420 Decrease15 points
37 Chile 413 Decrease7 points
38 Tunisia 404 Decrease26 points
39 Saudi Arabia 398 N/A
40 Morocco 396 Increase73 points
41 Lebanon 393 N/A
42 Philippines 377 Increase32 points
43 Botswana 365 N/A
44 Ghana 255 N/A
45 South Africa 244 Increase1 point
Ninth grade participants
England[a] 544 N/A
Benchmarking participants
OntarioOntario(Canada) 533 N/A
IndianaIndiana(United States) 531 N/A
QuebecQuebec(Canada) 531 N/A
Basque Country (autonomous community)Basque Country(Spain) 489 N/A
  1. ^abNinth grade students

Fourth grade

[edit]
Mathematics[34]
Rank Country Average
scale score
Change
over 8 years
1 Singapore 594 Decrease31 points
2 Hong Kong 575 Decrease12 points
3 Japan 565 Decrease32 points
4 Chinese Taipei 564 N/A
5 Belgium(Flemish) 551 N/A
6 Netherlands 540 Decrease37 points
7 Latvia 536 N/A
8 Lithuania 534 N/A
9 Russia 532 N/A
10 England 531 Increase18 points
11 Hungary 529 Decrease19 points
12 United States 518 Decrease27 points
13 Cyprus 510 Increase8 points
14 Moldova 504 N/A
15 Italy 503 N/A
16 Australia 499 Decrease47 points
International average 495 Decrease34 points
17 New Zealand 493 Decrease6 points
18 Scotland 490 Decrease30 points
19 Slovenia 479 Decrease73 points
20 Armenia 456 N/A
21 Norway 451 Decrease51 points
22 Iran 389 Decrease40 points
23 Philippines 358 N/A
24 Morocco 347 N/A
25 Tunisia 339 N/A
Benchmarking participants
IndianaIndiana(United States) 533 N/A
OntarioOntario(Canada) 511 N/A
QuebecQuebec(Canada) 506 N/A
Science[35]
Rank Country Average
scale score
Change
over 8 years
1 Singapore 565 Increase18 points
2 Chinese Taipei 551 N/A
3 Japan 543 Decrease31 points
4 Hong Kong 542 Increase9 points
5 England 540 Decrease11 points
6 United States 536 Decrease29 points
7 Latvia 532 N/A
8 Hungary 530 Decrease2 points
9 Russia 526 N/A
10 Netherlands 525 Decrease28 points
11 Australia 521 Decrease41 points
12 New Zealand 520 Decrease11 points
13 Belgium(Flemish) 518 N/A
14 Italy 516 N/A
15 Lithuania 512 N/A
16 Scotland 502 Decrease34 points
17 Moldova 496 N/A
18 Slovenia 490 Decrease56 points
International average 489 Decrease35 points
19 Cyprus 480 Increase5 points
20 Norway 466 Decrease64 points
21 Armenia 437 N/A
22 Iran 414 Decrease2 points
23 Philippines 332 N/A
24 Tunisia 314 N/A
25 Morocco 304 N/A
Benchmarking participants
IndianaIndiana(United States) 553 N/A
OntarioOntario(Canada) 540 N/A
QuebecQuebec(Canada) 500 N/A

TIMSS 1999

[edit]

In 1999,[36]TIMSS only focused on the eighth grade in 38 educational systems; there was no study done for the fourth grade in that year.[37]

Eighth grade

[edit]
Mathematics[38]
Rank Country Average
scale score
Change
over 4 years
1 Singapore 604 Decrease39 points
2 South Korea 587 Decrease20 points
3 Chinese Taipei 585 N/A
4 Hong Kong 582 Decrease6 points
5 Japan 579 Decrease26 points
6 Belgium(Flemish) 558 Decrease7 points
7 Netherlands 540 Decrease1 point
8 Slovakia 534 Decrease13 points
9 Hungary 532 Decrease5 points
10 Canada 531 Increase4 points
11 Slovenia 530 Decrease11 points
12 Russia 526 Decrease9 points
13 Australia 525 Decrease5 points
14 Finland 520 N/A
14 Czech Republic 520 Decrease44 points
16 Malaysia 519 N/A
17 Bulgaria 511 Decrease29 points
18 Latvia(Latvian) 505 Increase12 points
19 United States 502 Increase2 points
20 England 496 Decrease10 points
21 New Zealand 491 Decrease17 points
International average 487 Decrease26 points
22 Lithuania 482 Increase5 points
23 Italy 479 N/A
24 Cyprus 476 Increase2 points
25 Romania 472 Decrease10 points
26 Moldova 469 N/A
27 Thailand 467 Decrease55 points
28 Israel 466 Decrease56 points
29 Tunisia 448 N/A
30 Republic of Macedonia 447 N/A
31 Turkey 429 N/A
32 Jordan 428 N/A
33 Iran 422 Decrease6 points
34 Indonesia 403 N/A
35 Chile 392 N/A
36 Philippines 345 N/A
37 Morocco 337 N/A
38 South Africa 275 Decrease79 points
Science[39]
Rank Country Average
scale score
Change
over 4 years
1 Chinese Taipei 569 N/A
2 Singapore 568 Decrease39 points
3 Hungary 552 Decrease2 points
4 Japan 550 Decrease21 points
5 South Korea 549 Decrease16 points
6 Netherlands 545 Decrease15 points
7 Australia 540 Decrease5 points
8 Czech Republic 539 Decrease35 points
9 England 538 Decrease14 points
10 Finland 535 N/A
10 Slovakia 535 Decrease9 points
10 Belgium(Flemish) 535 Decrease15 points
13 Slovenia 533 Decrease27 points
13 Canada 533 Increase2 points
15 Hong Kong 530 Increase8 points
16 Russia 529 Decrease9 points
17 Bulgaria 518 Decrease47 points
18 United States 515 Decrease19 points
19 New Zealand 510 Decrease15 points
20 Latvia(Latvian) 503 Increase18 points
21 Italy 493 N/A
22 Malaysia 492 N/A
23 Lithuania 488 Increase12 points
International average 488 Decrease28 points
24 Thailand 482 Decrease43 points
25 Romania 472 Decrease14 points
26 Israel 468 Decrease56 points
27 Cyprus 460 Decrease3 points
28 Moldova 459 N/A
29 Republic of Macedonia 458 N/A
30 Jordan 450 N/A
31 Iran 448 Decrease22 points
32 Indonesia 435 N/A
33 Turkey 433 N/A
34 Tunisia 430 N/A
35 Chile 420 N/A
36 Philippines 345 N/A
37 Morocco 323 N/A
38 South Africa 243 Decrease83 points

TIMSS 1995

[edit]

In TIMSS 1995,[40]there were 41 educational systems in five grades (third, fourth, seventh, eighth, and the final year of secondary school).[6]

Eighth grade

[edit]
Mathematics[41]
Rank Country Average
scale score
1 Singapore 643
2 South Korea 607
3 Japan 605
4 Hong Kong 588
5 Belgium(Flemish) 565
6 Czech Republic 564
7 Slovakia 547
8 Switzerland 545
9 Netherlands 541
9 Slovenia 541
11 Bulgaria 540
12 Austria 539
13 France 538
14 Hungary 537
15 Russia 535
16 Australia 530
17 Ireland 527
17 Canada 527
19 Belgium(French) 526
20 Thailand 522
20 Israel 522
22 Sweden 519
International average 513
23 Germany 509
24 New Zealand 508
25 England 506
26 Norway 503
27 Denmark 502
28 United States 500
29 Scotland 498
30 Latvia(Latvian) 493
31 Spain 487
31 Iceland 487
33 Greece 484
34 Romania 482
35 Lithuania 477
36 Cyprus 474
37 Portugal 454
38 Iran 428
39 Kuwait 392
40 Colombia 385
41 South Africa 354
Science[42]
Rank Country Average
scale score
1 Singapore 607
2 Czech Republic 574
3 Japan 571
4 South Korea 565
4 Bulgaria 565
6 Netherlands 560
6 Slovenia 560
8 Austria 558
9 Hungary 554
10 England 552
11 Belgium(Flemish) 550
12 Australia 545
13 Slovakia 544
14 Russia 538
14 Ireland 538
16 Sweden 535
17 United States 534
18 Germany 531
18 Canada 531
20 Norway 527
21 New Zealand 525
21 Thailand 525
23 Israel 524
24 Hong Kong 522
24 Switzerland 522
26 Scotland 517
26 Spain 517
International average 516
28 France 498
29 Greece 497
30 Iceland 494
31 Romania 486
32 Latvia(Latvian) 485
33 Portugal 480
34 Denmark 478
35 Lithuania 476
36 Belgium(French) 471
37 Iran 470
38 Cyprus 463
39 Kuwait 430
40 Colombia 411
41 South Africa 326

Fourth grade

[edit]
Mathematics[43]
Rank Country Average
scale score
1 Singapore 625
2 South Korea 611
3 Japan 597
4 Hong Kong 587
5 Netherlands 577
6 Czech Republic 567
7 Austria 559
8 Slovenia 552
9 Ireland 550
10 Hungary 548
11 Australia 546
12 United States 545
13 Canada 532
14 Israel 531
International average 529
15 Latvia(Latvian) 525
16 Scotland 520
17 England 513
18 Cyprus 502
18 Norway 502
20 New Zealand 499
21 Greece 492
22 Thailand 490
23 Portugal 475
24 Iceland 474
25 Iran 429
26 Kuwait 400
Science[44]
Rank Country Average
scale score
1 South Korea 597
2 Japan 574
3 United States 565
3 Austria 565
5 Australia 562
6 Netherlands 557
6 Czech Republic 557
8 England 551
9 Canada 549
10 Singapore 547
11 Slovenia 546
12 Ireland 539
13 Scotland 536
14 Hong Kong 533
15 Hungary 532
16 New Zealand 531
International average 524
17 Norway 530
18 Latvia(Latvian) 512
19 Israel 505
19 Iceland 505
21 Greece 497
22 Portugal 480
23 Cyprus 475
24 Thailand 473
25 Iran 416
26 Kuwait 401

Additional initiatives

[edit]

The TIMSS 1999 Video Study[45]was a study of eighth-grade mathematics and science teaching in seven countries. The study involved videotaping and analyzing teaching practices in more than one thousand classrooms. In conjunction with the IEA, the study was conducted by the US National Center for Education Statistics, and the US Department of Education under a contract with LessonLab, Inc. of Los Angeles, California.

Cooperative partners

[edit]

TIMSS depends on the collaboration of a large number of individuals and organizations around the world including theTIMSS & PIRLS International Study Center at Boston College,IEA's offices in Amsterdam and Hamburg,Statistics Canada,andEducational Testing Service(ETS). In the United States, TIMSS is conducted by theNational Center for Education Statisticsof the US Department of Education. Data for US students is further tracked for ethnic and racial groups. TIMSS is mainly funded by the participating countries. Also, the US National Center for Education Statistics of the US Department of Education and the World Bank provide major support funding for the assessments.[6]

United States results by race and ethnicity

[edit]

Eighth grade

[edit]
Mathematics
Race 2019[46] 2015[47] 2011[48] 2007[49] 2003[50] 1999[50] 1995[50]
Score Score Score Score Score Score Score
Asian 591 585 568 549
White 548 541 530 533 525 525 516
Multiracial 540 521 513 506
US Average 515 518 509 508 504 502 500
Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander 495
Hispanic 486 492 485 475 465 457 443
American Indian/Alaska Native 483 477
Black 445 462 465 457 448 444 419
Science
Race 2019[46] 2015[51] 2011[48] 2007[49] 2003[50] 1999[50] 1995[50]
Score Score Score Score Score Score Score
Asian 577 573 556 543
White 559 557 553 551 552 547 544
Multiracial 547 536 534 522
US Average 522 530 525 520 527 515 534
Hispanic 493 502 493 480 482 462 446
Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander 498
American Indian/Alaska Native 481 497
Black 445 469 470 455 463 438 422

Fourth grade

[edit]
Mathematics
Race 2019[46] 2015[52] 2011[48] 2007[49] 2003[50] 1995[50]
Score Score Score Score Score Score
Asian 586 605 583 582
White 559 559 559 550 542 541
Multiracial 554 565 554 534
US Average 535 539 541 529 518 545
American Indian/Alaska Native 515 527
Hispanic 508 515 520 504 492 493
Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander 500 502
Black 494 495 489 482 472 457
Science
Race 2019[46] 2015[53] 2011[48] 2007[49] 2003[50] 1995[50]
Score Score Score Score Score Score
Asian 581 598 570 573
White 565 570 568 567 565 572
Multiracial 561 571 559 550
US Average 539 546 544 539 536 565
American Indian/Alaska Native 519 530
Hispanic 508 518 517 502 498 503
Black 497 501 490 488 487 462
Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander 495 503

All average country scores

[edit]

TIMSS and other international math and science studies

[edit]

Hanushek andWoessmann[54]developed a methodology to rescale 14 different international comparisons of math and/or science achievement to make them comparable. This includes the FIMS, FISS, and PISA, mentioned above, with TIMSS.

This methodology is disputed amongst experts. Quantitative methods used in educational and psychological measurement disagree with the approach as it is basically only a linear scale transformation that cannot ensure or examine whether PISA and TIMSS scores are based on the same or at least comparable measurement constructs: The numerical values used to measure shoe size and intelligence can be transformed so that both have the same arithmetic mean and standard deviation, but they still represent two very different characteristics. The equivalency of what is being measured needs to be established in linking studies that utilize well-designed joint data collections such as the TIMSS NAEP link,[55]or IEA's Rosetta Stone.[56]

Wu (2003, 2010)[57]has shown that TIMSS and PISA do not produce exchangeable scores. One reason may be reading load even for mathematics and science items. TIMSS questions focus on the mathematics curricula taught around the world as seen in TIMSS example items,[58]while PISA attempts to assess mathematics embedded in descriptions of situations encountered outside of the classroom, see PISA examples.[59]

Participating countries

[edit]
Country Years
Albania 2019,2023
Algeria 2007
Argentina 2015[a]
Armenia 2003, 2007, 2011, 2019,2023
Australia 1995, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019,2023
Austria 1995, 2007, 2011, 2019,2023
Azerbaijan 2011, 2019,2023
Bahrain 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019,2023
Belgium 1995,[b]1999,[c]2003,[c]2011,[c]2015,[c]2019,[c]2023[b]
Bosnia and Herzegovina 2007, 2019, 2023
Botswana 2003, 2007, 2011,[d]2015[e]
Brazil 2023
Bulgaria 1995, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2015, 2019,2023
Canada 1995, 1999, 2003,[f]2007,[g]2011,[h]2015, 2019,2023
Chile 1999, 2003, 2011, 2015, 2019,2023
Chinese Taipei 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019,2023
Colombia 1995, 2007
Croatia 2011, 2015, 2019
Cyprus 1995, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2015, 2019,2023
Czech Republic 1995, 1999, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019,2023
Denmark 1995, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019,2023
Egypt 2003, 2007, 2015
El Salvador 2007
England 1995, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019,2023
Estonia 2003
Finland 1999, 2011, 2015, 2019,2023
France 1995, 2015, 2019,2023
Georgia 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019,2023
Germany 1995, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019,2023
Ghana 2003, 2007, 2011
Greece 1995
Honduras 2011[d]
Hong Kong 1995, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019,2023
Hungary 1995, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019,2023
Iceland 1995
Indonesia 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015
Iran 1995, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019,2023
Iraq 2023[i]
Ireland 1995, 2011, 2015, 2019,2023
Israel 1995, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015,2023
Italy 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019,2023
Ivory Coast 2023
Japan 1995, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019,2023
Jordan 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015,2023
Kazakhstan 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019,2023
Kosovo 2019,2023
Kuwait 1995, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019,2023
Latvia 1995,[j]1999,[j]2003, 2007, 2019,2023
Lebanon 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015
Lithuania 1995, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019,2023
Macau 2023
Malaysia 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015,2023
Malta 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019,2023
Moldova 1999, 2003
Montenegro 2019,2023
Morocco 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019,2023
Netherlands 1995, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019,2023
New Zealand 1995, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019,2023
North Macedonia 1999, 2003, 2011, 2019,2023
Northern Ireland 2011, 2015, 2019,2023
Norway 1995, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019,[k]2023
Oman 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019,2023
Pakistan 2019
Palestine 2003, 2007, 2011,2023
Philippines 1999, 2003, 2019
Poland 2011, 2015, 2019,2023
Portugal 1995, 2011, 2015, 2019,2023
Qatar 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019,2023
Romania 1995, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011,2023
Russia 1995, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019
Saudi Arabia 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019,2023
Scotland 1995, 2003, 2007
Serbia 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019,2023
Singapore 1995, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019,2023
Slovakia 1995, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019,2023
Slovenia 1995, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015,2023
South Africa 1995, 1999, 2003, 2011,[e]2015,[k]2019,[k]2023
South Korea 1995, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019,2023
Spain 1995, 2003,[l]2007,[l]2011, 2015, 2019,2023
Sweden 1995, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015,2023
Switzerland 1995
Syria 2007, 2011
Thailand 1995, 1999, 2007, 2011, 2015
Tunisia 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011
Turkey 1999, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019,2023
Ukraine 2007, 2011
United Arab Emirates 2007,[m]2011, 2015, 2019,2023
United States 1995, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019,2023
Uzbekistan 2023
Yemen 2007, 2011
  1. ^as Buenos Aires (benchmarking only)
  2. ^abFrench and Flemish separated
  3. ^abcdeFlemish only
  4. ^ab6th and 9th grade only
  5. ^ab9th grade only
  6. ^as Ontario and Quebec (benchmarking only)
  7. ^as Alberta, British Columbia, Ontario and Quebec (benchmarking only)
  8. ^as Alberta, Ontario and Quebec (benchmarking only)
  9. ^represented by Kurdistan Region
  10. ^abin Latvian
  11. ^abc5th and 9th grade only
  12. ^abas Basque Country (benchmarking only)
  13. ^as Dubai (benchmarking only)

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^"TIMSS and PIRLS Home".timssandpirls.bc.edu.Archivedfrom the original on Feb 6, 2024.
  2. ^"About TIMSS 2019".TIMSS International Study Center.Retrieved15 December2016.
  3. ^"TIMSS & PIRLS International Study Center".Retrieved15 December2016.
  4. ^Hanushek and Woessmann (2015, Table 2.1, p. 18).
  5. ^"TIMSS 2015 and TIMSS Advanced 2015 International Results".TIMSS International Study Center.Retrieved15 December2016.
  6. ^abcd"TIMSS 2011 Participating Countries".Retrieved21 Nov2016.
  7. ^ab"TIMSS 2019 International Results in Mathematics and Science".Retrieved3 May2021.
  8. ^"TIMSS 2019 Assessment Frameworks".TIMSS & PIRLS International Study Center.Retrieved3 May2021.
  9. ^"Pursuing Excellence: Comparisons of International Eighth-Grade Mathematics and Science Achievement from a U.S. Perspective, 1995 and 1999"(PDF).U.S. Department of Education. December 2000. p. 2.Retrieved4 May2013.
  10. ^"TIMSS 2019 International Reports – TIMSS & PIRLS International Study Center at Boston College".
  11. ^"TIMSS 2019 Encyclopedia".
  12. ^"Methods and Procedures in TIMSS 2019".
  13. ^"TIMSS 2019 International Database".
  14. ^"Tools | IEA.nl".iea.nl.
  15. ^"Data Visualizer".
  16. ^"TIMSS 2019 Assessment Frameworks".timssandpirls.bc.edu.Retrieved3 May2021.
  17. ^ab"TIMSS 2019 Encyclopedia: Education Policy and Curriculum in Mathematics and Science".timssandpirls.bc.edu.Retrieved3 May2021.
  18. ^"TIMSS 2019 Mathematics Grade 8".timss2019.org.Retrieved20 December2021.
  19. ^"TIMSS 2019 Science Grade 8".timss2019.org.Retrieved20 December2021.
  20. ^"TIMSS 2019 Mathematics Grade 4".timss2019.org.Retrieved20 December2021.
  21. ^"TIMSS 2019 Science Grade 4".timss2019.org.Retrieved20 December2021.
  22. ^"TIMSS 2015 - IEA".iea.nl.Retrieved18 April2018.
  23. ^"About TIMSS 2015 – TIMSS 2015 and TIMSS Advanced 2015 International Results".timssandpirls.bc.edu.Retrieved2017-03-21.
  24. ^ab"Distribution of Mathematics Achievement – TIMSS 2015 and TIMSS Advanced 2015 International Results".Archivedfrom the original on 21 January 2021.Retrieved19 December2021.
  25. ^ab"Distribution of Science Achievement – TIMSS 2015 and TIMSS Advanced 2015 International Results".Archivedfrom the original on 6 August 2017.Retrieved19 December2021.
  26. ^"TIMSS 2011 - IEA".iea.nl.Retrieved18 April2018.
  27. ^ab"TIMSS 2011 Mathematics"(PDF).
  28. ^ab"TIMSS 2011 Science"(PDF).
  29. ^"TIMSS 2007 - IEA".iea.nl.Retrieved18 April2018.
  30. ^ab"TIMSS 2007 Mathematics"(PDF).
  31. ^ab"TIMSS 2007 Science"(PDF).
  32. ^"TIMSS 2003 - IEA".iea.nl.Retrieved18 April2018.
  33. ^center, international study."TIMSS 2003 Countries Participating".timssandpirls.bc.edu.Retrieved2017-03-21.
  34. ^ab"TIMSS 2003 Mathematics"(PDF).
  35. ^ab"TIMSS 2003 Science"(PDF).
  36. ^"TIMSS 1999 - IEA".iea.nl.Retrieved18 April2018.
  37. ^"TIMSS 1999 Participants".timssandpirls.bc.edu.Retrieved2017-03-21.
  38. ^"TIMSS 1999 Mathematics"(PDF).
  39. ^"TIMSS 1999 Science"(PDF).
  40. ^"TIMSS 1995 - IEA".iea.nl.Retrieved18 April2018.
  41. ^"TIMSS 1995 Mathematics (8th grade)"(PDF).
  42. ^"TIMSS 1995 Science (8th grade)"(PDF).
  43. ^"TIMSS 1995 Mathematics (4th grade)"(PDF).
  44. ^"TIMSS 1995 Science (4th grade)"(PDF).
  45. ^"TIMSSVIDEO".
  46. ^abcd"Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS)".nces.ed.gov.Retrieved2021-12-21.
  47. ^"TIMSS - Mathematics for Grades 4 and 8: Student Race/Ethnicity and School Poverty".nces.ed.gov.Retrieved2021-12-21.
  48. ^abcd"Highlights From TIMSS 2011: Mathematics and Science Achievement of U.S. Fourth- and Eighth-Grade Students in an International Context"(PDF).
  49. ^abcd"Highlights From TIMSS 2007: Mathematics and Science Achievement of U.S. Fourth- and Eighth-Grade Students in an International Context"(PDF).
  50. ^abcdefghij"Highlights From the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study: TIMSS 2003"(PDF).
  51. ^"TIMSS - Science for Grades 4 and 8: Student Race/Ethnicity and School Poverty".nces.ed.gov.Retrieved2021-12-21.
  52. ^"TIMSS - Mathematics for Grades 4 and 8: Student Race/Ethnicity and School Poverty".nces.ed.gov.Retrieved2021-12-21.
  53. ^"TIMSS - Science for Grades 4 and 8: Student Race/Ethnicity and School Poverty".nces.ed.gov.Retrieved2021-12-21.
  54. ^Hanushek and Woessman (2015, esp. Table 2.1 and Appendix 2A, pp. 18, 29-37)
  55. ^"Methodology Studies - Linking NAEP and TIMSS Study | NAEP".
  56. ^"IEA Rosetta Stone project moves ahead | IEA.nl".
  57. ^Wu, M. (2010), "Comparing the Similarities and Differences of PISA 2003 and TIMSS", OECD Education Working Papers, No. 32, OECD Publishing, Paris,https://doi.org/10.1787/5km4psnm13nx-en.
  58. ^"TIMSS USA Grade 8 Released Mathematics Items"(PDF).International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement. 2013.Retrieved2024-06-28.
  59. ^"PISA Released Items – Mathematics"(PDF).OECD. December 2006.Retrieved2024-06-28.

References

[edit]
  • Hanushek, Eric A.; Woessmann, Ludger (2015),The knowledge capital of nations,CESifo,ISBN978-0-262-02917-9.
[edit]