Jump to content

Tagawa Matsu

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Lady Tagawa
Tagawa Matsu and young Ko xing a (Ko xing a Ancestral Shrine,Tainan,Taiwan)
Born(1601-10-03)October 3, 1601
Hirado,[1]Tokugawa shogunate,Japan
DiedJanuary 5, 1647(1647-01-05)(aged 45)
Anping(now called Anhai),Fu gian,Southern Ming dynasty,China
SpouseZheng Zhilong
ChildrenKo xing a,Shichizaemon[2]
Parent(s)Tagawa Shichizaemon(father)[2]
Weng Yihuang (step-father)

Tagawa Matsu( điền xuyên マツ; 1601–1647) orWeng-shi( ông thị ), was the mother ofKo xing a,[3]daughter of Tagawa Shichizaemon (Điền xuyên bảy tả vệ môn), a vassal ofHirado Domain.She was a Japanese who lived most of her life in the coastal town ofHirado,then later migrated toChina.

Giving birth by the stone

[edit]

Tagawa Matsu was a Japanese woman from asamuraifamily in Hirado. Tagawa met and married aHan ChineseHoklonamedZheng ZhilongfromNan'an,Fu gian,Chinawho frequently traded with the Japanese inHirado.They fell in love with each other and married.[4]

Zheng Zhilong was said to be "very good looking" and when he first came to Japan he was 18 years old.[5]

Tagawa was a few years older than Zheng and she was in her early twenties when they met. There are different accounts on how they met. In one of them she, along with other Japanese girls from Samurai families, were waiting on theDaimyō Matsuuraat an evening party when she met Zheng. The meeting may have been deliberately arranged by Matsuura or her parents to help marry her off to a foreigner.[6]In another he met Tagawa while talking to girls along the beach in Hirado.[7]In another, Tagawa, an Ashigaru's daughter, was given to him by the daimyō.[8]

Another one byLiu Xianting[zh]inGuangyang Zaji( quảng dương tạp ký ) said that Tagawa was a widow when she met Zheng. It said that Zheng Zhilong fled to Japan when he was young and worked as a tailor. He lost his life savings of three coppers on a road and was looking for them but couldn't find them. He started crying but a Japanese widow who was standing inside the gate of her house saw him and asked him what was wrong. Zheng Zhilong told her and then she said to him "With your skill, you could easily make 3 million coppers, how could you arrive at this situation over 3 coppers?" She then invited Zheng to spend the night with her and they gave themselves to each other.[9][10]

She gave birth to Ko xing a during a trip with her husband when she was pickingseashellson the Senli Beach, Sennai River Bank ( xuyên nội phổ ngàn dặm tân ),Hirado.She gave him the Japanese name Fukumatsu. Zheng Zhilong gave him the Chinese name Zheng Sen, his name was later changed to Zheng Chenggong and granted the title Ko xing a.

The stone beside which she gave birth still exists today as the Ko xing a Child Birth Stone Tablet ( Trịnh thành công nhi sinh tấm bia đá ), which is 80-cm tall and 3-metre wide, and submerged during hightides.

According to legend there was a whale washing ashore and a storm was he was born.[11][12]

Being in her early twenties, and being older than Zheng Zhilong have raised the possibility Tagawa was a widow before she met Zheng since it was unusual for a woman to not be married by this age. Tagawa was the first woman Zheng fell in love with and they were viewed as having a common-law marriage already. However, the group of traders working with Captain China wanted to arrange for a Chinese woman, Lady Yan to marry Zheng Zhilong.[13]

After the birth of Ko xing a, she was still visited in Japan by Zheng Zhilong sometimes according to sources from their time.[14]

She had another son named Shichizaemon in 1629 and gave him her family's surname, Tagawa. Sources say that Zheng Zhilong was the father and that he visited Hirado to impregnate her with Shichizayemon[15]and that he received the surname Tagawa because he was adopted by Tagawa Matsu's parents but others say Shichizaemon was the product of an unknown Japanese man which is why he was given Tagawa's surname and not Zheng.[16][17]He became an ashigaru samurai.[18]The Taiwan Waiji does not mention Shichizaemon.[19]Louise Lux attributes both sons to Tagawa and Zheng Zhilong and says in 1624 he was 20 years old.[20]"Japan Magazine: A Representative Monthly of Things Japanese, Volume 19" attributes both sons to Tagawa and Zheng Zhilong.[21]

Tagawa Matsu raised Ko xing a in Japan by herself until he was seven, and her closeness with her son is evident in some of the accomplishment and decisions Ko xing a made in his adult life. Ko xing a was sent to live with his father in China in 1630.[22]TheTaiwan Waiji(Đài Loan ngoại nhớ) says "every night he would face east and look to his mother, hiding his tears."[23][24][25][26]Tagawa Matsu did not come because she did not want to abandon Shichizaemon and was not willing to send the younger Shichizaemon on the dangerous ship ride.[27]

In 1645, she was reunited with Ko xing a by moving toQuanzhou,Fu gian.[28][29]She moved to Anhai despite the Japanese ban on leaving.[30]

In 1646, when Ko xing a was away fighting the Manchu Qings, the city was invaded by theManchus.Ko xing a, upon hearing of the invasion, immediately returned to Quanzhou, only to discover that his mother had killed herself in a refusal to surrender to the Manchus. After this, Ko xing a developed increasingly powerful antagonism with the Manchus.

She is said in one source to have killed herself by stabbing herself in the neck.[31]Ko xing a cried when he found out his mother died.[23][32]The Japanese celebrate how Tagawa committed suicide while fighting and claim that the Manchus said "If the women of Japan are of such sort, what must the men be like?" and that the Manchus were afraid of Japanese because of her, and they would not want to fight Japanese men if Tagawa was what Japanese women were like.[33][34]The Japanese playThe Battles of Co xing asaid "Even though she was a woman, she did not forget her old home, and paid reverence to the land that gave her birth. Until her last breath she thought of the honor of Japan."[24][35][36]The Japanese claim she committed suicide while fighting and that she preferred "death" and had the "Yamato spirit" while what really occurred is unknown because of the many different versions offered from different sources.[37]The Japanese Foreign Affairs association during World War II cited Tagawa as an example of a Japanese who had "the spirit of facing certain death in order to live up to a cherished cause".[38]

The Qing being responsible for killing Tagawa was something Zheng Zhilong had to live with since he did not know the Qing were going to kill her. The Qing did not trust him because they were the ones who got Tagawa killed so he might turn against the Qing if they let him go.[39]His Japanese blood is believed to be the cause for his violent propensity according to a Spanish missionary.[40]

Dispute over background

[edit]

Tagawa's real first name is unknown and she is only known by her surname Tagawa in Japan and China. According to Japanese folklore in Hirado her name was Matsu.[41][42]

Half-Chinese theory

[edit]

In the Zheng family genealogy, Tagawa Matsu is recorded under theSinicizedname of Weng-shi. Some Chinese records indicated that this is because after she moved toQuanzhou,an oldironsmithneighbour, Weng Yihuang (Ông dực hoàng),[43]treated this foreigner newcomer like his own daughter.

There are a small number of Chinese sources mistaking Tagawa Matsu as Weng Yihuang's blood daughter, with a Japanese mother surnamed Tagawa. Chinese on Taiwan who seek to downplay Tagawa Matsu's Japanese identity accept this theory that she was the daughter of the Chinese Weng Yihuang and a Japanese Tagawa woman,[10][44]making Ko xing a only one fourth Japanese through one Japanese grandmother.

According to hearsay heard by Tatemori Kō, Tagawa Matsu was the daughter of a Japanese woman Tagawa and the Chinese swordsmith Weng (Ō in Japanese), Tagawa married Weng after the Hirado Daimyo had a sword forged for him by Weng after he went from China to Japan, and then the Tagawa woman and Weng had a daughter (Tagawa Matsu) who married Zheng Zhilong, according to the 1913 book Shu Seiko Den by Tatemori Ko.[45]The Taiwan source "Free China Review" also claims this.[46][47][48]

This is unlikely, as this would necessitate either Weng Yihuang moving to Japan (as he was an ironsmith, neither a sailor nor a trader) or the migration of the Tagawa women back and forth between the two nations (as traveling of women was restricted).

Adopted theory

[edit]

Other sources say that Weng Yihuang was her stepfather, that Weng Yihuang married Tagawa Matsu's widowed Japanese mother after Tagawa Matsu's Japanese father died and adopted her as his stepdaughter.[49][50][51]

Prostitute or Princess

[edit]

The Zheng family's enemies attacked Tagawa by suggesting she was a Japanese prostitute Zheng Zhilong picked up, while Tagawa's Japanese descendants claim she was a descendant of the Japanese Imperial family.[7][52][53]This traces her descent to Japan's 50th Emperor,Kammu Tenno,19 generations from Tagawa Matsu throughTaira no Shigemoriand Tagawa Yazayemon điền xuyên di tả vệ môn.[10]The English diplomat R. A. B Posonby-Fane pushed the theory that Tagawa was a Japanese woman from a high class Samurai background. It is agreed by modern historians that she was neither and that she was a Japanese girl from an average Samurai family, not of high rank and not a prostitute.[54]There is no proof for either the accusation that she was a prostitute or the claim that she was of aristocratic descent.[55][56][57]Donald Keenepointed out that there was a real marriage between Zheng Zhilong and Miss Tagawa despite Zheng also later marrying a Chinese woman, so she was not a prostitute or a courtesan.[27][58]

Samurai

[edit]

Japanese sources say she was full blooded Japanese. Japanese sources say that her samurai father was either Lord Matsuura's Samurai Tagawa Yazayemon[6]or her father's name was Tagawa Shichizaemon whom she named her second son after.[59][60][61]According to stories passed down by Japanese in Hirado, Tagawa Matsu's father was Tagawa Shichizaemon (Điền xuyên bảy tả vệ môn) whom she named her second son after.

The samurai Tagawa Yazayemon was anashigaruaccording to Hirado folklore and there was nothing else describing him as that according toInagaki.In Taiyo, an article was written by Matsui Nobuaki which said that Tagawa Yazayemon was not Tagawa Matsu's father but instead her father was Tagawa Shichizayemon.[62]

Wong said he cannot link her to the Ashigaru or the Tagawa samurai family.[63]

TheTokugawa Japanese Shogunatecompiled work, theAccount of the Keicho Era(Keicho shosetsu) says that "While Zhilong was initially in Hirado, he married a woman, née Tagawa of a samurai family."[64][65][66][67]

Descendants

[edit]

In Ko xing a Memorial Temple ( Trịnh thành công từ ) inTainan,Taiwan,Tagawa Matsu'sancestral tabletis placed in a chamber called the Shrine of Queen Dowager Weng (Chinese:Ông thái phi từ;pinyin:Wēng Tàifēi Cí;lit.'ShrineofRoyal Consort/QueenDowagerWeng'). The title "queen dowager"is a posthumous title based on the princeship/kingship of Ko xing a (Prince-King ofYanping Prefecture) in the SouthernMing Empire.

Tagawa's ancestral tablet was saved after the Qing attack.[68]

Tagawa Matsu's descendants through Ko xing a live in both mainland China and Taiwan and her descendants through Shichizaemon live in Japan. Her descendants through her great-grandsonZheng Keshuangserved as Han Bannermen in Beijing until 1911 when the Xinhai revolution broke out and the Qing dynasty fell, after which they moved back to Anhai and Nan'an in southern Fu gian in mainland China. They still live there to this day.[69]Her descendants through her grandson Zheng Kuan live in Taiwan.[70]Zheng Daoshun was the son of Shichizaemon and he adopted the Zheng surname.[71]

The "Asiatic Society of Japan" said "It was five years after the birth of Tei Seikō [Ko xing a] that his father [Zheng Zhilong] left for China and accepted the position of Commander-in-Chief of the Imperial forces. Soon after his departure, his wife gave birth to a second son who was named Shichizaemon" who spend his life wholly in Japan and did not develop the love for adventure and renown which made his elder brother so famous. "" The descendants of Shichizaemon served the Government for many years as interpreters of Chinese, and there reside to this day in Nagasaki certain Japanese who point with pride to their ancestor. "[72]

One of Tagawa's Chinese descendants, Zheng Xiaoxuan ( Trịnh Hiểu lam ) the father of Zheng Chouyu, fought against the Japanese invaders in theSecond Sino-Japanese War.Zheng Chouyu (Trịnh Sầu Dư) was born in Shandong in mainland China in 1933 and called himself a "child of the resistance" against Japan and he became a refugee during the war, moving from place to place across China to avoid the Japanese. He moved to Taiwan in 1949 and focuses his work on building stronger ties between Taiwan and mainland China.[73][74][75][76]Zheng Chouyu was born in mainland China, he identified as Chinese and he felt alienated after he was forced to move to Taiwan in 1949 which was previously under Japanese rule and felt strange and foreign to him.[77]He is Ko xing a's 11th generation descendant and his original name is Zheng Wenji.[78]

References

[edit]
  1. ^Contemporary Japan: A Review of Japanese Affairs.Foreign affairs association of Japan. January 1943. p. 331.
  2. ^ab"1. Trịnh thành công の dấu chân と Trịnh thành công が kết ぶ hữu hảo quốc"(in Japanese). Tei-Sei-Kou Memorial Museum.Retrieved24 October2015.
  3. ^Richard Arthur Brabazon Ponsonby-Fane (1962).Sovereign and Subject.Ponsonby Memorial Society. p. 452.
  4. ^Xing Hang (5 January 2016).Conflict and Commerce in Maritime East Asia: The Zheng Family and the Shaping of the Modern World, c.1620–1720.Cambridge University Press. pp. 45–.ISBN978-1-316-45384-1.
  5. ^Matsuda Wataru (13 September 2013).Japan and China: Mutual Representations in the Modern Era.Routledge. pp. 191–.ISBN978-1-136-82109-7.
  6. ^abJonathan Clements (24 October 2011).Co xing a and the Fall of the Ming Dynasty.History Press.ISBN978-0-7524-7382-6.
  7. ^abJames Albert Michener; Arthur Grove Day (2016).Rascals in Paradise.Dial Press. pp. 83–.ISBN978-0-8129-8686-0.
  8. ^The Travel Bulletin.1936. p. 298.
  9. ^Lưu hiến đình quảng dương tạp ký cuốn nhịTrịnh chi long ấu trốn vào Nhật Bản, làm người may, lấy hồ này khẩu. Dư ti tam tiền, may áo lãnh trung, mất đi, do dự với lộ lấy cầu chi, không được mà khóc. Có Oa phụ tân quả, lập với bên trong cánh cửa, thấy mà hỏi chi, chi long cáo lấy cố. Phụ rằng: “Lấy nhữ tài lực, 300 vạn cũng như nhặt giới, tam tiền gì đến nỗi là?” Cái này phụ đêm có dị mộng như Hàn kỳ vương chi phu nhân cũng. Toại lấy hậu ti tặng chi, mà cùng chi dạ hợp. Chi long hậu đắc chí, lấy cho rằng thất, tức ban họ chi mẫu cũng.
  10. ^abcJonathan Clements (24 October 2011).Co xing a and the Fall of the Ming Dynasty.History Press.ISBN978-0-7524-7382-6.
  11. ^Giang ngày thăng Đài Loan ngoại nhớ cuốn mộtPhủ ra cửa, mỗi ngày hôn mà hắc, mưa tên phong đao, cát bay đá chạy, cổ lãng hưng sóng, lệnh người chấn sợ. Bình minh, hống nói hải đào trung có vật, trường mấy chục trượng, toàn cục mười vây, hai mắt quang thước tựa đèn, phun nước như mưa, lui tới quay cuồng ủng hộ, dương oai mạc đương. Thông quốc tập xem, hàm xưng dị nào. Duyệt tam ngày đêm phương tức. Không trung hoảng có kim tiếng trống, hương khí đạt đường lớn. Một quan thê ông thị đang ở bụng đau hôn mê gian, mộng cùng mọi người trên bờ xem cá lớn nhảy lên, đối hoài xông thẳng, kinh đảo. Tỉnh lại tức sinh nở một nam. Một quan nghe chi, không thắng hỉ nhảy, phương đỡ ở 『 nỉ đạp miên 』 ngồi, chợt nghe khắp nơi nột kêu: “Cứu hoả!” Một quan vội khải hộ coi chi, thấy mọi người cùng đến môn đầu, làm do dự trạng. Hỏi rằng: “Liệt vị! Hỏa ở nơi đó khởi?” Chúng rằng: “Đều thấy là nhà ngươi cháy, cố đàn tới cứu. Đến tận đây lại vô, chẳng phải quái dị?” Một quan rằng: “Nhà ta kia có hỏa khởi? Hoặc là chuyết kinh lâm bồn, ngọn đèn dầu bắn ra.” Mọi người mới biết ông thị sinh con, đều hướng một quan làm hạ rằng: “Lệnh lang ngày sau tất đại quý! Chúng ta mắt thấy ánh sáng đạt thiên, phi hoảng hốt cũng.” Một quan tạ không dám, chúng tan đi. Ông thị vội hỏi một quan rằng: “Bên ngoài cớ gì như vậy ồn ào?” Một quan đem mọi người chi mở miệng nói một lần. Ông thị rằng: “Này cũng kỳ dị, ta vừa mới đau giảo là lúc, lược định ngủ, như ngày ở trên bờ, xem kia cá lớn giống nhau lắc lư đằng phiên, hướng ta trong lòng ngực, kinh đảo tỉnh lại toại sản.” Một quan rằng: “Tưởng này nhi tất có chỗ tốt, đương bí chi, thiện vì nuôi nấng.” Chính thu bảy tháng mười bốn 〈 ( vừa làm mười lăm ngày ) 〉 đêm giờ Tý cũng.
  12. ^Jonathan Clements (24 October 2011).Co xing a and the Fall of the Ming Dynasty.History Press.ISBN978-0-7524-7382-6.
  13. ^Jonathan Clements (24 October 2011).Co xing a and the Fall of the Ming Dynasty.History Press.ISBN978-0-7524-7382-6.
  14. ^Jonathan Clements (24 October 2011).Co xing a and the Fall of the Ming Dynasty.History Press.ISBN978-0-7524-7382-6.
  15. ^Japan Society of London (1936).Transactions and Proceedings of the Japan Society, London.Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner and Company. p. 89.
  16. ^Jonathan Clements (2011-10-24).Co xing a and the Fall of the Ming Dynasty.History Press.ISBN978-0-7524-7382-6.
  17. ^Xing Hang (2016-01-05).Conflict and Commerce in Maritime East Asia: The Zheng Family and the Shaping of the Modern World, c.1620–1720.Cambridge University Press. pp. 45–.ISBN978-1-316-45384-1.
  18. ^Tonio Andrade(2011-10-03).Lost Colony: The Untold Story of China's First Great Victory over the West.Princeton University Press. pp. 62–.ISBN978-1-4008-3953-7.
  19. ^Sazvar, Nastaran. “ZHENG CHENGGONG (1624-1662): EIN HELD IM WANDEL DER ZEIT: DIE VERZERRUNG EINER HISTORISCHEN FIGUR DURCH MYTHISCHE VERKLÄRUNG UND POLITISCHE INSTRUMENTALISIERUNG.” Monumenta Serica, vol. 58, 2010, pp. 165. JSTOR, JSTOR,https:// jstor.org/stable/41417880?seq=13#page_scan_tab_contents.
  20. ^Louise Lux (1998).The Unsullied Dynasty & the Kʻang-hsi Emperor.Mark One Printing. p. 83.
  21. ^Japan Magazine: A Representative Monthly of Things Japanese.Japan Magazine Company. 1928. p. 441.
  22. ^Xing Hang (2016-01-05).Conflict and Commerce in Maritime East Asia: The Zheng Family and the Shaping of the Modern World, c.1620–1720.Cambridge University Press. pp. 54–.ISBN978-1-316-45384-1.
  23. ^abJonathan Clements (24 October 2011).Co xing a and the Fall of the Ming Dynasty.History Press.ISBN978-0-7524-7382-6.
  24. ^abJames A. Michener; A. Grove Day (15 April 2014).Rascals in Paradise.Random House Publishing Group. pp. 84–.ISBN978-0-8041-5151-1.
  25. ^Sazvar, Nastaran. “ZHENG CHENGGONG (1624-1662): EIN HELD IM WANDEL DER ZEIT: DIE VERZERRUNG EINER HISTORISCHEN FIGUR DURCH MYTHISCHE VERKLÄRUNG UND POLITISCHE INSTRUMENTALISIERUNG.” Monumenta Serica, vol. 58, 2010, pp. 168. JSTOR, JSTOR,https:// jstor.org/stable/41417880?seq=16#page_scan_tab_contents.
  26. ^Giang ngày thăng Đài Loan ngoại nhớ cuốn tamChín tháng gió bắc khởi, quốc vương cùng Trịnh chi long thư, đưa này tử giao chi yến, chi ngạc tái về. Ông thị sắp chia tay khoảnh khắc, vui buồn lẫn lộn 〈 ( hỉ giả, hỉ này phụ tử gặp gỡ; bi giả, bi chưa nhìn thấy phu quân, nay phản thất này tử ) 〉, dắt y đỗng khóc. Chi yến, chi ngạc cộng an ủi chi, khuyên rằng: “Trở lại thương lượng, tự nhiên nghĩ cách lại đến nghênh đón.” Tùy giải lãm. Thuận gió mười tháng đến an hải. Chi long trông thấy này tử dung nhan hùng vĩ, thanh âm to lớn vang dội, bấm tay đã bảy tuổi rồi. Hồi ức sinh khi kỳ triệu, cực hỉ. Duyên sư tứ nghiệp, đặt tên sâm, tự đại mộc, đọc sách dĩnh mẫn. Nhưng mỗi đêm tất ngẩng cổ đông hướng, Tư ta than thở, mà vọng này mẫu 〈 ( Nhật Bản ở đông ) 〉. Sâm chi chư quý phụ huynh đệ bối số quẫn chi; độc thúc phụ Trịnh hồng đạt cực coi trọng nào 〈 ( đạt tự thánh nghi, biệt hiệu vũ công, canh tuất tiến thổ ) 〉. Mỗi ma này đỉnh rằng: “Này ngô gia thiên lí mã cũng!” Có tướng sĩ thấy chi rằng: “Lang quân anh vật, cốt cách phi thường!” Đối chi long xưng hạ. Chi long tạ rằng: “Dư vũ phu cũng, này nhi thảng có thể bác một khoa, vì dòng dõi làm rạng rỡ, tắc thật là may mắn rồi.” Tương giả rằng: “Thật tế thế hùng mới, phi ngăn khoa bảng người trong.” Tính thích 『 xuân thu 』, kiêm ái 『 tôn Ngô 』. Chế nghệ ở ngoài, tắc múa kiếm trì bắn; sở sở chương cú, đặc dư sự nhĩ. Sự này mẹ kế nhan thị nhất hiếu. Với mười một tuổi khi, thư phòng bài khoá, ngẫu nhiên lấy tiểu học 『 rượu quét ứng đối 』 vì đề, sâm sau phúc thúc cổ có “Canh, võ chi chinh tru, một rượu quét cũng; Nghiêu, Thuấn chi thi lễ, tiến lui ứng đối cũng.” Tiên sinh kinh này dụng ý mới lạ.
  27. ^abGần tùng môn tả vệ môn; Mark Van Doren (1951).The battles of Co xing a: Chikamatsu's puppet play, its background and importance.Taylor's Foreign Press. p. 45.
  28. ^Jonathan Clements (24 October 2011).Co xing a and the Fall of the Ming Dynasty.History Press.ISBN978-0-7524-7382-6.
  29. ^Giang ngày thăng Đài Loan ngoại nhớ cuốn nămMười tháng, nước Nhật vương sợ chi long uy quyền, nhận ông thị vì nữ, trang tráp cực thịnh, khiển sử đưa đến an bình, tức thành công mẹ đẻ cũng.
  30. ^Ching-hsiung Wu (1940).T'ien Hsia Monthly.Kelly and Walsh, Limited. p. 435.
  31. ^James Albert Michener; Arthur Grove Day (2016).Rascals in Paradise.Dial Press. pp. 84–.ISBN978-0-8129-8686-0.
  32. ^Giang ngày thăng Đài Loan ngoại nhớ cuốn sáuHai tháng, Hàn đại phụng bối lặc thế tử mệnh, thống mãn, hán kỵ bước đột đến an bình. Trịnh chi báo, chi bằng chờ sợ binh uy, không dám chiến; liễm này chúng, khiết gia tư, con cái với cự hạm, bỏ thành ra đậu ngoại hải. Thành công mẹ đẻ Oa phụ ông thị tay cầm kiếm không chịu đi, cường chi lại bốn cũng không hành. Đại binh đến, ông thị dứt khoát rút kiếm cắt bụng mà chết. Thành công nghe báo, đấm ngực giậm chân gào khóc, đồ trắng phi sư tiến đến. Mà Hàn đại thấy con thuyền tắc hải, cũng không dám thủ, bỏ chi cùng tuyền. Công liễm này mẫu, thu chỉnh thành trì, cùng chi báo, chi bằng chờ thủ chi.
  33. ^Sazvar, Nastaran. “ZHENG CHENGGONG (1624–1662): EIN HELD IM WANDEL DER ZEIT: DIE VERZERRUNG EINER HISTORISCHEN FIGUR DURCH MYTHISCHE VERKLÄRUNG UND POLITISCHE INSTRUMENTALISIERUNG.” Monumenta Serica, vol. 58, 2010, pp. 169. JSTOR, JSTOR,https:// jstor.org/stable/41417880?seq=17#page_scan_tab_contents.
  34. ^Jonathan Clements (24 October 2011).Co xing a and the Fall of the Ming Dynasty.History Press.ISBN978-0-7524-7382-6.
  35. ^Gần tùng môn tả vệ môn; Mark Van Doren (1951).The battles of Co xing a: Chikamatsu's puppet play, its background and importance.Taylor's Foreign Press. p. 155.
  36. ^Monzaemon Chikamatsu (1990).Major Plays of Chikamatsu.Columbia University Press. pp. 264–.ISBN978-0-231-07415-5.
  37. ^Gần tùng môn tả vệ môn; Mark Van Doren (1951).The battles of Co xing a: Chikamatsu's puppet play, its background and importance.Taylor's Foreign Press. p. 47.
  38. ^Contemporary Japan: A Review of Japanese Affairs.Foreign affairs association of Japan. January 1943. p. 331.
  39. ^Jonathan Clements (24 October 2011).Co xing a and the Fall of the Ming Dynasty.History Press.ISBN978-0-7524-7382-6.
  40. ^Tonio Andrade (3 October 2011).Lost Colony: The Untold Story of China's First Great Victory over the West.Princeton University Press. pp. 83–.ISBN978-1-4008-3953-7.
  41. ^Patrizia Carioti (2006).Cina e Giappone sui mari nei secoli XVI e XVII.Edizioni scientifiche italiane. p. 170.ISBN978-88-495-1291-5.
  42. ^Giác điền văn vệ 『 Nhật Bản の nữ tính danh ―― lịch sử triển vọng 』 quốc thư phát hành sẽ 2006 năm ( bản thảo gốc giáo dục xã lịch sử sách mới 1980 năm –1988 năm toàn 3 quyển ) p.287
  43. ^Quán sâm hồng 《 chu thành công truyện 》: Tuyền Châu thợ rèn ông họ, trụ phi loan đài, vì mỗ ấp chủ rèn liên đao kiếm, từng cưới điền xuyên thị nữ tử. Chi long tức sính này nữ mà sinh thành công, này tức ông thị chi từ.
  44. ^Sazvar, Nastaran. “ZHENG CHENGGONG (1624–1662): EIN HELD IM WANDEL DER ZEIT: DIE VERZERRUNG EINER HISTORISCHEN FIGUR DURCH MYTHISCHE VERKLÄRUNG UND POLITISCHE INSTRUMENTALISIERUNG.” Monumenta Serica, vol. 58, 2010, pp. 160. JSTOR, JSTOR,https:// jstor.org/stable/41417880?seq=8#page_scan_tab_contents.
  45. ^Japan Society of London (1936).Transactions and Proceedings of the Japan Society, London.Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner and Company. p. 84.
  46. ^Free China Review.W.Y. Tsao. 1971. p. 22.
  47. ^Free China Review.W.Y. Tsao. 1969. p. 25.
  48. ^Jonathan Clements (2011-10-24).Co xing a and the Fall of the Ming Dynasty.History Press.ISBN978-0-7524-7382-6.
  49. ^Canh cẩm đài 《 mở ra Đài Loan đệ nhất nhân Trịnh chi long 》, trang 75.
  50. ^Y có thể gia củ《 Đài Loan văn hóa chí 》: “Có Tuyền Châu thợ rèn ông dực hoàng một thân, từng ở nhờ với bình hộ mà về hóa với Nhật Bản, nhân vô tử mà lấy điền xuyên thị chi nữ vì tử. Ở giữa Trịnh chi long điệp thứ tới du, toại cưới nàng này vân.”
  51. ^Sách sử trung vô điền xuyên chi danh húy. Nhưng từ bình hộ thị giáo dục ủy ban sở chế tác đạo lãm bài thượng, tắc xưng “Trịnh chi long hoà bình hộ nữ tính ( truyền thuyết vì “Điền xuyên マツ” ) sinh hạ Trịnh thành công.” “マツ” tức “Tùng”.
  52. ^Jonathan Clements (24 October 2011).Co xing a and the Fall of the Ming Dynasty.History Press.ISBN978-0-7524-7382-6.
  53. ^T'ien Hsia Monthly.1938. p. 493.
  54. ^Sazvar, Nastaran. “ZHENG CHENGGONG (1624–1662): EIN HELD IM WANDEL DER ZEIT: DIE VERZERRUNG EINER HISTORISCHEN FIGUR DURCH MYTHISCHE VERKLÄRUNG UND POLITISCHE INSTRUMENTALISIERUNG.” Monumenta Serica, vol. 58, 2010, pp. 160–161. JSTOR, JSTOR,https:// jstor.org/stable/41417880?seq=8#page_scan_tab_contents.
  55. ^T'ien Hsia Monthly.1940. p. 416.
  56. ^Ching-hsiung Wu (1940).T'ien Hsia Monthly.Kelly and Walsh, Limited. p. 416.
  57. ^Gần tùng môn tả vệ môn; Mark Van Doren (1951).The battles of Co xing a: Chikamatsu's puppet play, its background and importance.Taylor's Foreign Press. p. 45.
  58. ^Gần tùng môn tả vệ môn; Mark Van Doren (1951).The battles of Co xing a: Chikamatsu's puppet play, its background and importance.Taylor's Foreign Press. p. 45.
  59. ^Ryōtarō Shiba (2007).The Tatar Whirlwind: A Novel of Seventeenth-century East Asia.Floating World Editions. p. 426.ISBN978-1-891640-46-9.
  60. ^"Trung Quốc minh の quân nhân ・ Trịnh thành công の mẫu “Điền xuyên マツ” について thư かれた bổn を thăm しています. ".
  61. ^"Trung Quốc minh の quân nhân ・ Trịnh thành công の mẫu “Điền xuyên マツ” について thư かれた bổn を thăm しています. ".
  62. ^Japan Society of London (1936).Transactions and Proceedings of the Japan Society, London.Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner and Company. p. 87.
  63. ^Young-tsu Wong (2017-08-05).China's Conquest of Taiwan in the Seventeenth Century: Victory at Full Moon.Springer Singapore. pp. 39–.ISBN978-981-10-2248-7.
  64. ^Matsuda Wataru (13 September 2013).Japan and China: Mutual Representations in the Modern Era.Routledge. pp. 192–.ISBN978-1-136-82109-7.
  65. ^NA NA (30 April 2016).Japan and China: Mutual Representations in the Modern Era.Palgrave Macmillan US. pp. 192–.ISBN978-1-137-08365-4.
  66. ^Sino-Japanese Studies.Sino-Japanese Studies Group. 1993. p. 22.
  67. ^Wataru Masuda (2000).Japan and China: Mutual Representations in the Modern Era.Psychology Press. p. 192.ISBN978-0-7007-1120-8.
  68. ^Jonathan Clements (24 October 2011).Co xing a and the Fall of the Ming Dynasty.History Press.ISBN978-0-7524-7382-6.
  69. ^Xing Hang (5 January 2016).Conflict and Commerce in Maritime East Asia: The Zheng Family and the Shaping of the Modern World, c.1620–1720.Cambridge University Press. pp. 239–.ISBN978-1-316-45384-1.
  70. ^Xing Hang (5 January 2016).Conflict and Commerce in Maritime East Asia: The Zheng Family and the Shaping of the Modern World, c.1620–1720.Cambridge University Press. pp. 233–.ISBN978-1-316-45384-1.
  71. ^Xing Hang (5 January 2016).Conflict and Commerce in Maritime East Asia: The Zheng Family and the Shaping of the Modern World, c.1620–1720.Cambridge University Press. pp. 239–.ISBN978-1-316-45384-1.
  72. ^Asiatic Society of Japan (1895).Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan.R. Meiklejohn. pp. 3–.
  73. ^https:// shs.edu.tw/works/essay/2009/11/2009111500062180.pdf[bare URL PDF]
  74. ^Nhị khắc vỗ án ngạc nhiên toàn.Hữu hôi văn hóa truyền bá công ty hữu hạn. pp. 300–. GGKEY:KLY7X8TDRE8.
  75. ^Bảo Định phủ chí: 79 cuốn, cuốn đầu 1 cuốn.pp. 306–.
  76. ^https:// shs.edu.tw/works/essay/2008/03/2008033121092323.pdf[bare URL PDF]
  77. ^Chung-To Au (2008).Modernist Aesthetics in Taiwanese Poetry Since The 1950s.BRILL. pp. 154–.ISBN978-90-04-16707-0.
  78. ^"Tám tuần thi nhân Trịnh Sầu Dư cổ lãng đảo liêu thơ ca".Bắc Kinh báo chiều.2016-10-25. Archived fromthe originalon May 20, 2018.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tagawa_Matsu&oldid=1220411262"